Year 12 Non-theories Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the six different language levels?
Lexis and semantics
Pragmatics and discourse
Grammar
Phonetics
Phonology and prosodics
Graphology
What are the 4 main types of sentences?
Declarative-‘The sky is blue’
Exclamative-‘What a beautiful day!’
Interrogative-‘Is the sky blue?’
Imperative-‘Close the door!’
What is a coordinate clause?
Two (or more) main clauses joined together by coordinating conjunctions.
She smiled and waved.
What is a conditional clause?
A clause that relys on something occuring
e.g If it rains,we’ll cancel the trip.
What is an adverbial subordinate clause?
A adverbial subordinate clause modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb.
What is a relative subordinate clause?
A relative subordinate clause gives more information about a noun.
What is a face threatening act? (FTA)
An utterance or action which can damage a ‘face’ in a social situation.
What are negative and positive face?
Negative face: The desire to feel unimpeded
Positive face: The desire to feel appreciated by the other people(s).
What is positive and negative politeness?
Positive politeness: When you show people that they liked, admired or included.
Negative politeness: Show that you are not intruding on the other person’s life and not imposing your presence.
What are the 4 maxims?
Quality
Quantity
Relevance
Manner
What are the 3 ways to violate maxims?
Violate-be intentioanlly misleading.
Opt-out-refuse to co-operate.
Flout-be intentionally ironic.
What are the types of adverbs?
Time-“Tommorow”
Manner-“Aggressivly”
Place-“Here”
Duration-“Forever”
Frequency-“Sometimes”
Degree-“Completely”
What are the types of adjectives?
Base- e.g Great
Comparative- e.g Greater
Superlative- e.g Greatest
What are the types of nouns?
Proper noun
Concrete noun
Abstract noun
Collective noun
Count noun
Mass noun
What is prescriptivisim?
The belief that there are correct and wrong ways to use language and that books about language should give rules to follow, rather than describing how language is really used.
What is descriptivisim?
Non-judgemental approach to looking at language. Descriptivist place more importance on how English is actually being written and spoken rather than trying to identify a correct way.
What are covert and overt prestige?
Covert prestige: Prestige that derives from behaviour that flouts perceived social norms and conventions, but is seen as elite e.g RP
Overt prestige: Prestige associated with observing perceived social norms and behaving in a socially desirable manner e.g scouse.
What are the types of verbs?
Main verb
Auxiliary verb
Stative verb
Dynamic verb
Modal verb
Epistemic modal verb- Expresses the speakers opinion about something
Deontic modal verb- Expresses obligation or permission
What are pre-modifying and post-modifying adjectives?
Pre-modifying: Modifies a noun and is placed before it in a sentence.
Post-modifying: Comes after a noun and modifies the meaning or limits it.
e.g Jack is intelligent.
What are the different statuses of English in other countries?
L1-English as a first language
L2-English as a second language
EFL-English as a foreign language
English as a lingua franca- where English is used as a common language.
What is downward and upward convergence?
Downward convergence= When someone adjusts their communication to downplay their social status
Upward convergence= When someone adjusts their communication to sound more upper-class.
What is a tag question?
A tag question is a question converted from a statement by an appended interrogative formula
e.g It’s nice out isn’t it?
What is a minor sentence?
A minor sentence lowers the register and can mirror speech patterns.
What are cataphoras and anaphoras used for?
Cataphoras use pronouns to reference foward to something not already stated, and anaphoras use pronouns to reference back to something previously stated.
