Y2C1-Mümtaz Güran-Microbiology-Bioterrorism Flashcards
(29 cards)
What are the features of the Category A biological traits?
- Easily disseminated/transmitted from person to person
- High mortality rates
- Have the potential for major health impact
- Public panic and social disruption
- Require special action for public health preparedness
What are the agents of category A?
- Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
- Botulism (Clostiridium botulinum toxin)
- Plague (Yersinia pestis)
- Smallpox (Variola major)
- Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers:
• Arenaviruses
• Bunyaviridae
• Filoviridae
• Flaviviridae
What are the features of Category B biological threats?
- Moderately easy to disseminate
- Moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates
- Require specific enhancements of diagnostic methods and enhanced disease surveillance
What are the pulmonary and the non-pulmonary agents of category b?
PULMONARY AGENTS:
- Glanders (Burkholderia mallei )
- Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei )
- Psittacosis (Chlamydophila psittaci )
- Q fever (Coxiella burnetii )
- Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)
NONPULMONARY AGENTS:
- Brucellosis (Brucella species)
- Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
- Food safety threats (e.g., Salmonella species, Escherichia coli
O157 : H7, Shigella)
- Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
What are the features of category c biologic threats?
- Availability
- Ease of production and dissemination
- Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact
What are the agents of category c?
- Influenza (novel strain)
- Nipah virus
- Typhus disease (Rickettsia prowazekii)
- Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses [e.g., Venezuelan equine
encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis]) - Water safety threats (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidiumparvum)
Anthrax is caused by a sporulating _____ rod, _____.
Gram-positive, Bacillus Anthracis.
How does Anthrax occur?
- Spore form is introduced subcutaneously or via inhalation.
- Becomes the vegetative (bacillus) form.
- Starts replication.
- Endotoxin secretion, along with a thick capsule that avoids phagocytosis, leads to local spread, edema,hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis.
What are the three types of anthrax? (For the clinical representation check the slide)
- Inhalation Antharax
- Cutaneous Anthrax
- Gastrointestinal Anthrax
How is the diagnosis of Anthrax made?
By the culture of;
- Blood
- Sputum
- Pleural fluid
- cerebrospinal fluid
- skin
How is the treatment of Anthrax made?
With;
- Ciprofloxacin
- Doxycyclin
_____ is the causative agent of smallpox and is a member of the _____ family.
Variola virus, Poxviridae.
_____ is the etiologic agent of plague.
Yersinia Pestis.
How does the plague transmit?
- Rodent-infected flea bites
- İnfected animal scratches or bites
- Exposure to infected humans
- Bioterrorism
What are the symptoms of the bubonic plague?
- Sudden onset of fevers
- Chills
- Headache
- Pain and swelling in the regional lymph nodes proximal to the site of the bite or scratch
A bubo is characterised by intense _____ with _____ and _____. Fluctuation test is _____.
Tenderness, erythema, edema, negative.
Septicemic plague occurs with _____ followed by _____ without the presence of a _____.
Acute fever, sepsis, bubo.
Pneumonic plague, has short _____ and rapidly develops _____.
Incubation period, ARDS.
Diagnosis of plague?
-Culture of blood or sputum
- Serology
- Rapid diagnostic testing by ELISA or PCR
Treatment of plague?
- Streptomycin
- Gentamycin
- Doxycycline
Tularemia is caused by the _____ and is a _____ disease, with humans as accidental hosts.
Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis, zoonotic
In Tularemia, human-to-human infection does not occur. But, how does it transmit to humans?
- Contact with ticks and flies
- Handling infected animals
- Improperly prepared animal meat
- Animal scratches and bites
- Drinking contaminated water
- Aerosolization of the organism from the environment
- In bioterrorism
What are the six patterns of Tularemia?
- Ulceroglandular Tularemia
- Glandular Tularemia
- Pneumonic Tularemia
- Oropharyneal Tularemia
- Oculoglandular Tularemia
The most potent lethal substance known to man, Botulism, is made by the spores of _____ that are found in the soil worldwide.
Clostridium Botulinum.
