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GCSE - Biology > Y10 End Of Years > Flashcards

Y10 End Of Years Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Animal cell / plant cell

Cell membrane / cytoplasm / genetic material (nucleus)

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria - single felled organisms

Cell membrane / cytoplasm/ no nucleus

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material which controls cells activities

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls movement of substances

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Mosh chemical reactions take place here / jelly like

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place - releases energy

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis (plant cell only)

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Space in cytoplasm filled with sap - keeps cell rigid (plant cell only)

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10
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides structural support + protection (plant cell only)

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

Overall net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient, the greater the concentration difference the faster diffusion occurs, the higher the temperature means particles move faster from high to low concentration

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane, only in water molecules

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13
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Concentration of solutes lower outside than inside cell

H2O moves inside = swelling / bursting

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14
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Concentration of solutes inside = outside cell

Ideal

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15
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentration of solutes higher outside than inside cell

Shrivelled cell, H2O moves out of cell

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Allows cells to move substances from an area of low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient (reabsorbed on in ultrafiltration)

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17
Q

Digestive system

A

Mouth = mechanical and chemical digestion, where the food enters + Sal airy glands produce amylase (starch to glucose conversion)
Oesophagus = tube which moves food from mouth to stomach
Stomach = acidic PH to kill bacteria + pepsin
Pancreas = Digestive enzymes
Liver = production of bile - aids digestion - alkali PH = optimum for bile
Gall bladder = bile storage + releases into duodenum
Duodenum = food + digestive enzymes mix
Ileum = food absorbed into blood
Large intestine = water reabsorption

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Broken down into sugars / catalysed by amylase

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19
Q

Proteins

A

Proteases - pepsin breaks proteins into amino acids (stomach)

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20
Q

Fats

A

Lipids - fatty acids + glycerol via lipase (pancreas + small intestine)

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21
Q

Artery

A

Smaller lumen + thicker wall to withstand / maintain bp

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22
Q

Vein

A

Thinner / valves - to prevent back flow / large lumens = less friction

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23
Q

Capillary

A

One later of cells - short diffusion pathway at site of exchange

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24
Q

White blood cells

A

Immune response
Phagocytosis- digests foreign cells
Anti bodies / anti-toxins

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25
Q

Red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen / CO2

no nucleus / concave shape

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26
Q

Platelets

A

Blood clotting

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27
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Fibrin - makes scabs

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28
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine
blue/black if present
Yellow / red if not present

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29
Q

Sugars test

A

Benedicts solution
Bile (none)
Green / yellow (moderate)
Red (lots)

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30
Q

Protein

A

Biuret + water bath
Purple (present)
Blue (not present)

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31
Q

Lipids

A

Ethanol

Cloudy white layer if present

32
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Healthy artery has wider lumen than CHD one

CHD has a larger fatty deposit

33
Q

Risk factors CHD

A 
Bad diet (saturated fatsly
Gender = male more likely
Age = older more likely
34
Q

Stent

A

Balloon + stent inserted through blood vessel and taken to narrowed / blocked artery, balloon is inflated stent locks in place + pushed fatty deposits to the sides, balloon taken out.

35
Q

Heart bypass

A

Replacing affected coronary artery with veins from other part of body (complex + pricey)

36
Q

Health

A

A state of mental + physical well being

= exercise / low sodium + saturated fats diet

37
Q

Obesity

A

Increases BP / type 2 diabetes / cardiovascular diseases

38
Q

Smoking

A

Carbon monoxide = oxygen shortages

39
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

40
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Exothermic reaction
Glucose + o2 —> carbon dioxide + water (energy release)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> CO2 + H2O

41
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Not as efficient = when there’s an O2 shortage = lactic acidosis build up leads to cramps / fatigue
Glucose —> Lactic acid (energy)

42
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The amount of extra oxygen needed to oxidise the amount of lactic acid produces during anaerobic respiration

43
Q

Metabolism

A

Total sum of body’s reactions

44
Q

Effector

A

Muscle / gland that brings a response

45
Q

Receptor

A

Cells that detect a change / stimulus

46
Q

Stimulus

A

Change in enviroment

47
Q

Co-ordination centre

A

Brain / spinal cord - an area which receives/processes info + co-ordinates a response

48
Q

Axon

A

Long and thin to transmit electrical impulses efficiently

49
Q

Mylin sheath

A

Insulates cell so impulses travel faster

50
Q

Neurone endings

A

Allows impulses to be sent to neutrons / effectors

51
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives impulses from other neurones/ receptors

52
Q

Reflex arc

A

Stimulus/ receptor / sensory / co-ordination centre / motor / effector / response / synapse description

53
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between 2 neurones, neurotransmitters diffuse along that gap allowing next neurone to transmit an impulse

54
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Consciousness / language / intelligence / memory

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulation of body temp

56
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Produces hormones / master gland

57
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance / control + coordination of muscles

58
Q

Medulla

A

Unconscious actions - breathing

59
Q

MRI Scan

A

Strong magnetic fields to see what parts of teh brain are being used / damaged

60
Q

Electrical stimulation

A

Remove part of skull to see what parts of brain are stimulated when electrical impulses are sent out - done when conscious

61
Q

Auxins

A

Plant cloning - stimulate cell growth / division

Weed killer - spray auxins, too much causes weeds to go into uncontrollable growth

62
Q

Ethene

A

Fruit ripening

63
Q

Gibberellins

A

Germination - ends seed dormancy = brewing industry
Promotes flowering
Increase fruit size

64
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent part of the eye

65
Q

Iris

A

Coloured part / controls pupil size

66
Q

Lens

A

Changes direction of light rays

67
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Changes lens shapes (contraction / relaxation)

68
Q

Suspensions muscles

A

Attach lens to ciliary muscle

69
Q

Sclera

A

White outer layer

70
Q

What happens to eye in bright light

A

Circular muscles contract, radial relax, pupil gets smaller, less light protects retina

71
Q

What happens to eye in dim light

A

Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract, pupil widens, more light enters = better vision

72
Q

What happens to eye while looking at a distant object

A

Ciliary muscles relax, diameter increases, increases pull on suspensory, makes lens thinner, less refraction

73
Q

What happens to eye while looking at a near object

A

Ciliary muscles contract, diameter increases, pull on suspensory muscles decrease, lens is thicker, more refraction

74
Q

Mytopia

A

Short sightedness, close objects = clear / distant objects = blurry
Lens too curved / too thick or long eyeball
Light rays meet before the retina
Concave lens to correct this

75
Q

Hypertopia

A

Longsightedness, close objects blurry, distant objects clear
Short eyeball or lens too thin
Light rays don’t meet before the retina, they’d meet after the retina
Convex lens to correct this

GCSE - Biology (13 decks)

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