YEAR 12 psychology powerpoint one memory

Question 1

what is memory?
and what can it be referred to as ?

Answer 1

memory is the process/ability of encoding, storing and retrieving information.
-internal record of some previous event or experience
sometimes referred to as Mental representation

Question 2

define and explain Sensation

Answer 2

sensation is the input of sensory information from our external environment that is received by our sensory receptors

a physiological response

Question 3

what are the three main steps involved in Sensation?

Answer 3

reception, transduction and transmission

Question 4

define Reception

Answer 4

the detection of sensory information ( also known as stimulus energy) that is collected by the sense organs

Question 5

define Transduction

Answer 5

the stimulus energy is converted by the receptor cells into electrochemical nerve impulses

Question 6

define Transmission

Answer 6

Neural impulses leave sensory organs and travel to the brain for processing

Question 7

define stimulus

Answer 7

anything that influences an organism

Question 8

define sensory organs

Answer 8

specialised organs in the body containing sensory neurons functioning as sensory receptors

Question 9

define sensory receptors

Answer 9

specialised cells in the body that detect sensory information

Question 10

define and explain Perception

Answer 10

it is how our brains select, organize and interpret these sensations

Question 11

3 aspects of Perception include:

Answer 11

selection, organisation and interpretation

Question 12

define selection

Answer 12

feature detectors filter the stimuli by responding to specific features of a stimulus and ignoring the rest

Question 13

define organisation

Answer 13

when the information reaches the brain, it is reorganised so that we can make sense of it

Question 14

define interpretation

Answer 14

stimulus is given meaning from past experiences, motives, values and context and a mental representation is now available to the individual

Question 15

define attention

Answer 15

the mental capacity to concentrate on a specific stimulus while ignoring other stimuli
(consciously or unconsciously)

Question 16

define selective attention

Answer 16

the ability to focus your conscious awareness on a particular stimulus while blocking out competing stimuli

Question 17

define divided attention

Answer 17

the ability to focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously (multitasking)

Question 18

define the cocktail party effect (what year)

Answer 18

a term
coined by Colin Cherry in 1953 to
describe our ability to focus our auditory
attention on a single conversation in a
noisy, crowded environment,

Question 19

who was the psychologist that conducted numerous experiment related to the cocktail party effect?

Answer 19

Edward Collin Cherry

Question 20

aim of cocktail party effect

Answer 20

Cherry’s aim was to study how humans can selectively attend to one
conversation while filtering out background noise and other conversations in a noisy
environment

Question 21

method of cocktail party effect

Answer 21

Cherry conducted experiments where participants listened to two
different conversations played simultaneously in each ear using headphones. They
were asked to focus on one conversation (the “attended” message) and ignore the
other (the “unattended” message)

Question 22

finding of cocktail party effect

Answer 22

Cherry found that participants could effectively focus their attention on
the “attended” message and were able to recall details from it, but they had very
limited awareness of the content of the “unattended” message. This phenomenon is
often explained by the “bottleneck” theory of attention, where only one message
can be consciously processed at a time, while the rest are filtered out. Cherry’s work
laid the foundation for the study of selective attention in psychology

Question 23

Process of Memory: what are the three sequential processes

Answer 23

encoding, storing and retrieving

Question 24

define Encoding (input)

Answer 24

refers to the conversion of sensory
information into a form that can be processed
by the brain (visually, acoustically or thru
meaning)

Question 25

define storage

Answer 25

Storage refers to the retention of this information

Question 26

define Retrieval (output)

Answer 26

the recovery of information stored in the brain

Question 27

who made the multistore model (model of memory) ? and what year?

Answer 27

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 28

what are the three separate stores of the model of memory?

Answer 28

- sensory memory (SM) -Short-term memory (STM) -Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 29

how are the three separate stores of the multistore model of memory characterized differently?

Answer 29

duration, capacity and encoding system

Question 30

define duration

Answer 30

how long the information can be stored

Question 31

define capacity

Answer 31

how much information can be stored

Question 32

define encoding system

Answer 32

in what form the information is stored

Question 33

define and explain sensory memory (register)

Answer 33

Memory lasts less than 5 seconds. Information is quickly encoded based on sensory input. Each sense has its own memory register, with visual (iconic) and sound (echoic) memory being the most studied. Information fades unless noticed and focused on, then it moves to short-term memory (STM). the memory store where sensory information is briefly held before decaying or transferring to the short term store

Question 34

define sensory memory: iconic memory

Answer 34

short duration (0.3 seconds)

Question 35

define sensory memory: echoic memory

Answer 35

stored for slightly longer (3-4 seconds)

Question 36

summaries sensory memory into duration, capacity and encoding:

Answer 36

duration = 0.5- 0.3 seconds capacity= unlimited encoding= as a sense (e.g.. image or sound)

Question 37

define short term memory (STM) and working memory

Answer 37

a temporary memory store for limited information received from the sensory register or long term store. working memory: sensory information that is attended to is transferred to short term store which is described as working memory

Question 38

duration and capacity of short term memory?

Answer 38

duration: up to 30 seconds capacity: limited 5-9 pieces of information

Question 39

define short term memory; Rehearsal

Answer 39

Rehearsal enables information to be retained in STM longer than usual and also to transfer information to Long term memory (LTM) – when you need to remember it

Question 40

what are the two types of Rehearsal?

Answer 40

maintenance and elaborative

Question 41

define Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 41

-for immediate use- not for transfer to LTM -if not interrupted you can keep this information forever but if stop, 30 seconds

Question 42

define Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 42

Actively process and encode the information and associate with other information in LTM

Question 43

what is another way to increase capacity of STM?

Answer 43

chunking- involves combining material into larger more meaningful groups and therefore increasing WM capacity

Question 44

what did Baddeley and Hitch propose in 1974?

Answer 44

that the original working memory model of STM provided by Atkinson and Shiffrin was way too simple

Question 45

define Central executive 4 Points

Answer 45

-Co-ordinates slave systems/ responsible for organizing information - Selects which information will arrive from SM and LTM - Allocates data subsystems -Filters out irrelevant information

Question 46

what were the original 2 slave systems for short term maintenance?

Answer 46

1. Phonological Loop 2. Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 47

define Phonological Loop

Answer 47

stores and processes phonological (and written) information (sounds of language) and silently rehearses it – so we can remember it (eg phone numbers

Question 48

define Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 48

stores visual and spatial information and constructs and manipulates visual images - details of shape, colour motion, pattern and position (INNER EYE)

Question 49

the original model was updated in 2000 by Baddeley to include an additional component (third slave system), what was it?

Answer 49

The Episodic buffer

Question 50

define Episodic buffer

Answer 50

Episodic buffer is a temporary storage system that is capable of holding and integrating information from the other slave systems into a single structure or episode

Question 51

duration, capacity and encoding of Short term (working) memory

Answer 51

- up to 30 seconds -5-9 pieces of information -active processing and rehearsal

Question 52

define three dot points of Long term memory:

Answer 52

1. LTM - permanent store of information 2. LTM refers to anything we remember for longer than 30 seconds 3. LTM encodes information based on meaning – Semantic Networks

Question 53

there are two types of LTM; define Procedural (implicit) Memory

Answer 53

-The ‘how’ of memory -Stores the way you do things – the actions and skills that have been learned -Not a conscious process (implicit)

Question 54

there are two types of LTM; define declarative (explicit) memory

Answer 54

-The ‘what’ of memory – personal experiences and facts -Conscious effort to retrieve (Explicit) -Allows you to ‘declare’ how things are or what you remember

Question 55

there are 2 types of declarative memory, name both

Answer 55

Episodic and Semantic

Question 56

define declarative memory; Episodic

Answer 56

– internal representation of your own interpretation of a personal experience in your life – remembered because of importance to you eg. First date, linked to particular feelings and sensations and a time

Question 57

define declarative memory; semantic

Answer 57

knowledge of facts and information based on information and interpretation. Like an encyclopedia of memory (Google)

Question 58

duration, capacity and encoding of LTM:

Answer 58

-indefinite -thought to be unlimited but may decay overtime -physical changes in neurons for storage/ encoding semantic