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GCSE - Biology > Y10 End Of Years > Flashcards

Y10 End Of Years Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Animal cell / plant cell

Cell membrane / cytoplasm / genetic material (nucleus)

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria - single felled organisms

Cell membrane / cytoplasm/ no nucleus

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material which controls cells activities

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls movement of substances

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Mosh chemical reactions take place here / jelly like

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place - releases energy

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis (plant cell only)

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Space in cytoplasm filled with sap - keeps cell rigid (plant cell only)

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10
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides structural support + protection (plant cell only)

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

Overall net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient, the greater the concentration difference the faster diffusion occurs, the higher the temperature means particles move faster from high to low concentration

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane, only in water molecules

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13
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Concentration of solutes lower outside than inside cell

H2O moves inside = swelling / bursting

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14
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Concentration of solutes inside = outside cell

Ideal

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15
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentration of solutes higher outside than inside cell

Shrivelled cell, H2O moves out of cell

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Allows cells to move substances from an area of low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient (reabsorbed on in ultrafiltration)

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17
Q

Digestive system

A

Mouth = mechanical and chemical digestion, where the food enters + Sal airy glands produce amylase (starch to glucose conversion)
Oesophagus = tube which moves food from mouth to stomach
Stomach = acidic PH to kill bacteria + pepsin
Pancreas = Digestive enzymes
Liver = production of bile - aids digestion - alkali PH = optimum for bile
Gall bladder = bile storage + releases into duodenum
Duodenum = food + digestive enzymes mix
Ileum = food absorbed into blood
Large intestine = water reabsorption

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Broken down into sugars / catalysed by amylase

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19
Q

Proteins

A

Proteases - pepsin breaks proteins into amino acids (stomach)

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20
Q

Fats

A

Lipids - fatty acids + glycerol via lipase (pancreas + small intestine)

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21
Q

Artery

A

Smaller lumen + thicker wall to withstand / maintain bp

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22
Q

Vein

A

Thinner / valves - to prevent back flow / large lumens = less friction

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23
Q

Capillary

A

One later of cells - short diffusion pathway at site of exchange

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24
Q

White blood cells

A

Immune response
Phagocytosis- digests foreign cells
Anti bodies / anti-toxins

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25
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen / CO2 | no nucleus / concave shape
26
Platelets
Blood clotting
27
Fibrinogen
Fibrin - makes scabs
28
Starch test
Iodine blue/black if present Yellow / red if not present
29
Sugars test
Benedicts solution Bile (none) Green / yellow (moderate) Red (lots)
30
Protein
Biuret + water bath Purple (present) Blue (not present)
31
Lipids
Ethanol | Cloudy white layer if present
32
Coronary heart disease
Healthy artery has wider lumen than CHD one | CHD has a larger fatty deposit
33
Risk factors CHD
``` Bad diet (saturated fatsly Gender = male more likely Age = older more likely ```
34
Stent
Balloon + stent inserted through blood vessel and taken to narrowed / blocked artery, balloon is inflated stent locks in place + pushed fatty deposits to the sides, balloon taken out.
35
Heart bypass
Replacing affected coronary artery with veins from other part of body (complex + pricey)
36
Health
A state of mental + physical well being | = exercise / low sodium + saturated fats diet
37
Obesity
Increases BP / type 2 diabetes / cardiovascular diseases
38
Smoking
Carbon monoxide = oxygen shortages
39
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction | 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
40
Aerobic respiration
Exothermic reaction Glucose + o2 —> carbon dioxide + water (energy release) C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> CO2 + H2O
41
Anaerobic respiration
Not as efficient = when there’s an O2 shortage = lactic acidosis build up leads to cramps / fatigue Glucose —> Lactic acid (energy)
42
Oxygen debt
The amount of extra oxygen needed to oxidise the amount of lactic acid produces during anaerobic respiration
43
Metabolism
Total sum of body’s reactions
44
Effector
Muscle / gland that brings a response
45
Receptor
Cells that detect a change / stimulus
46
Stimulus
Change in enviroment
47
Co-ordination centre
Brain / spinal cord - an area which receives/processes info + co-ordinates a response
48
Axon
Long and thin to transmit electrical impulses efficiently
49
Mylin sheath
Insulates cell so impulses travel faster
50
Neurone endings
Allows impulses to be sent to neutrons / effectors
51
Dendrites
Receives impulses from other neurones/ receptors
52
Reflex arc
Stimulus/ receptor / sensory / co-ordination centre / motor / effector / response / synapse description
53
Synapse
Gap between 2 neurones, neurotransmitters diffuse along that gap allowing next neurone to transmit an impulse
54
Cerebral cortex
Consciousness / language / intelligence / memory
55
Hypothalamus
Regulation of body temp
56
Pituitary Gland
Produces hormones / master gland
57
Cerebellum
Balance / control + coordination of muscles
58
Medulla
Unconscious actions - breathing
59
MRI Scan
Strong magnetic fields to see what parts of teh brain are being used / damaged
60
Electrical stimulation
Remove part of skull to see what parts of brain are stimulated when electrical impulses are sent out - done when conscious
61
Auxins
Plant cloning - stimulate cell growth / division | Weed killer - spray auxins, too much causes weeds to go into uncontrollable growth
62
Ethene
Fruit ripening
63
Gibberellins
Germination - ends seed dormancy = brewing industry Promotes flowering Increase fruit size
64
Cornea
Transparent part of the eye
65
Iris
Coloured part / controls pupil size
66
Lens
Changes direction of light rays
67
Ciliary muscle
Changes lens shapes (contraction / relaxation)
68
Suspensions muscles
Attach lens to ciliary muscle
69
Sclera
White outer layer
70
What happens to eye in bright light
Circular muscles contract, radial relax, pupil gets smaller, less light protects retina
71
What happens to eye in dim light
Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract, pupil widens, more light enters = better vision
72
What happens to eye while looking at a distant object
Ciliary muscles relax, diameter increases, increases pull on suspensory, makes lens thinner, less refraction
73
What happens to eye while looking at a near object
Ciliary muscles contract, diameter increases, pull on suspensory muscles decrease, lens is thicker, more refraction
74
Mytopia
Short sightedness, close objects = clear / distant objects = blurry Lens too curved / too thick or long eyeball Light rays meet before the retina Concave lens to correct this
75
Hypertopia
Longsightedness, close objects blurry, distant objects clear Short eyeball or lens too thin Light rays don’t meet before the retina, they’d meet after the retina Convex lens to correct this

GCSE - Biology (13 decks)

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