Y Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What is psychiatry?
A
Branch of medical science which deals on the study of causes, diagnosis, and treatment of maladaptive patterns of behavior.
2
Q
What does the term ‘psyche’ refer to?
A
Mind.
3
Q
What does ‘iatria’ mean?
A
Healing.
4
Q
What are the components of the mind?
A
- Cognition
- Conation
- Emotion
5
Q
Define ‘id’ in Freud’s theory.
A
Innate desires, pleasure seeking, aggression, sexual impulses.
6
Q
What is the role of the superego?
A
Moral, ethics, values; monitors the ego.
7
Q
What does the ego do?
A
Mediates between the id and superego; controls instinctual impulses.
8
Q
What are the three categories of Freud’s topographic model of the mind?
A
- Unconscious mind
- Preconscious mind
- Conscious mind
9
Q
What is the primary goal of psychiatric nursing?
A
Prevention, detection, treatment, and rehabilitation of psychiatric disorders.
10
Q
List the fundamental goals of psychiatric nursing.
A
- Achieve positive self image
- Have a more harmonious interpersonal process
- Have a high productive societal roles
11
Q
What is the psychobehavior role of the nurse?
A
- Recognition
- Relationship
- Resources / Referral
12
Q
What are some basic level functions of psychiatric nursing?
A
- Counseling
- Milieu therapy
- Self-care activities
- Psychobiologic interventions
- Health teaching
- Case management
- Health promotion & maintenance
13
Q
What advanced-level functions are included in psychiatric nursing?
A
- Psychotherapy
- Prescriptive authority for drugs
- Consultations
- Evaluations
14
Q
Who are the core psychiatric disciplines in the mental health team?
A
- Physicians
- Nurses
- Psychologists
- Social workers
15
Q
What were the beliefs regarding mental illness in ancient times?
A
- Displeasure of the Gods
- Punishments for sins
- Attributed to demons
16
Q
What was the role of Philippe Pinel in psychiatric history?
A
Instituted the concept of asylum for the mentally ill.
17
Q
Who is considered the Father of American Psychiatry?
A
Ben Rush.
18
Q
What significant development began in the modern period of psychiatry?
A
Scientific study of psychiatry initiated by Sigmund Freud.
19
Q
What is mental health defined as?
A
Ability to cope successfully with recurrent stresses of living and achieve effective adjustment to life.
20
Q
What indicates a positive attitude toward the individual self?
A
Involves self-awareness, acceptance, confidence, self-esteem, sense of personal identification.
21
Q
What does the term ‘insanity’ refer to in a legal context?
A
Inability to distinguish right from wrong to conform behavior to law.
22
Q
What is a mental disorder?
A
A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern associated with distress or disability.
23
Q
What are predisposing factors to mental illness?
A
- Inheritance
- Age
- Sex
- Marital status
- Environmental & social factors
- Occupation
- Previous attack
24
Q
What are precipitating factors related to mental illness?
A
- Physical (e.g., infections, trauma)
- Psychic (e.g., conflict, rejection)
25
Fill in the blank: Mental health is the ability to effectively integrate biological, psychological, & social systems as life events are met at the _______.
[progressive stage of growth and development]
26
What are some examples of events that can provoke mental illness?
Loss of loved one, Rape, Conflict, Disappointments, Rejection, Inferiority
## Footnote
Events that are immediately preceding the occurrence of mental illness are critical.
27
What are the physiological factors related to mental illness?
* Defective genes
* Disturbance in neurotransmitters
* Hormonal imbalance
* Malnutrition
* Sensory deprivation
* Sleep deprivation
## Footnote
These factors can contribute to the development of mental health disorders.
28
What psychological factors can contribute to mental illness?
* Lack of maternal attachment/deprivation
* Sibling position
* Parental behavior & child rearing practices
* Double bind process of communication
* Conflict
* Stress
* Ineffective Coping styles
## Footnote
These factors influence a person's psychological well-being.
29
What socio-cultural and spiritual factors are related to mental illness?
* Age
* Sex
* Race
* Marital status
* Occupation
* Education
* Economic status
* Social class
* Religious beliefs/values
* Migration
* Ethnic mores
* Isolation/alienation
* Overcrowding
* Rapid social changes
## Footnote
These factors can affect an individual's mental health based on their social context.
30
What is the purpose of the DSM-IV-TR?
* Standard nomenclature
* Defining characteristics
* Underlying cause of disorders
## Footnote
The DSM-IV-TR is a taxonomy that describes all mental disorders.
31
What are the axes of the DSM-IV-TR multi-axial classification?
* AXIS I: Major Psychiatric Disorders
* AXIS II: Mental Retardation and Personality Disorders
* AXIS III: Current Medical Condition
* AXIS IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
* AXIS V: Global Assessment of Functioning
## Footnote
This classification helps clinicians in diagnosing psychiatric disorders.
32
What major change did DSM-5 implement compared to DSM-IV-TR?
Discarded the multi-axial system of diagnosis
## Footnote
DSM-5 lists all disorders in Section II and replaced Axis IV with significant psychosocial and contextual features.
33
What are the sections of the DSM-5?
* SECTION I: DSM 5 chapter organization
* SECTION II: Diagnostic criteria and codes
* SECTION III: Emerging measures & models for assessment
## Footnote
These sections provide a comprehensive framework for psychiatric diagnosis.
34
Define Mental Health.
State of well-being, where a person can realize his potential
## Footnote
This definition encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
35
What is Mental Hygiene?
Science which deals with measures employed to promote mental health
## Footnote
It focuses on practices that support mental well-being.
36
What are the basic principles in psychiatric nursing?
* Acceptance
* Allowing expression of feelings
* Patient's pace
* Focus on care & treatment
* Understanding
* Consistency
* Setting limits
* Reassurance
## Footnote
These principles guide the approach to nursing care in psychiatric settings.
37
What is Freud's Psychosexual Theory?
Theory that emphasizes a child's personality is formed by how parents manage sexual and aggressive drives
## Footnote
It highlights the importance of early childhood experiences in personality development.
38
What are the components of personality according to Freud?
* ID: Basic desires and instincts
* Ego: Reality aspect
* Superego: Morality and ethical concepts
## Footnote
These components interact to shape human behavior.
39
What are the five stages of psychosexual development?
* Oral
* Anal
* Phallic or Oedipal
* Latency
* Genital
## Footnote
Each stage is associated with specific behaviors and potential fixations.
40
What is denial as a defense mechanism?
Refusing to accept a painful reality, pretending it doesn't exist
## Footnote
It can prevent individuals from facing uncomfortable truths.
41
What is sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Redirecting unacceptable feelings or drives into an acceptable channel
## Footnote
This can involve channeling aggressive energies into sports or artistic endeavors.
42
What is regression as a defense mechanism?
Backward turning to earlier, more comfortable patterns of behavior in resolving conflicts
## Footnote
This often manifests as childish behavior in adults facing anxiety.
43
What is the difference between coping mechanisms and ego defense mechanisms?
Coping mechanisms are conscious efforts, while ego defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce anxiety
## Footnote
Understanding this distinction is essential in therapeutic settings.
44
What is repression?
Unconscious, involuntary, automatic banishment of unacceptable ideas or impulses into the unconscious, but not forgotten.
## Footnote
Certain thoughts and feelings are forced into unconsciousness.
45
Define conversion.
An unconscious mechanism by which an individual converts an emotional problem into a physical symptom or outlet which provides a release for the tension and anxiety associated with the conflict.
## Footnote
Example: A soldier develops paralysis in his hand when firing a gun.
46
What is suppression?
A conscious, deliberate withholding of words or deeds that are unfavorable to the self.
## Footnote
It is considered a conscious process, not a true defense mechanism by many authorities.
47
What does fixation refer to in psychological terms?
The arrest of maturation at an earlier level of psychosexual development.
## Footnote
Example: A child continuing attachment to a nursing bottle beyond the oral period.
48
Describe fantasy as a defense mechanism.
Non rational mental activity that allows escape from daily pressures and responsibilities, temporarily breaking through the boundaries of reality.
## Footnote
This allows a person to daydream about pleasurable experiences.
49
What is dissociation?
The detachment of certain personal activities from normal consciousness which then function alone.
## Footnote
Examples include sleepwalking, amnesia, and fugue.
50
Define isolation in psychological terms.
The separation of an acceptable impulse, act, or idea from its memory origin, thereby removing the emotional charge associated with the original memory.
51
What is transference?
The client's feelings toward the nurse arising from unconscious experiences with early significant others.
52
Define counter-transference.
The nurse's feelings toward the patient arising from previous experiences.
53
What does autonomy vs. shame and doubt signify in adult behaviors?
Self-doubt, dependence on others for approval, feeling exposed, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, or excessive independence, defiance, and impulsiveness.
54
In the initiative vs. guilt stage, what are indicators of developmental problems?
Excessive guilt and embarrassment, passivity, avoidance of pleasure, or lack of follow-through on plans.
55
What are signs of developmental problems in the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Feeling unworthy, poor work history, inadequate problem-solving skills, or perfectionism and workaholism.
56
What does identity vs. role diffusion encompass?
Lack of goal commitment, confusion, superficial relationships, or dramatic overconfidence and flamboyant behaviors.
57
What are the behaviors indicating developmental issues in intimacy vs. isolation?
Emotional distance, isolation, dependency, or possessiveness and jealousy towards loved ones.
58
What does generativity vs. stagnation reflect in adult behaviors?
Self-centeredness or excessive community involvement to the detriment of family.
59
What are the indicators of integrity vs. despair?
Feelings of hopelessness, withdrawal, focusing on past failures, or overtaxing one's abilities.
60
What is the focus of Sullivan's interpersonal theory?
Interaction between an individual and their environment, with personality shaped through interactions with significant others.
61
List the three self-systems in Sullivan's interpersonal theory.
* Good Me
* Bad Me
* Not Me
62
What are the stages of Sullivan's interpersonal model?
* Infancy (0 - 18 months)
* Childhood (18 months - 6 years)
* Juvenile (6 - 9 years)
* Preadolescence (9 - 12 years)
* Early adolescence (12 - 14 years)
* Late adolescence (14 - 21 years)
63
What is the main focus of Piaget's cognitive theory?
The inborn development of thinking ability from infancy to adulthood.
64
List Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
* Sensori-motor (birth to 2)
* Pre-operational (2-7)
* Concrete operational (7-12)
* Formal operational (12 to adulthood)
65
What is the concept of classical conditioning by Pavlov?
Learning occurs when a stimulus is paired with an unconditioned response.
66
What is operant conditioning according to Skinner?
Behavior is modified through rewards and punishments.
67
What is Maslow's theory of needs?
Needs are organized in a hierarchy, focusing on growth and self-actualization.
68
What are the stages of Kohlberg's moral development?
* Preconventional level
* Conventional level
* Postconventional level
69
Define the preconventional level in Kohlberg's stages.
Morality is based on punishment and obedience.
70
What is the focus of Adler's individual psychology?
Emphasizes ego over sexuality and the striving for superiority.
71
What is Jung's concept of persona?
The social façade assumed by the individual.
72
What does Horney's adaptation process suggest about personality development?
Utilizes the process of adaptation to explain personality development.
73
What is the central focus of Rank's birth trauma theory?
Relief of guilt feelings generated by the desire for separation.
74
What is Fromm's view on growth and self-realization?
Focus on the healthy potential for growth and the search for meaning.
75
What does the eclectic approach to personality development entail?
Uses concepts from multiple schools of thought to develop a usable theory.
76
What is the psychodynamic/psychoanalytic framework's focus?
Intrapyschic processes, including conflicts, anxiety, and defenses.
77
What does the psychodynamic view of mental illness state?
Abnormal behavior is traced back to unresolved problems in earlier developmental stages.
78
What are the key components of psychodynamic treatment?
* Focus on conflicts and anxiety
* Examine and resolve earlier conflicts
* Utilize ego defenses to relieve inner tension
79
What is the primary cause of abnormal behavior according to the developmental framework?
Unresolved problems occurring in earlier developmental stages
80
What does the Freudian view of mental illness suggest about behavior?
All behavior has meaning
81
According to Freud, what causes mental illness and its manifestations?
Unconscious internal conflict arising from unresolved issues in early childhood
82
What are ego defenses used for?
To relieve inner tension
83
What does psychodynamic treatment focus on?
Conflicts, anxiety, defenses, sexual & aggressive drives
84
What methods are used in psychodynamic treatment to make repressed thoughts conscious?
* Free association
* Dream analysis
* Transference analysis
* Catharsis
85
True or False: A nurse typically conducts psychodynamic therapy without training.
False
86
What aspects does a nurse focus on in psychodynamic therapy?
* A person's anxiety
* Defensive behaviors
87
What is the main focus of the behavioral framework?
Learned behavior
88
How are behaviors shaped according to the behavioral framework?
By the environment
89
What is classical conditioning?
Pairing of stimulus with response
90
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through rewards and punishments
91
What is the process of behavior modification therapy?
* Targeting maladaptive behavior
* Identifying reinforcers
* Replacing maladaptive behavior
* Identifying discouraging reinforcers
92
What is the focus of the interpersonal framework?
Interpersonal relationships
93
How does personality development occur according to the interpersonal framework?
Through interaction with significant others
94
What are the two basic drives in interpersonal theory?
* Satisfaction of basic needs
* Security from culturally defined needs
95
What are the three personifications of 'me' in interpersonal relationships?
* Good me
* Bad me
* Not me
96
What is the focus of the cognitive framework?
Cognitive processes
97
What are distorted thinking patterns identified in cognitive therapy?
* Arbitrary inference
* Selective abstraction
* Overgeneralization
* Magnification
* Minimization
* Dichotomous thinking
98
What does cognitive treatment involve?
* Identifying negative processes
* Making the patient aware of cognitive processes
* Disputing cognitive processes
* Encouraging alternative thought patterns
99
What is the focus of the humanistic/existential framework?
Conscious human experiences of the 'here & now'
100
What is a key belief in humanistic psychology regarding human beings?
Human beings have the potential to grow
101
What is mental illness viewed as in the humanistic framework?
An alienation from self that hinders freedom of choice, responsibility & growth
102
What is the focus of the biomedical framework?
Disease approach
103
What are some basic concepts of the biomedical framework?
* Physiologic factors cause mental illness
* Mental illness can be classified and treated
* The mentally ill patient assumes a sick role
104
What is the relationship between psychobiology and mental illness?
* Dopamine and mental illness
* Neurotransmitter abnormalities
* Endocrine dysfunction
* Genetic markers
105
What are the implications of family systems theory for mental illness?
* Low level of differentiation
* Role confusion
* Double bind communication
106
What is 'Amor Propio' in the context of Filipino culture?
High degree of sensitivity and intolerance of criticism
107
Fill in the blank: Over protection and over controlling in Filipino child-rearing practices may lead to _______.
[dependent children and difficulty in adjustment]
