Y12 Henry VI Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
When did Henry VI become King and how old was he?
A
1422 aged 9 months.
2
Q
What makes a good king?
A
- Important decisions made by themselves.
- Patronage not given unfairly.
- Good military control and lead.
- Good grip on law and order in the country.
- Retention of foreign territories.
- No division between nobles.
3
Q
Name some of the weaknesses of Henry VI’s rule.
A
- He became king at 9 months and his throne was ruled by minority government (eg his uncle Humphrey Duke of Gloucester) until he was old enough to rule.
- Loss of land in France - by 1553 all that was left was Calais.
- His father had famously won the Battle of Agincourt against the French and was considered a strong military leader when Henry was not.
- Overly pious.
4
Q
Who ran the government when Henry VI was still a child?
A
His uncles (eg Humphrey Duke of Gloucester) and Richard Duke of York.
5
Q
When was the Treaty of Tours?
A
1444.
6
Q
Who negotiated the Treaty of Tours (+bonus: what problems could this have created)?
A
Suffolk and Somerset
*This could have been a problem as both Suffolk and Somerset were anti-war and many people may have blamed them for the loss of Maine, possibly creating friction with pro-war factions such as York.
7
Q
What was agreed at the Treaty of Tours?
A
- Henry would give up Maine in 1446.
- Henry would marry Margaret of Anjou.
8
Q
When was the marriage of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou?
A
1445.
9
Q
What were the problems with Henry’s marriage to Anjou?
A
- There was no dowry given.
- England had to pay for the wedding.
- No dowry and the groom’s country paying for the wedding was unusual at the time.
- England was already in a lot of debt.
10
Q
How much debt was England in by 1450?
A
£372,000.
11
Q
How much money was owed to Richard Duke of York by 1450?
A
£38,000.
12
Q
How much money was owed to Cardinal Henry Beaufort by 1450?
A
£200,000.
13
Q
Whose debt did Henry pay back quickly and whose did he ignore?
A
Paid back Somerset, ignored the debt of York.
14
Q
Give some examples of Henry VI donating money.
A
Eton College in 1440 and King’s College London in 1443 and to the priory at Wallington.
15
Q
When and what was ‘The Great Slump’?
A
It was an economic depression that lasted from 1455 to the 1470s.
16
Q
How much had the crown’s income fallen from the reign of Henry IV to the reign of Henry VI?
A
Crown income during Henry IV’s reign was £120,000.
Crown income during Henry VI’s reign was £45,000.
Fall of £75,000.
17
Q
According to Hicks, what were the customs revenues in 1421 and then in 1448?
A
1421 = £40,000 1448 = £28,000
18
Q
What position did York hold in 1336-1337?
A
Lieutenant of France.
19
Q
What position did York hold in 1440-1445?
A
Governor of France and Normandy.
20
Q
What position did York get in 1447?
A
Lieutenant in Ireland.
21
Q
What position did Somerset get in 1447?
A
Governor of France and Normandy.
22
Q
When did Humphrey Duke of Gloucester die?
A
1447.
23
Q
What did Somerset do at Caen?
A
He surrendered Caen and paid 300,000 ecus for his freedom as well as giving up all of the English field artillery.
24
Q
When was Pontoise taken back by the French?
A
1442.
25
When did Henry VI surrender Maine to the French?
1448 - 2 years after he was supposed to.
26
When was the Sack of Fougeres?
1449.
27
What happened after the Sack of Fougeres?
The fighting between England and France resumed.
28
Which territories were lost during the French attack on Normandy?
- Rouen.
- Normandy.
- Formingy.
29
When was Normandy lost?
1450
30
Which territory was lost at the Battle of Castillon in 1453?
Gascony
31
Which English territories in France were left by 1453?
Calais
32
Who was blamed for the losses in France?
Duke of Somerset
33
When was Suffolk killed and by who?
He was executed by rebels off the coast of Dover in 1450.
34
Give some of the causes of Cade’s Rebellion.
- Disappointment at the treatment of York as he was placed away from central government (eg placement in Ireland). They wanted him on the King’s council.
- People wanted an enquiry into the losses in France, what caused them and the financial impacts.
- Condemned Henry’s “evil advisors” - referencing Somerset as they believed he was an overmighty subject.
- Thought the King should be responsible for covering his own costs.
- They wanted “true blode of the realme” as household officials.
- They feared punishment for Suffolk’s murder.
- Wanted rid of Lord Saye. who was taking too much money from people (extortion).
35
What did the Government claim the rebels of Cade’s Rebellion wanted?
To put York on the throne (supported by use of John Mortimer).
36
Where did Cade’s Rebellion begin?
Kent
37
How many people were involved in Cade’s Rebellion?
46,000
38
What name did Jack Cade take and what might this indicate?
John Mortimer, which was the surname of Richard Duke of York’s mother’s maiden name. It may have been saying that they wanted York in more power, or Cade took this name to gain support as many people were annoyed with the treatment of York.
39
Give the events of Cade’s Rebellion.
- Rebels assembled at Ashford and marched to Blackheath with 2 manifestos: national and local grievances.
- On 13th June, Henry confronted the rebels at Blackheath, and being loyal to him, they withdrew.
- Henry sent his troops after the rebels but many of them deserted him at Sevenoaks.
- Henry agreed to the arrest of Lord Saye and his son in law - they were locked in the Tower of London.
- Henry left London for Kenilworth on 25th June which left London to the rebels.
- On 29th June, the rebels returned to Blackheath with some of Henry’s mutinous troops.
- On 3rd July, the rebels entered London with the intention of being well ordered, but soon became violent.
- Margaret of Anjou offered the rebels a pardon if they dispersed from London Bridge and many took this offer and went home.
- Cade was killed on 12th July for breaking this pardon.
40
When did Richard of York Return from Ireland?
September 1450
41
How many men did York have when he came to London to present 2 bills to the King (after Cade’s Rebellion)?
3,000
42
What were the 2 bills York presented to the King?
Personal and Public grievances.
43
Name some of the personal grievances.
- Removal of Somerset.
- Debt repaid to Duke of York.
- He would officially be recognised as heir presumptive.
- York would become chief advisor on the King’s council.
44
Name some of the public grievances.
- The King should pay for his own things.
- Enquiry into the losses in France, what caused them and financial implications.
- 1450 Act of Resumption.
- Increase of control over law and order.
45
What was granted from the 2 bills York presented to the King?
- York was appointed to the King’s Council.
| - Law and order measures were put in place.
46
What was not granted from the 2 bills York presented to the King?
- Removal of Somerset.
- Appointment of York as heir presumptive.
- Debt paid back to York.
47
What was the Act of Resumption and when was it passed?
This was when Henry tried to reclaim the patronage he had given out, passed in 1450.
48
What position does Somerset get in 1451?
Captain of Calais.
49
When was the Coup at Dartford?
February 1452.
50
How many men did York have at Dartford?
20,000.
51
Which nobles did York have the support of at Dartford?
Earl of Devon and Lord Cobham.
52
Why did York go to Dartford?
He marched against Somerset to ask the King for his removal.
53
What happened at the Coup at Dartford?
The King was going to grant Somerset’s removal before being persuaded by Anjou to keep him.
54
What happened after Dartford?
Richard Duke of York was forced to apologise at St. Paul’s Cathedral.
55
When was Edward Prince of Wales born?
October 1453.
56
What did the birth of Edward Prince of Wales mean for York?
York lost his position as heir presumptive.
57
What was the rumor surrounding Edward Prince of Wales’ birth and what happened after this?
That the child was illegitimate and the father was Somerset. To protect him and herself, Anjou sent him to the Tower of London.
58
What position was taken from Warwick in 1453 and given to Somerset?
Governor of Glamorgan.
59
What happened after the removal of Richard Neville Earl of Warwick from the position of Governor of Glamorgan?
An alliance between the Nevilles (usually a pro-Lancastrian family) and Richard Duke of York.
60
When was the Battle of Heworth Moor?
August 1453.
61
What happened at the Battle of Heworth Moor?
Members of the Nevilles were travelling to York for the wedding of Thomas Neville and Maud Stanhope when they were ambushed by Lord Egremont (brother of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland) and a group of retainers and thugs.
62
What happened in regards to the Nevilles and the Percys in October 1454 at Stamford Bridge?
Lord Egremont and his brother Sir Richard Percy were stopped by Sir Thomas and Sir John Neville, captured, tried and condemned for trespass.
63
What did Lord Hunsdon say about the Percys?
“Northumberland knows no prince but a Percy”.
64
By 1450, how much land did Richard Neville (Salisbury) control in the North East?
50 miles.
65
In 1447, what position was given to Sir Thomas Percy?
Lord of Egremont.
66
In 1452, what position was given to William Percy?
Bishop of Carlisle.
67
When was Henry’s first madness?
August 1453 -December 1454
68
Who wanted to be regent in Henry’s first madness but who did the nobility prefer?
Anjou wanted to be regent but the nobility prefered York over her and Somerset.
69
When was York’s first protectorate?
27th March 1454-January 1455.
70
Who helped York get his first protectorate?
Warwick and the Nevilles.
71
Name some successes of York’s first protectorate.
- Increased the income of the crown by convincing wool merchants to make loans to the government.
- He made himself Captain of Calais which rallied some of the troops and boosted their morale.
- Reduced the size of the royal household.
- Reduced the expenditure of the royal household from £24,000 it had been in 1450 to £5,194 by 1455.
72
Name some of the failures of York’s first protectorate.
- He showed favouritism to his supporters eg Courtenay was acquitted for treason for his part in the Coup at Dartford.
- Attendance to his parliament in February 1454 was extremely poor, showing lack of control and support from nobles.
- Law and order around the country worsened.
73
Where was Anjou sent when York became protector?
Windsor Castle to look after Henry VI.
74
What happened after Henry recovered from his illness?
- He recognised his son as heir apparent.
- He named York ‘principal royal advisor’.
- Somerset was taken out of the tower.
- Somerset given back the title of Captain of Calais and re-appointed to the King’s council.
- Anjou persuaded the King to exclude York further from the decision making process.
- York and Warwick go to the North to raise an army.
75
What happened in the lead up to the first Battle of St Albans?
- York had gone North after the end of his protectorate to gather troops.
- He began marching South, but Somerset became suspicious and marched North with troops.
- York sent demands to Henry to give him back the protectorate and to hand Somerset over. Henry refuses.
76
When was the first Battle of St Albans?
22nd May 1455
77
Give some of the causes of the first Battle of St Albans.
- York was annoyed about Somerset constantly being elevated to higher positions and him being kicked out of the way eg Governor of France and Normandy, Captain of Calais, etc.
- Warwick and Salisbury (Nevilles) were annoyed that a Percy had been given a high role.
78
How many men did each side have at the first Battle of St Albans?
Lancastrians: 2,000 men.
Yorkists: 3,000 men.
79
Which nobles led the Yorkists at the first Battle of St Albans?
- Richard, Duke of York.
- Richard Neville, Duke of Warwick.
- Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury.
80
Which nobles fought for the king at the first Battle of St Albans?
- Duke of Somerset.
- Duke of Buckingham.
- Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland.
- Thomas Clifford.
- Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon.
81
What happened at the first Battle of St Albans?
- The Yorkists moved into the town where the Lancastrians were already stationed.
- York tried to negotiate with the King the removal of Somerset but the King kept refusing.
- After a few hours, York decided to attack.
- Most of Henry’s forces were surprised by the attack.
- There was fighting in the small streets.
- Warwick entered a small square and fought with some off-duty and surprised soldiers, and killing the Duke of Somerset.
- The archers shot at men around the King, killing many of them and even injuring him.
- Henry VI was captured.
82
Who was killed at the first Battle of St Albans?
- Duke of Somerset.
- Thomas Clifford.
- Earl of Northumberland.
83
What was the outcome of the first Battle of St Albans?
- Warwick was made Captain of Calais (April 1456).
| - York began his second protectorate.
84
Who won the first Battle of St Albans?
Yorkists
85
How many people died in total at the first Battle of St Albans?
60-70
86
Which blood feuds were created after the first Battle of St Albans?
Between the houses of York and Lancaster - particularly the families of the nobles killed such as Clifford, Somerset and Northumberland.
87
When was Henry VI’s second madness (+bonus: who proclaimed it)?
May 1455-February 1456 - proclaimed by York.
88
When was an attempt made on Warwick’s life, by who, and why?
Autumn 1456 by Henry Beaufort (who wanted to avenge the death of his father Edmund Beaufort).
89
Who was Thomas Courtenay and who was William Bonville, and why were they arguing?
Thomas Courtenay: Earl of Devon
William Bonville: Lord of Chewton
They both wanted more power than the other family in Devon.
90
Who was Nicholas Radford and what happened to him?
He was the lawyer to the Bonville family and was murdered by Thomas Courtenay in 1455.
91
When was the recession in Wales?
1455-1458.
92
What was organised in January 1458?
A great council to reconcile the two houses of York and Lancaster, organised by Henry.
93
How many retainers did each party bring to the great council called in January 1458?
- The Yorkists brought 1,500 retainers.
| - The Lancastrians brought 1,500 retainers.
94
How long did the negotiations at the great council in January 1458 take?
2 months.
95
What happened on 24th March 1458?
Love Day.
96
What happened at Love Day?
The members of the different factions walked down the aisle at St Paul’s Cathedral arm in arm.
97
What was agreed at Love Day?
- That York, Salisbury and Warwick would pay to have a chapel built to pray for the people who died in the first Battle of St Albans.
- That compensation would be paid to the Percy and Clifford families for their losses.
98
In 1458, attempts were made on the lives of which nobles?
Warwick, Salisbury and York.
99
When did Warwick’s piracy begin?
October 1458.
100
Why did Warwick’s piracy begin?
Because he didn’t have any money to pay the troops with from Henry in Calais so turned to piracy (taking people’s boats and selling her cargo for money). MOA got contorl of exchequer stopping W from paying garrisson
101
When did the French launch an attack on Sandwich in Kent?
1460
102
Why did the French launch an attack on Sandwich in Kent?
In response to English piracy that had happened in France.
103
When and why did Margaret of Anjou call Warwick to court for prosecution?
October 1458 for accounts of piracy.
104
What did the Lancastrians call on 24th June 1459 and who didn’t attend even though they were invited?
A council at Coventry to which York, Salisbury and Warwick were invited. Fearing their arrest for treason, all 3 did not attend the meeting.
105
What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Blore Heath?
York was based in Ludlow in the Welsh marches, Salisbury was at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire and Warwick was in Calais. Salisbury and Warwick marched South to meet up with York but Anjou heard about their movements and sent Lord Audley with an army to intercept them on the way down.
106
When was the Battle of Blore Heath?
23rd September 1459.
107
What caused the Battle of Blore Heath?
Since the first Battle of St Albans, an uneasy peace had been held between the two factions, but as they started to get more and more suspicious of each other, they actively began recruiting people to go to battle.
108
How did Anjou try to get people to support Henry for the Battle of Blore Heath?
She gave noblemen a swan emblem in exchange for support.
109
How many men did each side have at the Battle of Blore Heath?
Lancastrians: 10,000
Yorkists: 5,000
110
Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Blore Heath?
- Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
- Sir John Neville
- Thomas Neville
111
Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Blore Heath?
- Lord Audley
| - Lord Dudley
112
What happened at Battle of Blore Heath?
- Audley waited at Blore Heath and set up defences behind a great hedge, facing the North-East (the direction Salisbury was coming from).
- Salisbury told his middle flank to move backwards so the Lancastrians would think the Yorkists were retreating and would come after them - it worked.
- Salisbury ordered his troops to go towards the Lancastrians so they were forced to try and cross the brook, but many got caught up in the water stream.
- The Lancastrians then withdrew.
113
Who was killed at the Battle of Blore Heath?
Lord Audley (Lancastrian leader).
114
Who won the Battle of Blore Heath?
Yorkists.
115
How many people died in total at the Battle of Blore Heath?
3,000 people.
116
When were the Yorkists offered a pardon (+bonus: how did they respond)?
October 1459 - they rejected it, and it led to the Battle of Ludlow Bridge.
117
What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
After the Battle of Blore Heath, Salisbury made it to Ludlow to join York. They were also joined by Lord Grey of Ruthyn and Walter Devereux. The Yorkist army tried to move towards London but the Lancastrian army (with the King )blocked their way. The King offered a pardon to all the Yorkists if they joined him, except those responsible for the death of Lord Audley. Since this pardon did not reach Salisbury and york, the retreated to Ludford.
118
When was the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
12th October 1459.
119
How many men did each side have for the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
The exact numbers are unknown, but it is thought that the Lancastrian army was 3x the size of the Yorkist.
120
Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
- Richard Duke of York.
- Richard Neville Earl of Salisbury.
- Richard Neville Duke of Warwick.
121
Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
- Henry VI (present at battle but not fighting).
| - Humphrey Stafford Duke of Buckingham.
122
What happened at the the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
- York instructed his troops to dig defences and barricades.
- Yorkist troops’ morale was low, and 600 soldiers defected, abandoning the battle. Troops from Calais overturned
- On hearing this news, York and Salisbury fled.
- The rest of the troops the next day swore loyalty to Henry and all received a pardon.
123
What was the outcome of the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
- York and his 2nd eldest son fled to Ireland.
- Cecily Neville and 2 sons George and Richard were taken captive.
- Lord Grey of Ruthyn and Walter Devereux swore loyalty to the King.
- Salisbury, Warwick and Edward Earl of March fled to Calais.
124
Who won the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
Lancastrians.
125
What did Margaret call in November 1459 and where?
She called a great council (later became known as the Parliament of Devils) in Coventry.
126
What was passed at the great council/Parliament of Devils?
Act of Attainder.
127
What did the Act of Attainder do?
Stripped the Yorkists of their land, titles and money and disinherited their heirs.
128
What was the reaction of the Yorkists in Calais to the Act of Attainder?
They were absolutely furious - it is thought to be the main cause of the Yorkist Invasion on Sandwich.
129
When did Warwick go to Ireland to discuss the Yorkist Invasion with York?
January 1460 (afterwards he came back to Calais to launch the attack).
130
When was the Yorkist Invasion on Sandwich?
June 1460.
131
Who was involved in the Yorkist Invasion on Sandwich?
- Richard Neville Earl of Salisbury.
- Richard Neville Duke of Warwick.
- Edward Earl of March.
132
What happened in the Yorkist Invasion on Sandwich?
Warwick, Salisbury and Edward Earl of March sailed from Calais to Sandwich (Kent) with about 2,000 men. They marched through Kent, gaining support as they went, through Canterbury (where Warwick received a blessing from the Archbishop, and to London. The Mayor of London opened the gates to Warwick, persuaded by the public. The forces now numbered 40,000. They then continued North.
133
What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Northampton?
The Yorkist leaders had invaded Sandwich and marched North through Canterbury and London, gathering troops as they went. They met the Lancastrian leaders and their troops at Northampton.
134
When was the Battle of Northampton?
10th July 1460.
135
How many men were there for each side at the Battle of Northampton?
```
Yorkists = 40,000
Lancastrians = 20,000
```
136
Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Northampton?
- Richard Neville Earl of Warwick
- Richard Neville Earl of Salisbury
- Edward Earl of March
- Lord Fauconberg
137
Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Northampton?
- Henry VI (present but didn’t fight)
- Humphrey Stafford Duke of Buckingham
- John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury
- Edmund, Lord Grey (defects)
- Thomas Percy Earl of Egremont
- John Beaumont, Lord Beaumont
138
What happened at the Battle of Northampton?
- Thirty minutes.
- Very heavy rain, which led to the pre-set up Lancastrian guns not firing as the gunpowder was wet.
- Before the battle, the Lancastrians had blown up London Road, built ditches and make sharp stakes in the ground for defence, but in doing this actually blocked their escape routes when retreating at the end of the battle.
- Henry sat in his tent while the battle happened.
- At the start, Warwick and Buckingham attempted to negotiate but Buckingham wouldn’t take any of Warwick’s demands, so they decided to fight.
- Lord Grey, who was the first line of Lancastrian defences, defected to the Yorkist side.
- The Lancastrians tried to flee but many were killed as they had blocked their own escape routes.
139
Who was killed at the Battle of Northampton?
- Duke of Buckingham
- Earl of Egremont
- Earl of Shrewsbury
- Lord Beaumont
140
What was the outcome of the Battle of Northampton?
- The King was captured by the Yorkists.
| - Anjou and Edward Prince of Wales flee to Wales.
141
Who won the Battle of Northampton?
Yorkists.
142
How many people died in total at the Battle of Northampton?
300.
143
When did Richard Duke of York return to England after the Battle of Northampton?
8th September 1460.
144
When York returned to England after the Battle of Northampton, what did he do?
He regained power (3rd protectorate begins), passed the Act of Accord and claimed the throne.
145
When did York claim the throne?
15th October 1460.
146
What happened when York tried to claim the throne?
He placed his hand on the throne, but no Lords supported this removal of Henry VI and putting him on the throne instead.
147
When was the Act of Accord passed?
24th October 1460.
148
What did the Act of Accord do?
It removed Edward Prince of Wales from succession, and said Henry VI would remain King until he died, then York or one of York’s children would take over the throne, and also reversed the Act of Attainder.
149
How did Anjou react to the Act of Accord?
She began to raise an army, first in Wales where she gained some support, then sailed to Scotland to get help from the Scottish court.
150
What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Wakefield?
- Anjou had gone to Scotland to gather support, and then marched South.
- York left Warwick in London to deal with any problems there.
- Edward Earl of March went to deal with a rebellion in Wales.
- Richard of York was marching North as some of the Percys had been threatening to damage or take Neville properties in the North so marched up to give them support. He gathered support as he went and went to Sandal Castle with around 12,000 men.
- The Lancastrians were about 9 miles away at Pontefract Castle.
151
When was the Battle of Wakefield?
30th December 1460.
152
How many men fought for each side at the Battle of Wakefield?
```
Lancastrians = 20,000
Yorkists = 12,000
```
153
Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Wakefield?
- Richard Duke of York.
- Edmund Earl of Rutland (York’s oldest son).
- Richard Neville Earl of Salisbury.
154
Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Wakefield?
- Henry Beaufort Duke of Somerset.
- Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland.
- John Clifford.
- Andrew Trollope.
155
What happened at the the Battle of Wakefield?
- Some of York’s men were ambushed while out gathering food the day before the battle, leaving his forces depleted.
- York decided not to wait for reinforcements and left the castle.
- They were attacked by a much larger Lancastrian force.
- Many of his men were killed.
- York was taken away and taunted with a paper crown before being killed and his head put on a spike at Micklegate Bridge in York.
156
Who was killed at the the Battle of Wakefield?
- Duke of York.
- Earl of Rutland (York’s oldest son).
- Earl of Salisbury.
157
Who won the Battle of Wakefield?
Lancastrians.
158
How many people died in total at the Battle of Wakefield?
3,000.
159
What title did Edward Earl of March gain after his father’s death?
Duke of York.
160
After Wakefield, who started to move South?
Margaret of Anjou and her Northern Host.
161
Who were the ‘Northern Host’?
Anjou’s army she had gathered while in Scotland and while she was marching South. They were made up of Northern men who were given free reign to loot and pillage houses and villages. People were absolutely terrified of them.
162
What were the ‘Northern Host’ often described as?
“A whirlwind from the North”.
163
How did association with the ‘Northern Host’ affect Anjou’s reputation?
People began to lose respect for her and some towns even switched from being Lancastrian strongholds, such as Coventry (where she had held the Parliament of Devils).
164
Where were Edward Earl of March and Richard Earl of Warwick after Wakefield?
Edward Earl of March = Welsh Marches
| Warwick = London
165
What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?
- Lancastrian forces were moving towards Wales, where Edward Earl of March was.
- He gathered his forces and moved to stop the forces heading towards London.
166
When was the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
2nd February 1461.
167
How many men fought for each side at the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
```
Yorkists = 11,000
Lancastrians = 8,000
```
168
What was special about the Lancastrian forces at the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
The Lancastrians had troops from Ireland, France and Brittany.
169
Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
- Edward Earl of March
- Walter Devereux, Lord of Chartley
- Sir William Herbert
170
Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
- James Butler, Earl of Wiltshire
- Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke (half-brother of Henry VI)
- Sir Owen Tudor
171
What happened at the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
- The Lancastrians launched a series of failed attacks on the Yorkist flanks and were defeated.
- There was also a parhelion in the sky (celestial phenomenon where it appears that there are 3 suns in the sky) which Edward interpreted to mean God was on his side, and he told this to his troops to raise their spirits.
172
Who was killed at the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
Sir Owen Tudor.
173
What was the outcome of the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
- Earls of Pembroke and Wiltshire escaped.
174
Who won the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
Yorkists.
175
How many people died in total at the Battle of Mortimer's’ Cross?
Around 3,000.
176
What happened in the lead up to the second Battle of St Albans?
- Anjou and her Northern Host were moving South.
| - Warwick was in London and decided to move North to intercept Anjou and the Lancastrian troops.
177
When was the second Battle of St Albans?
17th February 1461.
178
How many men fought for each side at the second Battle of St Albans?
```
Yorkists = 25,000
Lancastrians = 25,000
```
179
Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the second Battle of St Albans?
- Richard Neville Earl of Warwick
- John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
- John Neville, Lord Montagu
180
Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the second Battle of St Albans?
- Margaret of Anjou (present)
- Andrew Trollope
- Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
- Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
- John, Baron Clifford
181
What happened at the second Battle of St Albans?
- Warwick established defences North of St Albans to intercept Anjou.
- On 16th February, Anjou learned of Warwick’s defences and sent her army West to avoid them, capturing the town of Dunstable on the way.
- She waited until night before moving into St Albans, arriving early in the morning of 17th February.
- In the town, there were only 4,000 troops as the rest were North of St Albans. The Yorkists were at this point seriously outnumbered to a 25,000 Lancastrian army.
- The fighting commenced and the Yorkists were soon defeated without reinforcements.
- Warwick, realising he had been defeated, ordered a tactical withdrawal with his remaining 4,000 men - they went to Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire.
182
Who was killed at the second Battle of St Albans?
Sir John Grey.
183
What was the outcome of the second Battle of St Albans?
King left under a tree for the Lancastrians, and Anjou and Henry were reunited.
184
Who won the second Battle of St Albans?
Lancastrians.
185
How many people died in total at the second Battle of St Albans?
6,000.
186
What happened after the second Battle of St Albans?
- Anjou, Edward and Henry all marched back to London but they were denied entry as the people were scared of Anjou’s ‘Northern Host’.
- Edward marched towards London after hearing of Warwick’s defeat.
187
When was Edward admitted to London?
26th February 1461.
188
Why was Edward admitted to London?
He was a strong military leader and was respected by many. Furthermore, people had lost faith in Anjou as they were scared of the ‘Northern Host’.
189
Where were Anjou, Edward and Henry forced to go after they were denied entry to London?
They were forced to go to Dunstable which they had captured in the second Battle of St Albans) leaving London open to Edward Earl of March.
