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Microbiology > XIV - Parasitology > Flashcards

XIV - Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Process of living together of 2 unlike organisms

A

Symbiosis

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2
Q

One species benefits the other without harming/benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

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3
Q

Both species benefit one another

A

Mutualism

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4
Q

One species benefits while harming the other

A

Parasitism

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5
Q

Parasite lives inside the body of the host

A

Endoparasite

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6
Q

Parasite lives outside the body of the host

A

Ectoparasite

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7
Q

Presence of endoparasite in host connotes

A

infection

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8
Q

Presence of ectoparasite in host connotes

A

infestation

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9
Q

Needs a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation

A

Obligate Parasite

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10
Q

May exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises

A

Facultative Parasite

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11
Q

Establishes itself in a host it does not ordinarily live in

A

Accidental/Incidental Parasite

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12
Q

Remains on host for life

A

Permanent Parasite

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13
Q

Lives on host for a short period of time

A

Temporary Parasite

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14
Q

Free-living organism that passes through digestive tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious Parasite

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15
Q

Host where parasite attains sexual maturity

A

Definitive/Final Host

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16
Q

Host that harbors the asexual or larval stage

A

Intermediate Host

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17
Q

Host wherein the parasite does not develop further to later stages

A

Paratenic Host

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18
Q

Host that allows the life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

Reservoir Host

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19
Q

Transmits parasite from one host to another

A

Vector

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20
Q

Transmits parasite only after it has completed its development

A

Biologic Vector

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21
Q

Vector that only transports the parasite

A

Mechanical/Phoretic Vector

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22
Q

Process of inoculating an infective agent

A

Exposure

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23
Q

Establishment of infecting agent inside host

A

Infection

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24
Q

Between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Incubation Period (Clinical)

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25
Q

Between infection and demonstration of infection

A

Pre-Patent Period (Biological)

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26
Q

Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

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27
Q

Infected individual is further infected with same species leading to massive infection

A

Hyperinfection or Superinfection

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28
Q

Host Effects: E. histolytica trophozoites secrete cysteine proteases which digest cellular material

A

Enzymatic Interference

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29
Q

Host Effects: Plasmodium invades RBCs and cause rupture

A

Invasion & Destruction

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30
Q

Host Effects: D. latum competes with host for available supply of vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia)

A

Nutrient Deprivation

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31
Q

Immune Invasion: E. histolytica produces suppressor factor that inhibits monocyte movement

A

Immune Suppression

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32
Q

Immune Invasion: Surface protein variation in T. gambiense

A

Antigenic Variation

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33
Q

Immune Invasion: E. granulosus carries blood group antigens

A

Host Mimicry

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34
Q

Immune Invasion: T. gondii multiplies inside macrophages

A

Intracellular Sequestration

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35
Q

Protozoa: Intestinal Tract

A

Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum

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36
Q

Protozoa: Urogenital Tract

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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37
Q

Protozoa: Blood & Tissue

A

Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma

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38
Q

Pseudopod-forming non-flagellated protozoa (Brownian movement), eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles, simple life cycle

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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39
Q

Most invasive parasite among the Entamoeba

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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40
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Transmission

A

fecal-oral

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41
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Infective Stage

A

mature cysts

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42
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Diagnostic Stage

A

trophozoites (acute diarrhea), mature cysts & immature cysts (hardened stool)

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43
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors: Mediates adherence

A

lectin

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44
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors: Penetration

A

amebapores

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45
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors: Cytopathic effect

A

cysteine proteases

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46
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Diseases

A

cyst carrier → amebic colitis → ameboma → amebic liver abscess

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47
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Diseases: Dysentery without fever, flask-shaped colon ulcers

A

amebic colitis

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48
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Diseases: Mass-like lesion in abdomen, associated with dysentery

A

ameboma

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49
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Diseases: Most common extraintestinal form, anchovy paste-like aspirate

A

amebic liver abscess

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50
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Cyst Carrier State (asymptomatic)

A

Diloxanide furoate

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51
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Amebic Colitis

A

Metronidazole

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52
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Amebic Liver Abscess

A

Metronidazole, percutaneous drainage for non-responders

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53
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Mild to Moderate Infection

A

Metronidazole + luminal agent

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54
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Severe Infection

A

Metronidazole/Tinidazole + luminal agent

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55
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Hepatic Abscess, Extraintestinal Infection

A

Metronidazole/Tinidazole + luminal agent

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56
Q

Flagellate that lives in the duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum, falling leaf motility, simple asexual life cycles, covered with variant surface proteins

A

Giardia lamblia

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57
Q

Giardia lamblia: Transmission

A

fecal-oral

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58
Q

Giardia lamblia: Infective Stage

A

cysts

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59
Q

Giardia lamblia: Diagnostic Stage

A

trophozoites (binucleated, “old man”), cysts

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60
Q

Adhesive disc and lectin facilitate attachment to avoid peristalsis, villous flattening, crypt hypertrophy, disruption of cytoskeleton, ultimately leads to enterocyte apoptosis

A

Giardia lamblia

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61
Q

Abdominal pain, “Backpacker’s Diarrhea”, excessive flatus (rotten eggs)

A

Acute Giardia lamblia Infection

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62
Q

Giardia lamblia: Chronic Infection

A

constipation, weight loss, steatorrhea

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63
Q

Giardia lamblia: Treatment

A

Metronidazole

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64
Q

Opportunistic intestinal protozoa, undergoes schizogony and gametogony, autoinfection in immunocompromised patients, acid-fast organism, simple life cycle

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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65
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum: Transmission

A

fecal-oral

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66
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum: Infective Stage

A

thick-walled oocysts

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67
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum: Diagnostic Stage

A

thick-walled oocysts

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68
Q

Self-limited non-bloody diarrhea, severe life-threatening diarrhea if CD4 < 200 due to autoinfection

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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69
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum: Treatment

A

Nitazoxanide

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70
Q

Urogenital protozoan, exists only as a trophozoite, pear-shaped, flagellated trophozoites, simple life cycle

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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71
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Transmission

A

sexual intercourse, “Ping-Pong” transmission

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72
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Infective Stage

A

trophozoites

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73
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Diagnostic Stage

A

trophozoites

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74
Q

Watery, foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning, strawberry cervix (punctate hemorrhages on ectocervix)

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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75
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Treatment

A

single oral dose of 2g (4 x 500mg tabs) of Metronidazole

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76
Q

Blood and tissue sporozoa, non-motile, asexual life cycle consists of shizogony & gametogony, sexual life cycle involves sporogeny, complex life cycle

A

Plasmodium

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77
Q

Most important parasitic disease in man

A

Plasmodium

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78
Q

Plasmodium: Transmission

A

bite of infected female mosquito (Anopheles filariasis minimus)

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79
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle: Shizogony, Gemetogony

A

asexual

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80
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle: Sporogony

A

sexual

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81
Q

Plasmodium: Asexual Host

A

man, intermediate

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82
Q

Plasmodium: Sexual Host

A

mosquito, definitive

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83
Q

Plasmodium: Infective Stage

A

sporozoites

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84
Q

Plasmodium: Diagnostic Stage

A

trophozoites (ring forms)

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85
Q

Pathologic findings from the destruction of RBCs, release of merozoites and splenic sequestration of infected cells, people with RBC defects (G6PD, sickle cell) are immune, partial immunity (premonition) seen in individuals who completely recover initial infection

A

Malaria (Plasmodium)

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86
Q

Plasmodium: 48 hour asexual cycle, malignant tertian, all aged RBCs, highest parasitemia, 0 merozoites, banana-shapes gametocytes, cerebral malaria, recrudescence, drug resistance

A

P. falciparum

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87
Q

Plasmodium: 48 hour asexual cycle, benign tertian, young RBCs, low parasitemia, 12-24 merozoites, large round gametocytes, relapse

A

P. vivax

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88
Q

Plasmodium: 72 hour asexual cycle, benign quartan, old RBCs, lowest parasitemia, 6-12 merozoites, compact gametocytes, recrudescence

A

P. malariae

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89
Q

Plasmodium: 48 hour asexual cycle, benign tertian, young RBCs, low parasitemia, 8 merozoites, small round gametocytes, relapse

A

P. ovale

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90
Q

Plasmodium: Recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement (2-4 weeks), seen in P. falciparum and P. malariae

A

Recrudescence

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91
Q

Plasmodium: Return of disease after its apparent cessation (1-6 months) due to reactivation of hypnozoites, seen in P. ovale and P. vivax

A

Relapse

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92
Q

Plasmodium: Diagnosis

A

thin & thick smears on Giemsa (thick - presence of organism, thin - species), higest yield when blood samples are taken during fever or 2-3 hours after peak

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93
Q

Malarial Dots: Punctate granulations present in RBCs invaded by P. ovale and P. vivax

A

Schuffner Dots

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94
Q

Malarial Dots: Coarse granulations present in RBCs invaded by P. falciparum, comma-shaped

A

Maurer Dots

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95
Q

Malarial Dots: Fine dots present in RBCs invaded by P. malariae

A

Ziemann Dots

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96
Q

Paroxysmal fever with malaise and bone pains, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, parasitic pneumonitis, acute renal failure (blackwater fever), septic shock

A

Malaria (Plasmodium)

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97
Q

Plasmodium Findings: Malarial or Dürck’s granulomas

A

Cerebral Malaria

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98
Q

Plasmodium Findings: Acute renal failure, severe complication of P. falciparum, intravascular hemolysis, massive hemoglobinuria, acute renal failure, rare and sometimes fatal complication of quinine-sensitized persons

A

Blackwater Fever

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99
Q

Plasmodium Findings: Septic Shock

A

Algid Malaria

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100
Q

Plasmodium: High Endemicity

A

Palawan, Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao, Agusan del Sur

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101
Q

Plasmodium: Chloroquine Resistance

A

Palawan, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley

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102
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Tissue Schizonticides

A

Primaquine - kill schizonts in the liver

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103
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Blood Schizonticides

A

Chloroquine, Quinine - kill parasitic forms only in the erythrocyte

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104
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Gametocides

A

Primaquine - kills gametocytes in blood

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105
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Sporontocides

A

Proguanil, Pyrimethamine - prevent sporogony and multiplication in the mosquito

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106
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum, P. malaria

A

Chloroquine

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107
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: P. vivax, P. ovale

A

Chloroquine + Primaquine

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108
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Uncomplicated infections with Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum

A

Quinine + Doxycycline/Clindamycin

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109
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Severe or complicated infections with P. falciparum

A

Artesunate + Doxycycline/Clindamycin or Mefloquine/Malarone OR Quinidine gluconate

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110
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Chloroquine-resistance

A

Mefloquine + Doxycycline

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111
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Eradication of Hypnozoites

A

Primaquine

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112
Q

Plasmodium Treatment: Severe Cases/Pregnant

A

Quinidine, Quinine

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113
Q

Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Without resistant P. falciparum

A

Chloroquine

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114
Q

Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum

A

Malarone, Mefloquine

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115
Q

Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Multidrug-resistant P. falciparum

A

Doxycycline

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116
Q

Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infection, alternative for primary prevention

A

Primaquine

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117
Q

Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Chloroquine-Sensitive Areas

A

Chloroquine 500mg/tab, 1 tab weekly

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118
Q

Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Chloroquine-Resistant Areas

A

Mefloquine 250mg/tab, 1 tab weekly, Malarone (Atovaquone 250mg/Proguanil 100mg)/ tab, 1 tab daily

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119
Q

Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Multidrug-Resistant Areas

A

Doxycycline 100mg/tab, 1 tab daily

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120
Q

Plasmodium: Prevention

A

chemoprophylaxis, insecticide-treated nets, insect repellant with DEET, biologic modification (cultivation of snails that eat mosquito larvae)

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121
Q

Tissue protozoan, definitive host - domestic cat, intermediate hosts - humans & other mammals, complex life cycle

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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122
Q

Toxoplasma gondii: Transmission

A

ingestion of cysts in raw meat and contaminated food, transplacentally

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123
Q

Toxoplasma gondii: Infective Stage

A

fecal oocysts

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124
Q

Toxoplasma gondii: Diagnostic Stage

A

trophozoites (bradyzoites)

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125
Q

Toxoplasma gondii Trophozoites: Rapidly multiplying, CMI limits spread

A

tachyzoites

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126
Q

Toxoplasma gondii Trophozoites: Slowly multiplying, important in tissue diagnosis

A

bradyzoites

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127
Q

Toxoplasma gondii: Diagnostic Test

A

IgM antibody

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128
Q

Toxoplasma gondii Disease: Heterophil-negative mononucleosis

A

immunocompetent

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129
Q

Toxoplasma gondii Disease: Encephalitis, ring-enhancing lesions

A

immunocompromised

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130
Q

Abortion, stillbirth, neonatal disease with hydrocephalus, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, hepatosplenomegaly, intracranial calcifications

A

Congenital Toxoplasma gondii Disease

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131
Q

Toxoplasma gondii: Treatment

A

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine

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132
Q

Blood and tissue protozoan, 4 forms (amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote), complex life cycle

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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133
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Transmission

A

reduviid bug (Triatoma)

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134
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Infective Stage

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes

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135
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Diagnostic Stage

A

trypomastigotes in blood

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136
Q

Myocardial, glial, reticuloendothelial cells are frequent sites, cardiac muscle is the most frequently and severely affected tissue

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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137
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Diagnosis

A

stained BMA or muscle biopsy, culture in special medium, xenodiagnosis - allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed on patient

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138
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Unilateral periorbital edema (Romaña’s sign), nodule near bite (chagoma), fever, LAD, hepatosplenomegaly

A

Acute Chagas’ Disease

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139
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Myocarditis, megacolon, megaesophagus (achalasia)

A

Chronic Chagas’ Disease

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140
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Treatment

A

Nifurtimox

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141
Q

Blood and tissue protozoan, 2 forms (epimastigote, trypomastigote), complex life cycle, remarkable antigenic variation

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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142
Q

Trypanosoma brucei: Types

A

gambiense, rhodesiense

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143
Q

Trypanosoma brucei: Transmission

A

tsetse fly (Glossina)

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144
Q

Trypanosoma brucei: Infective Stage

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes

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145
Q

Trypanosoma brucei: Diagnostic Stage

A

trypomastigotes in blood

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146
Q

Spread from the skin through the blood to the lymph nodes and the brain, somnolence (sleeping sickness) progresses to coma due to demyelinating encephalitis (ARAS, brainstem), cyclical fever spike (every 2 weeks) due to antigenic variation

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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147
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is _____ rapid and fatal than Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.

A

rhodesian is more rapid and fatal

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148
Q

Trypanosoma brucei: West

A

gambiense

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149
Q

Trypanosoma brucei: East

A

rhodesiense

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150
Q

Indurated skin ulcer (trypanosomal chancre), intermittent weekly fever and LAD, enlargement of the posterior cervical LN (Winterbottom’s sign), excessive somnolence, hyperesthesia (Kerandel’s sign), encephalitis, plasma cells with cytoplasmic Ig globules (Mott cells)

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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151
Q

Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: Blood-Borne

A

Suramin

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152
Q

Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: CNS Penetration

A

Melarsoprol

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153
Q

Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: West African, early

A

Pentamidine

154
Q

Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: West African, CNS

A

Eflornithine

155
Q

Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: East African, early

A

Suramin

156
Q

Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: East African, CNS

A

Melarsoprol

157
Q

Flagellated marine protists, algal blooms cause red tide

A

Dinoflagellates

158
Q

Most common cause of red tide in the Philippines

A

Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum

159
Q

Most common cause of red tide in the US

A

Alexandrium

160
Q

Dinoflagellates: Transmission

A

eating bivalve mollusks, fish obtained from red tide

161
Q

Red Tide Season

A

May-August

162
Q

Filter feeders accumulate toxins produced by

A

dinoflagellates

163
Q

Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: Saxitoxin

A

Paralytic

164
Q

Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: 15 min incubation period, facial paresthesia, total paralysis, respiratory failure

A

Paralytic

165
Q

Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: Brevetoxin

A

Neurotoxic

166
Q

Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: 15 min incubation period, facial paresthesis, slurred speech, ataxia, diarrhea, stroke-like symptoms

A

Neurotoxic

167
Q

Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: Okadaic Acid

A

Diarrheic

168
Q

Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: 30 min incubation period, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

A

Diarrheic

169
Q

Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: Domoic Acid

A

Amnesic

170
Q

Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: 30 min incubation period, diarrhea, short-term memory loss, seizures

A

Amnesic

171
Q

Dinoflagellates: Treatment

A

gastric lavage with activated charcoal, supportive fluid resuscitation, endotracheal intubation for respiratory failure, Neostigmine and Edrophonium for muscle weakness

172
Q

Free-living ameba, infected contact lenses, granulomatous amebic encephalitis

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

173
Q

Free-living ameba, swimming in contaminated pools, primary amebic meningoencehalitis

A

Naegleria fowleri

174
Q

Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease

A

Balantidium coli

175
Q

Round-based, wide-necked intestinal ulcers, dysentery, pigs

A

Balantidium coli

176
Q

Ixodes tick, intraerythrocytic ring-shaped trophozoites in tetrads in the form of a Maltese cross

A

Babesia microti

177
Q

Phlebotomus sandfly, infective promastigotes

A

Leishmania

178
Q

Leishmania: Cutaneous

A

Leishmania tropica

179
Q

Leishmania: Visceral / Kala-azar

A

Leishmania donovani

180
Q

Leishmania: Mucocutaneous

A

Leishmania brasiliensis

181
Q

Leishmania: Treatment

A

Sodium stibogluconate (Antimony compound)

182
Q

Coccidial sporozoa, diarrhea in immunocompromised patients

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli

183
Q

Cestodes: Eggs/larvae in undercooked pork, pigs, in intestines

A

T. solium

184
Q

Cestodes: Larvae in undercooked beef, cattle, in intestines

A

T. saginata

185
Q

Cestodes: Larvae in undercooked fish, in intestines

A

D. latum

186
Q

Cestodes: Eggs in food contaminated by dog feces, sheep, in liver

A

E. granulosus

187
Q

Intestinal cestodes, differentiated based on scolex and gravid proglottids

A

Taenia

188
Q

Taenia: 4 suckers, rostellum, 5-10 primary uterine branches in gravid proglottids, pork

A

T. solium

189
Q

Taenia: 4 suckers, 15-25 primary uterine branches in gravid proglottids, beef

A

T. saginata

190
Q

Taenia: Transmission

A

undercooked pork/beef

191
Q

Taenia: Infective Stage

A

cysticerci, eggs (T.solium)

192
Q

Taenia: Diagnostic Stage

A

gravid proglottids

193
Q

Minor intestinal damage from adult tapeworms, cystecerci can become SOLs in the brain, living cystecerci do not cause inflammation

A

Taenia

194
Q

Taenia: Abdominal pain, weight loss, pruritus ani, intestinal obstruction

A

T. saginata

195
Q

Taenia: Mild intestinal symptoms, small infective eggs cross the BBB causing seizures (neurocysticercosis), worms in vitreous humor

A

T. solium

196
Q

Taenia: Treatment

A

Praziquantel

197
Q

Has 2 elongated sucking grooves for attachment, operculated eggs

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

198
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum: Intermediate Hosts

A

fish, copepods

199
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum: Transmission

A

undercooked fish

200
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum: Infective Stage

A

plerocercoid larvae (fish muscle)

201
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum: Diagnostic Stage

A

unembryonated egg

202
Q

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

203
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum: Treatment

A

Praziquantel

204
Q

Composed of scolex and only 3 proglottids, one of the smallest tapeworms

A

Echinococcus granulosus

205
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Intermediate Hosts

A

sheep, humans

206
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Definitive Host

A

dog

207
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Transmission

A

ingestion of eggs

208
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Infective Stage

A

embryonated eggs

209
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Diagnostic Stage

A

hydatid cysts

210
Q

Cysts act as SOLs, if cyst ruptures, life-threatening anaphylaxis can occur

A

Echinococcus granulosus

211
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Cysts

A

hydatid cysts (liver), pulmonary cysts, cerebral cysts

212
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Treatment

A

surgical resection, Albendazole, PAIR procedure (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Reaspiration) - uses 95% Ethanol (helminthicidal, scolicidal)

213
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis: Definitive Host

A

fox

214
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis: Intermediate Host

A

rodents

215
Q

Multiloculated cysts (honeycomb vesicles)

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

216
Q

Dwarf tapeworm, most common tapeworm in developed countries, eggs are directly infectious, polar filaments, six-hooked larvae

A

Hymenolepsis nana

217
Q

Rat tapeworm, accidental parasite

A

Hymenolepsis diminuta

218
Q

Hymenolepsis diminuta: Transmission

A

ingestion of insects harboring eggs

219
Q

Most common tapeworm of dogs and cats, barrel-shaped proglottids

A

Dipylidium caninum

220
Q

Trematodes: Penetrate skin, in liver, snails

A

S. japonicum

221
Q

Trematodes: Ingested with raw crab, in lungs, snails

A

P. westermani

222
Q

Trematodes: Ingested with raw fish, in liver, snails

A

C. sinensis

223
Q

Oriental blood fluke, adults exist as separate sexes, reside in mesenteric and portal veins

A

Schistosoma japonicum

224
Q

Schistosoma japonicum: Intermediate Host

A

snail (Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi)

225
Q

Schistosoma japonicum: Transmission

A

cercariae penetrate skin

226
Q

Schistosoma japonicum: Infective Stage

A

cercariae

227
Q

Schistosoma japonicum: Diagnostic Stage

A

eggs in feces

228
Q

Schistosoma haematobium: Diagnostic Stage

A

eggs in urine

229
Q

Schistosoma japonicum: Diagnosis

A

Kato-Katz technique, Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) - ovoid egg with small hook

230
Q

Presence of eggs cause granuloma formation, liver granulomas lead to pre-sinusoidal obstruction, hepatomegaly and portal hypertension, evade host defenses by coating themselves with host antigens

A

Schistosoma japonicum

231
Q

Itching and dermatitis (swimmer’s itch), systemic hypersensitivity resembling serum sickness (Katayama fever)

A

Acute Schistosoma japonicum Infection

232
Q

Chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, colonic, pulmonary and cerebral involvement, Jacksonian/focal seizures

A

Chronic Schistosoma japonicum Infection

233
Q

Schistosoma japonicum: Endemic Areas

A

Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Oriental Mindoro, Bohol, all of Mindanao except Misamis Oriental

234
Q

Schistosoma japonicum: Treatment

A

Praziquantel

235
Q

Lung fluke, hermaphrodite

A

Paragonimus westermanii

236
Q

Paragonimus westermanii: Intermediate Hosts

A

snail (Antemelania asperata), mountain crab (Sundathelphusa philippina)

237
Q

Paragonimus westermanii: Transmission

A

undercooked/raw fish

238
Q

Paragonimus westermanii: Infective Stage

A

metacercariae

239
Q

Paragonimus westermanii: Diagnostic Stage

A

unembryonated egg

240
Q

Paragonimus westermanii: Diagnosis

A

3% NaOH preparation

241
Q

Paragonimus westermanii: Eggs

A

ovoid, thin opercular end, thick abopercular end

242
Q

Develops a fibrous wall that provokes a granulomatous reaction, secondary bacterial infection frequently occurs

A

Paragonimus westermanii

243
Q

Chronic cough with bloody sputum, endemic hemoptysis, ring-shadow opacity on CXR, closely resembles TB

A

Paragonimiasis

244
Q

Paragonimus westermanii: Treatment

A

Praziquantel

245
Q

Asian liver flukes, hermaphrodite, inflammatory response can cause hyperplasia and fibrosis of biliary tract

A

Clornichis sinensis

246
Q

Asian Liver Flukes

A

Clornichis sinensis, Opistorchis viverrini

247
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Intermediate Hosts

A

snail (Parafossarulus), fish (Cyprinidae)

248
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Transmission

A

uncooked/raw fish

249
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Infective Stage

A

metacercariae

250
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Diagnostic Stage

A

embryonated eggs

251
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Diagnosis

A

direct fecal smear, potassium permanganate stain (melon-like ridges)

252
Q

Fever, eosinophilia, LAD, tender hepatomegaly, embryonated eggs in direct fecal smear

A

Acute Clornichis sinensis Infection

253
Q

Hepatobiliary disease, pancreatitis, cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor), neurocirculatory dystonia

A

Clornichis sinensis

254
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Treatment

A

Praziquantel

255
Q

Sheep liver fluke, watercress (aquatic plants), obstructive jaundice and painful pharyngitis (Halzoun)

A

Fasciola hepatica

256
Q

Intestinal fluke, aquatic vegetation, gland abscesses, anasarca and coma from accumulation of toxins (worm intoxication)

A

Fasciolopsis buski

257
Q

Intestinal fluke, raw fish containing cysts, mimics peptic ulcer disease

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

258
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, ascariasis, ingestion of eggs

A

Ascaris

259
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, hookworm, larval penetration of skin

A

Ancylostoma, Necator

260
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, whipworm, ingestion of eggs

A

Trichuris

261
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, pinworm, ingestion of eggs

A

Enterobius

262
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, strongyloidiasis, larval penetration of skin

A

Strongyloides

263
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, capillariasis, eggs in undercooked fish

A

Capillaria

264
Q

Nematodes: Tissue, filariasis, mosquito bite

A

Wuchereria, Brugia

265
Q

Nematodes: Tissue, trichinosis, larvae in uncooked meat

A

Trichinella

266
Q

Most common and largest nematode, giant roundworm, soil-transmitted helminth

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

267
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Transmission

A

ingestion of eggs

268
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Infective Stage

A

embryonated eggs

269
Q

Asian liver flukes, hermaphtodite, inflammatory response can cause hyperplasia and fibrosis of biliary tract

A

Clornichis sinensis

270
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Diagnosis

A

direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique

271
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Intermediate Hosts

A

snail (Parafossarulus), fish (Cyprinidae)

272
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Transmission

A

uncooked/raw fish

273
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Infective Stage

A

metacercariae

274
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Diagnostic Stage

A

embryonated eggs

275
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Diagnosis

A

direct fecal smear, potassium permanganate stain (melon-like ridges)

276
Q

Fever, eosinophilia, LAD, tender hepatomegaly, embryonated eggs in direct fecal smear

A

Acute Clornichis sinensis Infection

277
Q

Hepatobiliary disease, pancreatitis, cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor), neurocirculatory dystonia

A

Clornichis sinensis

278
Q

Clornichis sinensis: Treatment

A

Praziquantel

279
Q

Necator & Ancylostoma: Diagnosis

A

direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique

280
Q

Intestinal fluke, aquatic vegetation, gland abscesses, anasarca and coma from accumulation of toxins (worm intoxication)

A

Fasciolopsis buski

281
Q

Intestinal fluke, raw fish containing cysts, mimics peptic ulcer disease

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

282
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, ascariasis, ingestion of eggs

A

Ascaris

283
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, hookworm, larval penetration of skin

A

Ancylostoma, Necator

284
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, whipworm, ingestion of eggs

A

Trichuris

285
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, pinworm, ingestion of eggs

A

Enterobius

286
Q

Trichuris trichiuria: Infective Stage

A

embryonated eggs

287
Q

Nematodes: Intestines, capillariasis, eggs in undercooked fish

A

Capillaria

288
Q

Nematodes: Tissue, filariasis, mosquito bite

A

Wuchereria, Brugia

289
Q

Nematodes: Tissue, trichinosis, larvae in uncooked meat

A

Trichinella

290
Q

Most common and largest nematode, giant roundworm, soil-transmitted helminth

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

291
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Transmission

A

ingestion of eggs

292
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Infective Stage

A

embryonated eggs

293
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Diagnostic Stage

A

fertilized egg (unembryonated)

294
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Diagnosis

A

direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique

295
Q

Major damage occurs during larval migration, principal site of tissue reaction is in the lungs where inflammation with an eosinophilic exudate occurs, heavy worm burden may contribute to malnutrition

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

296
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Diseases

A

hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Loeffler’s Syndrome), acute intestinal obstruction, hepatobiliary ascariasis, pancreatitis, malabsorption syndromes, nutrient deficiencies

297
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides: Treatment

A

Albendazole (greater larvicidal activity than Mebendazole)

298
Q

Parasites with Transpulmonary Phase

A

Ascaris, Necator, Ancylostoma, Strongyloides

299
Q

Soil-transmitted helminth, blood-sucking nematodes, hookworms, differentiated based on the character of buccal spears of filariform larvae

A

Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale

300
Q

Necator & Ancylostoma: Transmission

A

larvae penetrate skin

301
Q

Necator & Ancylostoma: Infective Stage

A

filariform larvae

302
Q

Necator & Ancylostoma: Diagnostic Stage

A

eggs in feces

303
Q

Necator & Ancylostoma: Diagnosis

A

direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique

304
Q

Major damage due to blood loss (0.25mL blood/worm/day) at site of attachment, blood consumed oozes in response to an anticoagulant made by the worm, microcytic anemia caused by blood loss

A

Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale

305
Q

Ground itch at site of entry, serpiginous tracks (cutaneous larva migrans), eosinophilic pneumonia during transpulmonary stage, mild GIT syndromes

A

Acute Necator/Ancylostoma Infection

306
Q

Microcytic anemia from blood-sucking nematodes, hypoalbuminemia

A

Chronic Necator/Ancylostoma Infection

307
Q

Necator & Ancylostoma: Treatment

A

Albendazole

308
Q

Whipworm, soil-transmitted helminth

A

Trichuris trichiuria

309
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis: Treatment

A

Ivermectin

310
Q

Trichuris trichiuria: Diagnostic Stage

A

unembryonated eggs

311
Q

Trichuris trichiuria: Diagnosis

A

direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique

312
Q

Trichuris trichiuria: Eggs

A

barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs (Chinese lantern)

313
Q

Burrow their hair-like anterior ends into the intestinal mucosa, do not cause significant anemia

A

Trichuris trichiuria

314
Q

Diarrhea, rectal prolapse from increased peristalsis to expel the worms

A

Trichuris trichiuria

315
Q

Trichuris trichiuria: Treatment

A

Mebendazole

316
Q

Pinworm, seatworm, soil-transmitted helminth, life cycle is confined to humans, most common sexually transmitted helminths in developed countries (cosmopolitan worm)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

317
Q

Enterobius vermicularis: Transmission

A

ingestion/inhalation of eggs

318
Q

Enterobius vermicularis: Infective Stage

A

embryonated eggs

319
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Treatment

A

Albendazole

320
Q

Enterobius vermicularis: Diagnosis

A

Graham’s scotch tape technique (D-shaped eggs)

321
Q

Female releases thousands of fertilized eggs on perianal skin, eggs develop into larvae causing perianal pruritus, autoinfection can occur

A

Enterobius vermicularis

322
Q

Pruritus ani, eosinophilic enterocolitis, vulvovaginitis, appendicitis (oxyuriasis)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

323
Q

Enterobius vermicularis: Treatment

A

Pyrantel pamoate

324
Q

Soil-transmitted helminth, facultative parasites

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

325
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis: Transmission

A

larvae penetrate skin

326
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis: Infective Stage

A

filariform larvae

327
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis: Diagnostic Stage

A

rhabditiform larvae

328
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis: Diagnosis

A

Harada-Mori culture

329
Q

Larvae penetrate intestinal wall directly without leaving host and migrate to the lungs (autoinfection), hyperinfection in immunocompromised patients

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

330
Q

Ground itch at site of entry, eosinophilic pneumonia, mild watery diarrhea, facultative parasite

A

Acute Strongyloides stercoralis Infection

331
Q

Serpiginous track (larva currens), duodenitis, paradoxical asthma, hyperinfection syndrome

A

Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis Infection

332
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis: Treatment

A

Ivermectin

333
Q

Intestinal nematode, pudoc worm, only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird

A

Capillaria philippinensis

334
Q

Wuchereria & Brugia: Treatment

A

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

335
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Infective Stage

A

infective larvae

336
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Diagnostic Stage

A

unembryonated eggs

337
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Diagnosis

A

direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique

338
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Eggs

A

peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs

339
Q

Embryonated eggs can cause autoinfection and hyperinfection, leads to ulcerative and compressive degeneration of enterocytes resulting in severe malabsorption

A

Capillaria philippinensis

340
Q

Borborygmus, fever, abdominal pain, eosinophilia

A

Acute Capillaria philippinensis Infection

341
Q

Chronic watery diarrhea, edema, wasting, protein-losing enteropathy, anasarca, hypogammaglobulinemia

A

Chronic Capillaria philippinensis Infection

342
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Treatment

A

Albendazole

343
Q

Blood and tissue nematode, most debilitating nematode infection, farmer from abaca plantation

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi

344
Q

Filariasis: Smoothly curved, widespread prevalance, scrotal lymphatics, hydrocoele, more severe

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

345
Q

Filariasis: Kinky, terminal nuclei, SEA prevalence only, limb lymphatics, elephantiasis, less severe

A

Brugia malayi

346
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Vectors

A

Culex, Aedes, Anopheles

347
Q

Brugia malayi: Vector

A

Mansonia

348
Q

Wuchereria & Brugia: Transmission

A

mosquito bite

349
Q

Wuchereria & Brugia: Infective Stage

A

3rd stage larvae

350
Q

Wuchereria & Brugia: Diagnostic Stage

A

microfilariae

351
Q

Wuchereria & Brugia: Diagnosis

A

thick blood smear (curved or kinky microfilariae), specimen collection best done at night (8pm-4am) - nocturnal periodicity, diethylcarbamazine (DEC) provocation test

352
Q

Adult worms in lymph nodes cause inflammation that obstructs lymphatic vessels causing lymphedema, microfilariae do not cause symptoms

A

Wuchereria & Brugia

353
Q

Acute adenolymphangitis, filarial fever, nocturnal wheezing (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia), small epithelioid granulomas (Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies), expatriate syndrome

A

Acute Wuchereria/Brugia Infection

354
Q

Hydrocoele, elephantiasis, milky urine (chyluria)

A

Chronic Wuchereria/Brugia Infection

355
Q

Bancroftian Filariasis: Endemic Areas

A

Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Palawan, Camarines, Albay, Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, all of Mindanao

356
Q

Malayan Filariasis: Endemic Areas

A

Eastern Samar, Agusan del Sur, Palawan, Sulu

357
Q

Wuchereria & Brugia: Treatment

A

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

358
Q

Tissue nematode from pigs

A

Trichinella spiralis

359
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Intermediate Host

A

pigs

360
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Transmission

A

undercooked pork

361
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Infective Stage

A

encysted larvae

362
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnostic Stage

A

encysted larvae

363
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

A

muscle biopsy, larvae within striated muscle, elevated CPKs, xenodiagnosis

364
Q

Trichinella spiralis Stage: Liberated from pork by gastric juices

A

Intestinal Stage

365
Q

Trichinella spiralis Stage: Disseminate hematogenously to streaked skeletal muscle, encysted within a host-derived cell (nurse cell)

A

Muscle Stage

366
Q

Fever, muscle, pain, periorbital edema, eosinophilia, hemorrhagic phenomena (subconjunctival, splinter)

A

Mild Trichinella spiralis Infection

367
Q

Myocarditis, encephalitis, pneumonia, respiratory myositis

A

Severe Trichinella spiralis Infection

368
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Treatment

A

Thiabendazole

369
Q

Transmitted by the female blackfly (Simulium), dermal nodules, hanging groin, lizard skin, river blindness, lysis of worm leads to Mazzotti reaction

A

Onchocerca volvulus

370
Q

Onchocerca volvulus: Treatment

A

Ivermectin (Mazzotti Reaction)

371
Q

Transmitted by the deer fly or mango fly (Chrysops), subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings), worm crawling across conjunctiva

A

Loa loa

372
Q

Guinea fire worm, serpents of Israelites, transmitted when copepods are swallowed in water, pruritic painful papule, live worm in skin ulcer

A

Dracunculus medinensis

373
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Treatment

A

mechanical removal daily

374
Q

Dog ascaris, visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis, ocular larva migrans, uveitis, endophthalmitis

A

Toxocara canis

375
Q

Transmitted in undercooked seafood, eosinophilic meningitis, most common cause of parasitic meningitis

A

Ancylostoma caninum / brasiliense

376
Q

Zoonotic roundworms, ingested in raw seafood, eosinophilic gastroenteritis

A

Anisakis simplex

377
Q

Arthropods: Pruritus of scalp, trunk, nits on hair shaft

A

Pediculus humanus (lice)

378
Q

Arthropods: Pruritus in pubic area, nits on hair shaft

A

Phthirus pubis (lice)

379
Q

Arthropods: Pruritic, painful and erythematous nodule, larva may be seen emerging from nodule

A

Dermatobia hominis (flies)

380
Q

Arthropods: Pruritic, erythematous wheal

A

Cimex lectularius (bedbugs)

381
Q

Arthropods: Pruritic, erythematous papules, linear tracks

A

Sarcoptes scabei (mites)

382
Q

Arthropods: Ascending paralysis

A

Dermacentor (ticks)

Microbiology (17 decks)

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