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Aqa Biology GCSE > y11 test2 > Flashcards

y11 test2 Flashcards

1
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human parent cell

A

46

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2
Q

what does diploid mean

A

there are two copies of each chromosome, one from the biological mother and one from the biological father which both code for the same protein

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3
Q

what happens in interphase

A

each chromosome duplicates

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4
Q

what happens in prophase

A

the nuclear membrane disappears
the DNA condenses
spindle fibres form from the centriole

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5
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at the equator
spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere

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6
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibresah

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7
Q

what happens in telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes
DNA de-condenses

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8
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

NOT PART OF MITOSIS
cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to create 2 new daughter diploid cells, identical to the parent cells and each other

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9
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis I

A

halves the chromosome number

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10
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis II

A

halves the amount of genetic material

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11
Q

what happens in prophase I

A

nuclear membrane disappears
spindle fibres form
recombination occurs, creating variation

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12
Q

what happens in metaphase I

A

homologous chromosome pairs line up along the equator
spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere

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13
Q

what happens in anaphase I

A

homologous chromosome pairs are pulled to opposite poles

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14
Q

what happens in telophase I

A

nuclear membrane reforms

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15
Q

what happens in cytokinesis I

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to create 2 haploid daughter cells

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16
Q

what does homologous mean?

A

codes for the same thing (like eye colour)

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17
Q

what happens in prophase II

A

nuclear membrane disappears
spindle fibres form

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18
Q

what happens in metaphase II

A

chromosomes line up at the equator
spindle fibres attach to chromosomes at the centromere

19
Q

what happens in anaphase II

A

chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres

20
Q

what happens in telophase II

A

nuclear membrane reforms

21
Q

what happens in cytokinesis II

A

4 granddaughter cells are formed, all different to each other and to the parent cell

22
Q

what is recombination

A

the exchange of DNA between sister chromatids

23
Q

what does haploid mean

A

genetically different to each other and the parent cell

24
Q

what is random fertilisation

A

any egg can be released and any sperm can reach the egg- creates variation

25
Q

what are the animal sex cells

A

eggs and sperm

26
Q

what are the plant sex cells

A

eggs and pollen

27
Q

what are the features of sexual reproduction

A

involves meiosis to form gametes, then division by mitosis after fertilisation
needs 2 parents
gametes have a half set of genetic material and fuse at fertilisation
variation

28
Q

what are the features of sexual reproduction

A

only involves mitosis
only needs one parent
no fusing of sex cells
offspring are genetically identical to parent (clones)

29
Q

what are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A

variation (survival advantage)
plants can colonise new areas by seed dispersal

30
Q

what are the disadvantages of sexual reprodution

A

time consuming
energy efficient

31
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

only one parent needed
time and energy efficient
no wasted gametes
many identical offspring can be produced in favourable conditions

32
Q

what are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

if all offspring are identical, they could be at risk from disease/extinction
no variation

33
Q

Describe reproduction in a malarial parasite (plasmodium)

A

reproduces sexually in the host mosquito
reproduces asexually in the human host

34
Q

Describe reproduction in fungi

A

fungi are made of masses of threads called hyphae
produce spores asexually in ideal conditions
when conditions aren’t ideal, hyphae from different fungi join to create a diploid hypha which undergoes meiosis to produce spores

35
Q

Describe reproduction in a strawberry plant

A

Sexually, gametes combine in pollination to form diploid seeds that germinate to create a new plant
Asexually, it can produce runners which create genetically identical plants (even if flowers are destroyed, frozen, eater or aren’t pollinated

36
Q

Where in the body does mitosis occur?

A

body cells

37
Q

Where in the body does meiosis occur?

A

ovaries and testes

38
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

growth and repair

39
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce gametes

40
Q

What happens to the DNA in mitosis and meiosis before division?

A

It duplicates (interphase)

41
Q

How many divisions are in mitosis?

A

1

42
Q

How many divisions are in meiosis?

A

2

43
Q

How many chromosomes are in each cell after mitosis?

A

46

44
Q

How many chromosomes are in each cell after meiosis?

A

23

Aqa Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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