xxx Flashcards
Acid/Base Chemistry
pH= -log10[H+]
pOH= -log10[OH-]
Ion-product constant
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 10^-14
pKw = -log10(Kw)
pH + pOH= pKw= 14
HHB equation for est. pH of buffer sol.
pH = pKa + log10 ([A-]/[HA])
[A-] = conjugate base
[HA] = acid
pOH = pKb +log10 (HB+/B)
Solubility Product
Ksp
equilibrium between solid and its constituent ions in a solution. Ksp value identifies degree to which compound can dissociate in water. Higher Ksp = more soluble compound is
Ksp= [A]^a * [B]^b
[A]= concentration of ion
a = coefficient of A
[B] = concentration of ion
b= coefficient of B
Centripetal Force
(circular motion)
- Net force directed to centre
- Tension in string
F = (mv^2)/r
a = v^2/r
F centripetal force N
m mass kg
v velocity m/s
r radius metres
Kinematics
v = u + at
v^2= u^2 + 2as
s = ((u+v)/2) * t
s = vt - 1/2 * at^2
s = ut + 1/2 * at^2
speed = distance/time
displacement = speed * time
speed = |v|
Optics
Thin Lens Equation
Magnification
1/f = 1/u + 1/v
f = focal length
u = object position
v = image position
Magnification
-image distance/object distance
Gravitational Field Strength
g (N/Kg) i.e force/kg or m/s^2 i.e acceleration
g = (G x m)/r^2
G = given constant
m = mass of object
r = distance from centre of mass we’re measuring field
Projectiles on Moon
Gravity is 1/6 * g
u = same on earth as on moon
acceleration affects height, length, flight time (inversely) so everything is 6 x greater for moon
Elastic Energy (springs)
Es
Es= (1/2) * kx^2
k = spring constant
x = amt. compression (change in length)
Dosage
Absorbed dose
D = energy/mass
Equiv dose = k x D
k tissue weighting
Effective dose = Σ Equiv
Velocity of Light
c = 3 x 10^8 m/s
Reflection
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Snell’s Law for Refraction of Light
n1 * sin (θi) = n2 * sin (θr)
sin θi/ sin θr = constant μ
μ Refractive Index (n2/n1)
Energy of Photon
Ep = hc/λ
or
Ep = hf
h = Plank’s constant J or electron volts ev
λ wavelength m
c speed of light m/s
f frequency
Circuits
Current
Voltage
Charge
Risk Ratios
Series Current
Parallel Current
I Current (Amps)
I = Q/s
V Voltage (volts)
V = E/Q
Q Charge
Q = cV
Risk Ratios (Current)
I : I
Series Current I
I = V/Reff
Parallel Current I
I = I1 + I2 + I3
Where
Q = charge coulombs
s = seconds (time)
E = energy J
Q = charge coulombs
c = Faradays (capacitance)
96,500 C/mol = 1 F, (amount of electricity carried by 1 mol of electrons)
V = voltage (potential difference volts)
Nernst Equation
E reduction potential
E = E0 - (RT/nF) * ln Q
E0 = standard potential
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature kelvin
n = moles of electrons
F = Faraday constant
Q = reaction quotient
