X-ray Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
What is the role of the intensifying screen?
A
Converts x-rays into visible light
Phosphorous crystals produce the light
2
Q
What types of intensifying screens are known?
A
CaWO4, and rare-earth screens (blue or green)
3
Q
What types of x-ray films do you know?
A
Black films, transparent films, and photographic film with a light sensitive emulsion containing silver halide
4
Q
What are the steps of film processing?
A
Exposure Developing Stopping of the development (rinse or bath) Fixation Washing Drying
5
Q
How does the automatic processor work?
A
- Transport system
- Temperature control system
- Recirculating system
- Replenishment system
- Dryer system
- Electrical system
6
Q
What are the main parts of a conventional x-ray machine?
A
Control panel Generator X-ray tube Collimator Cassette
7
Q
What is the role of the generator?
A
Generate x-rays
You will find the X-ray tube, which consists of a cathode ray tube of tungsten that produces electrons, and an anode that collects the electrons
8
Q
What types of generators are known today?
A
- Single phase with low capacity
- 3-phase, which needs 3 phase electric current
- High frequency, largest, most stable capacity
9
Q
What is the control panel used for?
A
Adjusting the mA (amount of electric current) and kV (electrical diffecrence between the cathode and anode)
Can be analogue or digital
10
Q
What are the components of the X-ray tube?
A
Cathode and anode
Cathode: Wire of tungsten producing electrons that travel towards the positive anode
Anode: Positive charge. Needs a cooling system (water or oil recirculating)
11
Q
What is the difference between a photon and an electron?
A
Both are elementary particles
Photon = Visible light, packages of energy, quantum of the electromagnetic interaction
Electron = Subatomic particle with negative charge
12
Q
What does kV and mA mean?
A
kV = Kilovolt = electrical potential unit mA = Milliampere = Unit for amount of electrical current (flow of electrical charge through a medium)
13
Q
Why do we need to use the shortest exposure time possible in radiology?
A
- To minimise the biological tissue damage out can cause
- When taking pictures of moving parts or unanaesthetised animals to minimise chances of blurry pictures due to movements
14
Q
How is the x-ray beam generated?
A
By producing electrons at the cathode, which hit the positive anode
Produces 99% light + heat, and 1% x-rays
15
Q
How is the x-ray beam transformed to x-ray image?
A
- By sending rays through the object and getting a shadow of this on the film
- Due to the different absorbency rates of tissues, different part of the picture will be more or less dense
- The x-ray beam, which is let out of the window of the tube, will hit the cassette or image receptor
- The intensifying screen found in the cassette converts x-rays beams into visible light
16
Q
What are the principles of digital radiography?
A
Principle: Beams onto the cassette, and then:
Indirect: Cassette is placed into a reader, which is to the monitor. There is no conventional film used, but a phosphor plate that stores the energy of the photons. The computer reads the information of the phosphor plate, and we can see the image of the computer
Direct: The monitor is directly connected to a flat panel sensor / cassette in the X-ray table. We can see the image directly within seconds
17
Q
What is the principle of conventional film processing?
A
Need to process the film to visualise
In conventional radiography the photochemical change is used
18
Q
How does fluoroscopy work?
A
Uses the same X-ray tube, but a different image receptor
Instead of a normal film you use a fluorescent screen or intensifying image
Not used in veterinary medicine, since the animals move too much
19
Q
What does visible light and the X-ray beam cause on X-ray film?
A
Exposure to visible light or incorrect safe light in a dark room produces fog on the developed film.
The film gets black
Used properly, X-rays will produce a pattern of varying depths of blackness on the film
20
Q
What does an X-ray cassette consist of?
A
- Cassette
- Grid
- Intensifying screen
- X-ray film
- Intensifying screen
- Sponge
- Cassette back
21
Q
What is the role of the intensifying screen?
A
Since the film is more sensitive to light than to X-rays, the intensifying screen is used to convert X-ray into visible light.
The screen consists of phosphor crystals that produce light. The intensifying screen also allows for a reduction of the exposure values
22
Q
What is a grid, and what do we use it for?
A
Used to increase the quality of the picture when an object is over 10 cm
Reduces radiation exposure
Composed of alternating lead and aluminium strips. The aluminium absorbs very little radiation, but the lead absorb almost all of the X-rays that strike them.
The grid is positioned between the patient film (usually fixed to the X-ray table)
The purpose is to absorb scattered radiation, preventing fogging of the film
23
Q
How does the X-ray film automatic processor work?
A
It is a device designed to move X-ray films from one solution to the next in the film-developing process, without the need for human intervention (except to insert a film or a cassette)
24
Q
Look at the radiograph images for practice!!!
A
Ok, I did it!
25
What happens in the internal screen at exposure?
It converts the X-rays to visible light, and allows for a reduction of the exposure values
26
How many people are needed for the radiography of a horse?
At least 3
One holding the cassette, one holding the horse, and one machine
27
Where do bone tumours usually occur?
Stifle near, elbow far
28
Which one is not a lung pattern?
Fibrous
29
In which instances do we sedate horses for X-rays?
Always!
30
How do you prepare a horse for radiographic interpretation?
Sedation
Removal of shoe(s)
Removal of mud and loose horny tissue
Trimming of the frog
31
Which radiologic signs are characteristic of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
Early phase: “Secondary physeal line”, sclerosis at the metaphysis
Advanced phase: “Cuff formation” at the metaphysis and long bones
Late phase: Antebrachial malformation
32
What contrast media is used for double contracts of the bladder?
Air and iodine
33
What is NOT a part of digital radiography?
Intensifying screen
34
True or false:
| In a healthy dog, you can see cartilage
False; you can only see subchondral bone
35
When can HD be seen on the X-ray?
After 6 months of age
6 mo = 16%
12 mo = 69%
18 mo = 83%
24 mo = 96%
36
If you creased radiopacity of the femoral head and neck on an X-ray of a Spitz dog, what do you expect?
Perthe’s disease
37
When can you see the foetal skeleton on the X-ray? (Dogs)
After the 45th day
38
When do you earliest X-ray a dog with Ileus with contrast medium?
12 hours
39
Who is the most often affected by tracheal collapse?
English bulldog
40
What is the principle of ALARA?
To keep the radiation As Low As Reasonably Aciphieveable
41
When can osteophytes be detected?
After 3 weeks
42
Which part of the carpus is the most affected in OCD?
The cartilage
43
Hansen I can also be described as?
An extrusion
44
Hansen II can also be described as?
A protrusion
45
Which spinal segment is involved in wobbler syndrome?
C2 - C7
Great Dane = C4 - C6
Doberman = C5 - C7
46
What are the grades of laminitis according to Obel?
1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Very severe
47
Statement of bone tumour, age, and type?
5-6 years
Middle / large breeds
Fibrosarcoma, Malignant melanoma, Squamous cell carcinoma
48
Who are predisposed to Perches disease?
Young, small toy breeds
49
What is panosteitis?
A specific, benign, and self-limiting aseptic inflammation of the bones
Short lived (self-limiting) and painful condition characterised by limping and lameness.
A condition that affects the long bones on the legs of young dogs, usually between the ages of 5-18 months
50
Bilateral forelimb periosteal reaction, what to x-ray next?
Thoracic cavity (lungs) mor metastasis
51
What bone disease leads to fracture(s)?
Renal oseodystrophy
52
What is seen in the x-ray in case of interstitial linear foreign bodies?
Intestines appear pleated (contrast)
53
Describe Hansen I
```
Chondrodystrophic (small) breeds
Nucleus pulposus: Calcification
Annulus fibrosis: Rupture + extrusion
Rapid deterioration of condition
Typical age: 3-6 years
```
54
Describe Hansen II
```
Other (large) breeds)
Nucleus pulposus: Fibrotisation
Annulus fibrosus: Intact
“Protrusion”
Chronic process
Typical age = 6+ years
```
55
What is the fusion time for the anconeal process?
4-5 months
56
Laminitis measurement
A/B = 25-28% (normal)
57
What is the correct order of the bone parts?
```
Epiphysis (+ Apophysis)
Metaphysis
Diaphysis (Medulla + compact bone)
Metaphysis
Epiphysis (+ Apophysis)
```
58
Which is more radiopaque?
1. Blood
2. Pus
3. Transudate
4. You cannot differentiate
4. You cannot differentiate
59
True or false?
In a healthy dog, the pylorus can be seen on the left in DV view
False
60
True or false
In the healthy dog, the pylorus can be seen ventrally in left lateral recumbency
True
61
True or false
In the healthy dog, the pylorus can be seen ventrally in the right lateral recumbency
True
62
True or false
In the healthy dog, the pylorus can be seen on the right in VD view
True
63
Where is the grid placed?
Between the animal and the intensifying screen
64
If you have an x-ray of a bone tumour, what do you x-ray next?
The thoracic cavity (lungs) for metastasis
65
Nordberg’s angle in an normal (HD-free) hip?
>105˚
66
What does a cat’s oesophagus look like with contrast?
Herringbone
67
Which beam emits the most UV radiation?
UV beams
68
What is a common disease in Westie?
Cranio-mandibular osteopathy (temporomandibular joint fusion)
69
An autosomal recessive disease in West Highland Terriers?
Cranio-mandibular osteopathy (temporomandibular joint fusion)
70
What do you check with myelography?
Contrast study of the subarachnoid space
| Disc protrusion / compression
71
What are the two techniques of myelography?
1. Cisternal myelography
| 2. Lumbar myelography
72
What is a disease Dobermans are predisposed to?
Wobbler syndrome
| Cervical spondylopathy
73
What is another name for Wobbler syndrome?
Cervical spondylopathy
74
What are the characteristics of Wobbler syndrome?
Deformity, instability of the cervical vertebrae (C4-7)
Malarticulation, narrowed spinal canal
Spinal compression, ataxia, paresis
Can be:
1. Dynamic: Worsening by neck extension (Lig. Flavum hypertrophy)
2. Static: Same in every position (Deformed vertebrae)
75
Which breed is predisposed to Wobbler syndrome?
Dobermans
76
Where do we perform an epidural injection?
Sacco-coccygeal junction
or
C1-C2
77
When is tracheal collapse seen?
1. During inspiration
2. During expiration
3. Both
```
*Inspiration = Cervical trachea *
Expiration = Thoracic trachea
```
Depends on which part of the trachea is collapsed
78
Which part of the trachea is affected if we see collapse during inspiration?
Cervical trachea
79
Which part of the trachea is affected if we see collapse during expiration?
Thoracic trachea
80
Which contrast media would you choose for the urinary tract?
Hyperosmotic, ionic iodine
81
List the radiation protection devices
1. Lead apron
2. Thyroid collar
3. Lead glasses
4. Lead gloves
82
Which of the following organs can be (maybe) identified in a survey radiograph?
Vena cava caudalis
83
Minimum time needed to see an osteophyte formation on an equine radiograph?
3 weeks
84
What is the tissue-radio density order?
1. Metal / stone = Absolute white
2. Bone = Bone opacity
3. Fluid / soft tissue = Fluid / soft tissue opacity
4. Fat = Fat opacity
5. Gas = Gas opacity (very dark / black)
85
List the developmental diseases of the spine in small animals
1. Spina bifida
2. Block vertebrae
3. Hemi-vertebrae
4. Transient vertebrae
86
Which abnormal lung pattern is characteristic for a negative (air) bronchogram?
Alveolar pattern
87
Which contrast is used for the examination of a perforated oesophagus?
Organic iodinated contrast media
88
The exclaiming time needed to see an osteophyte formation on the equine radiograph?
3-5 weeks (minimum 3 weeks)
89
What is the predilection site of OCD in the equine hock?
The medial malleolus
90
What is the proper name of the skyline-view for the examination of the equine carpus?
Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
91
True or false:
The scattered radiation is negligible concerning radiation exposure of the staff
False
92
True or false:
The scattered radiation originates mostly from the patient’s body
True
93
True or false:
Myelography is the contrast examination of the epidural space
False
94
True or false:
For myelography, we use an injection of contrast media to evaluate the spinal cord
True
95
True or false:
Myelography can also detect spinal lesions
True
96
True or false:
Myelography is performed under general anaesthesia
True
97
True or false:
Intestinal obstruction can be mostly diagnosed on a plain abdominal radiography
True
98
True or false:
In carnivores, the homogenous abdomen may suggest pneumo-peritoneum
False
99
True or false:
In carnivores, the homogenous abdomen may suggest abdominal effusion
True
100
True or false:
In carnivores, the homogenous abdomen is normal in young animals
True
101
True or false:
In carnivores, the homogenous abdomen is normal in cahectic animals
True
102
True or false:
Only the indirect measurement of the arterial blood pressure is available in the anaesthetised horse
False
103
What is the position / view of the navicular bone?
Oxspring (60˚), Skyline (45˚), or LM
104
The sunburst-like patteren is typical for which disorder?
Malignant bone tumours
105
Look at the picture of the enlarged kidney in the past questions document
Ok, I did it!
106
What is the security around x-rays?
1. Radiation vet > Radiation patient
2. People are not allowed to restrain the animal
3. ALARA = As Low As Reasonable Achievable
4. Immobilisation = Sedation
5. Lead apron, Thyroid gland protection (collar), Lead gloves
6. Rotate restrainer, distance and personal monitoring device
7. Collimation, intensifying screen, low mA’s, proper planning and finishing
107
Rank the following radiation exposures in order of radiation exposure dosage:
* Arm x-ray
* Radiation therapy
* Background radiation
* Head CT
* Thoracic x-ray
1. Background radiation
2. Arm x-ray
3. Thoracic x-ray
4. Head CT
5. Radiation therapy
108
Which terminology is correct for the view of the stifle in the horse?
Craniotomy-caudal / Caudo-cranial
| For both elbow and stifle
109
What is the predilection site for OCD in horses?
Can occurs in virtually all joints, but they occur most frequently in the hock, stifle, and fetlock
110
Which of the following is not a predilection site for OCD in horses?
1. Stifle
2. Tarsus
3. Hock
4. Fetlock
Tarsus
111
What is the degree of projection of MC and P3?
DLPMO 45˚ / DMPMO 135˚
| Dorso-lateral / medial proximal-medial-oblique
112
What is the proper name of the “Skyline” view for the examination of the equine carpus?
1. Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
2. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
3. Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
4. Palmarodistal view
2. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
113
What is the skyline view angle?
45˚
Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
Distal radius 65˚
Proximal row of carpal bones 45˚
Distal row of carpal bones 30˚
114
Which statement is true concerning the scattered beam?
1. Does not take part in image formation
2. Produce fog on film
3. Increase radiation risk
4. Changed direction
5. Decreased intensity
6. 1,2,3
7. 4,5
8. All of them
8. All of them
115
Who gets Perthes disease?
Small / toy breeds
Pekingese, Yorkshire, Poodle, Maltese, and Spaniels
Under one year of age
116
What is Perthes disease?
Gradual aseptic necrosis of the head and neck of the femur
117
Can you give Barium as a contrast media in case of a non-perforated intestinal obstruction?
Yes
118
Name 4 erosive, non-infections inflammatory arthropathies
1. Periosteal proliferating arthopathy
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
3. Erosive polyarthritis of the Greyhound
4. Feline chronic progressive polyarthritis
119
Which contrast do you use for the x-ray of the ectopic ureter?
Mixed, pneumo-cytography
| IV cystography + negative contrast
120
What is the predilection site of OCD in the equine hock?
The Talocalcaneal joint
121
How to improve the picture?
Too low mA’s = White
| Too far away affects the intensity = White
122
Which of the following disorders can be mostly diagnosed on a plain abdominal radiograph?
1. Intestinal adhesions
2. Intestinal obstructions
3. Intussusception
4. None of them
Intestinal obstructions
123
What are the hazardous effects of ionising radiation?
1. Deterministic effects
- Free radicals
- Damage depends on the dose
- Erythema —> Haemopoietic disorders —> GI symptoms —> Neural dysfunctions, etc.
2. Stochastic effect
- DNS damage / mutation
- Probability depends on the dose
- Tumours
124
What are the deterministic effects of ionising radiation?
Free radicals
Damage depends on the dose
Erythema —> Haemopoietic disorders —> GI symptoms —> Neural dysfunction, etc.
125
What are the stochastic effects of ionising radiation?
DNS damage / mutation
Probability depends on the dose
Tumours
126
True or false:
X-ray beams are generated in the generator
False
They are generated in the X-ray tube
127
True or false:
The anode is the negatively charged electrode in the X-ray tube
False
The cathode is the negatively charged electrode
128
True or false:
99% of the energy released in the X-ray tube is heat and light
True
129
True or false:
The mAs describes the strength (penetration power) of the X-ray beam
False
kV describes the strength / penetrating power
130
True or false:
The intensifying screen and the image receptor in the fluoroscope are made of the same material
True
131
True or false:
The grid helps to improve the image sharpness
False
It helps with contrast
132
True or false:
Radiation can be doubled by using doubled mAs value
True
133
True or false:
DR systems use laser scanners to read the phosphor plate
False
A laser scanner is needed
134
True or false:
The steps of film processing are:
1. Developing
2. Washing
3. Fixing
False
Fixing, then washing
135
True or false:
Intensifying screens with larger crystal size require smaller doses of radiation
True
136
True or false:
Hair in the cassette causes white line artefacts on the film
True
137
True or false:
Decreasing the film distance results in a sharper image
True
138
True or false:
In the digital radiography, the use of a grid is not recommended
False
The grid is used to absorb radiation and improve the contrast
139
True or false:
Yellow discolouration of the image is a result of insufficient film rinsing
True
140
True or false:
Too light images can be corrected by decreasing the exposure values
False
can be corrected by INCREASING exposure values
141
True or false:
The parallel grid is sensitive to precise adjustment of film focal spot distance (FFD)
False
142
True or false:
The grid is located in the tube side of the cassette
True
143
True or false:
Green sensitive films are blue coloured
False
They are pink / green - not sure
144
True or false:
Motion unsharpness can be reduced by increasing the mAs
False
145
Centralisation and collimation are synonym terms in radiology
False
146
True or false:
The exposed film turns black without developing
False
It must be developed to turn black
147
What happens if we remove the intensifying screen?
Picture becomes unsharpness / black / clear
148
What organ(s) does ionising radiation have the most damaging effect on?
Adrenal gland
Skin
Bone marrow
(NOT brain - Brain is the least sensitive!)
149
Which contrast media is white?
BaSO4
150
What can you give as contrast media in the case of a non-perforated intestine?
Both organic iodine and BaSO4
151
True or false:
Cystography is used to examine the bladder only
True
152
Which of the following is Excretory urography NOT used for?
1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra
4. Urethra
153
What is the earliest you can see a fissure fracture in a horse?
2 weeks
154
Can hair on the cassette create artefacts on the x-ray?
Yes
155
What is a negative contrast media?
Air
156
What is a positive contrast media?
BaSO4
| Organic iodine
157
What is the role of a dosimeter?
Measures radiation
158
True or false:
Hypovolaemia can cause a decreased radiopacity
True
159
True or false:
Nutritional hyperparathyroidism can cause decreased radiopacity
True
160
Which method is used to examine the ureters?
Excretatory urography
| Examines kidney, ureters, and bladder
161
When are gas-filled mesenteric loops seen?
During ileus
162
True or false:
During injection of epidural contrast, we use the space of L5-L6
False
We use the last sacral - C1, or C1-C2
163
“Sunburst” is a periosteal reaction that may be seen in what disease?
Osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma
