Year 10 biology

Question 1

What is the building blocks of DNA?

Answer 1

DNA is made up of millions of monomers called nucleotide.

Question 2

What does nucleotide consists of?

Answer 2

phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base.

Question 3

What structure is DNA in?

Answer 3

DNA is arranged in a double helix.

Question 4

What components make up the backbone

Answer 4

The phosphate and the sugar form the backbone.

Question 5

What component makes up the DNA ladder called “rungs”?

Answer 5

The base form the “rungs”

Question 6

How many nitrogenous bases are there?

Answer 6

There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

Question 7

What are the four nitrogenous bases called?

Answer 7

Adenine,Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine

Question 8

What is complementary base pairing?

Answer 8

Complementary base pairing means each base will only bond with one other specific base.

Question 9

What is a gene?

Answer 9

Genes are sections of a chromosome that code for a specific protein.

Question 10

What is the significance of a protein?

Answer 10

The proteins give us traits.

Question 11

Where is DNA found?

Answer 11

DNA is found in a nucleus.

Question 12

How is the info organised?

Answer 12

The information is organised into units called genes, which are found on chromosomes.

Question 13

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have and their total?

Answer 13

Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes and 46 in total.

Question 14

What does diploid mean?

Answer 14

Diploid is a pair set of chromosome in somatic cells.

Question 15

What is a somatic cell?

Answer 15

Somatic cells are cells in the body cells except sex cells. eg: skin and cheek cells.

Question 16

What are gametes?

Answer 16

Gametes are the reproduction of sex cells (sperm/egg)

Question 17

What does haploid mean?

Answer 17

Haploid is the possession of one copy of each chromosome per cell.

Question 18

What is an autosome?

Answer 18

Any chromosome not involved in sex determination.

Question 19

What is sex chromosome?

Answer 19

The chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex.

Question 20

What is a karyotypes?

Answer 20

A karyotype is a visualisation of an individuals collection of chromosomes.

Question 21

What is Karyotypes used for?

Answer 21

The karyotype is used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes.

Question 22

What does homologous mean?

Answer 22

Chromosomes that are digitally arranged so that they are matched with their homologue or “partner” chromosome.

Question 23

What is down syndrome?

Answer 23

Down syndrome is trisomy 21 meaning they have the copies of chromosomes.

Question 24

What is turner’s syndrome?

Answer 24

Turner syndrome only has 1 copy of the x (monosomy x)

Question 25

What are dominant alleles?

Answer 25

Alleles that will always be expressed when their present.

Question 25

What is an alleles?

Answer 25

The different versions/forms of a gene are called alleles.

Question 26

What is the klinefelter's syndrome?

Answer 26

When an individual has an extra x chromosome (xxx male)

Question 27

What are recessive alleles?

Answer 27

Alleles that are expressed only when there are two recessive alleles.

Question 28

What is a genotypes?

Answer 28

The alleles that a person has. ex: Bb

Question 29

What is a phenotype?

Answer 29

The trait that is seen. ex: brown eyes

Question 30

What does homozygous mean?

Answer 30

The same (BB or bb)

Question 31

What does hetrozygous mean?

Answer 31

Different (Bb)

Question 32

What is a pedigree?

Answer 32

A pedigree is a chart of the genetics history of family over several generations.

Question 33

What do the symbols mean

Answer 33

Female - circle Male - square

Question 34

How do you denote the generations?

Answer 34

By roman numerals : IV, II

Question 35

How do you determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal?

Answer 35

If the ratio between men and women is 50/50, then the disorder is autosomol.

Question 36

How do you determine if the pedigree chart shows an x-linked?

Answer 36

If most of the males in the pedigree are affected, the disorder is x-linked.

Question 37

How do you determine whether the disorder is dominant?

Answer 37

If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.

Question 38

How do you determine whether the disorder is recessive?

Answer 38

If the disorder is recessive, neither parents has to have disorder because they can be heterozygous.

Question 39

What are proteins?

Answer 39

They are large very complex molecules necessary for EVERY living organism (animals, plants, fungi and bacteria.

Question 40

What does genetic traits rely on?

Answer 40

Genetic traits rely on proteins.

Question 41

What are the building blocks of protein?

Answer 41

Amino acids

Question 42

How are proteins unique?

Answer 42

Each protein has a specific function and a specific shape to enable it to perform that function.

Question 43

How does DNA code for amino acid?

Answer 43

Each 3 bases of amino acids codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 44

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 44

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 45

When are proteins created?

Answer 45

proteins are created in Ribosomes.

Question 46

Why do we need to convert DNA?

Answer 46

DNA is too large to leave the nucleus.

Question 47

What is DNA converted to?

Answer 47

messenger RNA

Question 48

What does RNA stand for?

Answer 48

Ribonucleic acid

Question 49

Whats the process called to get DNA to RNA

Answer 49

Transcription

Question 50

What is the role of RNA

Answer 50

RNA, primarily responsible for protein synthesis, carries genetic information and is translated by ribosomes into essential proteins, with three main types being mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

Question 51

What is a genetic cross?

Answer 51

The mechanism to measure the probability of all the outcomes for a specific genetic cross.

Question 52

What is a punnett square?

Answer 52

A square diagram used by biologists to predict the genotypes of a specific cross or breeding experiment.

Question 53

What is translation?

Answer 53

The process by which MRna is 'read' to produce a strand of a protein chain.

Question 54

What does TRNA stand for?

Answer 54

Transfer RNA

Question 55

What is the role of transfer RNA?

Answer 55

To carry specific, individual amino acid.

Question 56

Where does translation happen?

Answer 56

In the ribosome

Question 57

What is a codon?

Answer 57

3 base pairs of a messenger RNA (triplet)