Year 10 Cgp

Question 1

What are eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Complex and include all animal and plant cells.

Question 2

What are prokaryotes?

Answer 2

Smaller and simpler than eukaryotes e.g. Bacteria

Question 3

What does a nucleus do?

Answer 3

Contains genetic material that controls the activity of the cell.

Question 4

What does cytoplasm do?

Answer 4

Its gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen.
Also contains enzymes that controls these chemical reactions.

Question 5

What does mitochondria do?

Answer 5

These are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place
Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work.

Question 6

What does ribosome do?

Answer 6

These are where proteins are made in cells

Question 7

What does cell walls do?

Answer 7

Supports the cell and strengthens it.

Question 8

What does permanent vacuole do?

Answer 8

Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts.

Question 9

What does chloroplasts do?

Answer 9

These are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for plants.

Question 10

What does chlorophyll do?

Answer 10

Found in chloroplast, chlorophyll is green and absorbs light needed for photosynthesis.

Question 11

Name the parts found in a bacterial cell

Answer 11

Cytoplasm,cell membrane, cell wall,

Question 12

What do light microscopes let us see?

Answer 12

Individual cells and large subcellular structures, eg. Nuclei.

Question 13

Name similarities and differences between light and electron microscopes.

Answer 13

Similarities- Lets you see cells that you cant see through the naked eye,
Differences- high resolution,higher magnification

Question 14

What is the formula of working out magnification?

Answer 14

Magnification=image size / actual size

Question 15

Define differentiation?

Answer 15

Is the process by which a cell changes to become speacialised for its job.

Question 16

Name a cell that is undifferentiated?

Answer 16

Stem cells

Question 17

What are sperm cells specialised for?

Answer 17

REPRODUCTION
To get male DNA to the female DNA, has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg.
Contains a lot of mitochondria so the sperm has the energy needed, also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cells membrane.

Question 18

What are nerve cells speacialised for?

Answer 18

RAPID SIGNALLING
Is to carry electrical signal from one part of the body to another.
The cells are long so the can cover more distance quicker and have branch connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network through the body.

Question 19

What are muscle are specialised for?

Answer 19

CONTRACTION
The function is so the can contract quicker. These cell are long so they have more space to contract and contains lots of mitochondria so it has the energy it needs for contraction.

Question 20

What are root hair cells specialised for?

Answer 20

WATER AND MINERALS
Root hair cells are cells on the surface of plant roots, which grow into long hairs that stick out into the soil. This gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.

Question 21

What are chromosomes?

Answer 21

They are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

Question 22

What do body cells contain?

Answer 22

Two copies of each chromosomes, one from the organisms bother and one form its father

Question 23

What is mitosis?

Answer 23

Stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides, used to grow or replace cells that have been damaged.

Question 24

What happens at the end of mitosis?

Answer 24

You are left with two new identical cells to the original cell with the same number of chromosomes.

Question 25

What is the first stage of mitosis?

Answer 25

The cells has to grow and increase the amount of subcellular structures such mitochondria and ribosomes.

Question 26

What is the second stage of mitosis?

Answer 26

It duplicates its DNA so there is one copy for each new cell. When the DNA is copied it forms a X-shaped chromosomes.

Question 27

What is the third stage of mitosis?

Answer 27

Te chromosome line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell.

Question 28

What is the fourth stage of mitosis?

Answer 28

Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells ( the nucleus had divided)

Question 29

What is the last stage of mitosis?

Answer 29

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide. The cell has now produced two new daughter cells. The daughter cells contain exactly the same DNA they are identical to the parent cell

Question 30

What is diffusion

Answer 30

Gradual movement of particles

Question 31

What are stem cells?

Answer 31

They are undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce lots of undifferentiated cells. They can differentiate into different type of cells depending on what instructions

Question 32

What are the 2 types of stem cells?

Answer 32

Embryo stem cells -can turn into any type of cell (found in human embryos) Adult stem cells - found in bone marrow, can only turn into certain cells (eg. Blood cells)

Question 33

How can stem cells cure diseases?

Answer 33

Stem cells transferred from bone marrow from a healthy person can replace faulty cells in an infected person

Question 34

Where are stem cells found in plants?

Answer 34

Meristems

Question 35

What plant stem cells used for?

Answer 35

Producing clones of plants, help grow rarer plants. | To grow crops of identical plants that have desired features for farmers (eg. Diseases resistance

Question 36

What is diffusion?

Answer 36

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 37

Where can diffusion happen?

Answer 37

Solutions and gases because the substances are free to move about randomly.

Question 38

How can a diffusion rate become faster?

Answer 38

The bigger the concentration gradient ( the difference in concentration) Higher temperture

Question 39

What substances can pass through a cell membrane in the process of diffusion?

Answer 39

Dissolved substances, only very small molecules can diffuse through cell membranes eg. Oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water. Starch and proteins are to big to go through.

Question 40

What is osmosis?

Answer 40

Is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane

Question 41

How does water flow in osmosis?

Answer 41

They pass through the cell both ways through the membrane, but as there are move water molecules on one side than the other there is a steady net flow into a region with fewer molecules

Question 42

What is active transport?

Answer 42

When substances need to be absorbed against a concentration gradient from lower to high.

Question 43

How does plant root stick into the soil?

Answer 43

The roots grow hairs, each branch of a root is covered in millions of hairs. It gives the plant a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.

Question 44

What concentration is the root hair cells?

Answer 44

Higher concentration than the soil around them.

Question 45

How does root hair cells take in minerals using active transport?

Answer 45

The plant absorbs minerals from a very dilute solution, against a concentration gradient.

Question 46

What does active transport need to be able work?

Answer 46

Energy from respiration