Year 12 Revision for War of the Roses Mock Flashcards
(44 cards)
What was the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475?
A 10 year truce, 75,000 crowns leave them a pension of 50,000
Edwards daughter would marry Charles Dauphin, Prince of France
People were angry as they wanted victory over France
This means that Edward required no tax to fund the royal household
What are some failures of Edward IV’s 2nd domestic policies?
-Ignored a large number of crimes as they were not a threat to his dynasty
-Ignored heirs and laws of inheritance to benefit his own family e.g he ignored corruption to increase his wealth with the Mowbary estate which went to his younger son Richard instead of other heirs
-Failed to tackle nobles keeping retainers of their own private army which caused issues for Henry VI
What are some successes of Edward IV’s 2nd finance policy?
-Continued chamber system of Finance
-Revenue increased to £35,000 a year from custom duties
-Improved trade with wood, tin, cloth
-Gained £10,000 for giving Margaret back to France
What are some successes of Edward IV’s 2nd handling of the nobilities?
-Chose men of ability not nobility
-Duke of Clarence executed for treason
-No more Lancastrian uprisings from 1473
-Made people feel the monarchy is successful again
What are the events of the Battle of Northampton July 1460?
Led by Earl of Warwick and Earl of March due to Duke of Yorks invasion of the southeast
They tried to reach an agreement of surrender but Buckingham (leader of Lancastrian army refused on behalf of the King)
Lord Grey of Ruthin switches sides and joins the Yorkists after battle commences
Yorkists win and capture King Henry as the Lancastrians couldn’t fire their guns due to heavy rainfall
Richard uses this to try and proclaim King and use the illegitimacy of the LAncastrian line as an ascension to the throne. Hois supporters were reluctant due to wanting to get rid of Lancastrians in court and gain former land, not get rid of King Henry.
What is the Treaty of Arras in 1482?
Edward lost marriage plans for his daughter, lost french pension and the marriage between France and Burgundy
What is Edward IV’s 2nd foreign policy in France?
-Collected tax but did not fight nor had a need to suppress rebellions so people were angry
-Treaty of Arras
-Outmaneuvered by Louis XI
-France and Scotland had always had an alliance called the “Auld Alliance” which means a possible threat to England
-France recognised him as King
Overall, foreign policies towards France mostly failed
What is Edward IV’s 2nd foreign policy in Burgundy
-Charles of Burgundy died in 1477 whom was married to Edward’s daughter, Mary.
-Mary married Maximilian of Austria who became Duke of Burgundy through this marriage, Edward had previously allied
-Edward supported MAxmillian to £50,000 crowns per year from Burgundy as long as they support each other
-Treaty of Arras
-France and Burgundy allies
-Edward recognised as King by Burgundy
Overall, the policy mostly failed
What is Edward IV’s second foreign policy to Scotland?
-Gloucester gave up Scottish capital and King which was a lost opportunity for Edward, he couldn’t afford a war with Scotland and war on continent which may have been planned by Louis XI due to the Auld Alliance
-Good terms till 1480 due to proposed marriage agreement for Cecily (Edward’s daughter) and James III Heir
What was the Treaty of London 1474?
An agreement between England and Burgundy to support an invasion of France and it recognised Edward as King of France
Events of the Battle of Ludford Bridge 1459/ The flight of the Yorkists
-Yorkist were outnumbered by Lancastrian army 3 to 1
-Soldiers from Calais turned to Lancastrian army once they saw the royal banner
-Richard, and his second son Earl of March, Warwick and Neville fled to Ireland and Calais when they realised they was loosing
-All Yorkist supports denounced traitors and had to surrender to the King
Lancastrian victory
Events of Richard Duke of York’s southern coast take over 1460
-After fleeing from Ludford Bridge to Ireland
-Richard and supporters plan an invasion of the Southern Coast, many nobles and people support Richard due to threat from France and the blame on the Lancastrians of the loss of France and his promise of reforms in government
-Richard invades and occupies Kent and London peacefully
-People respect his actions and immediately see him as a hero
-Henry responds by sending an army south to crush the Yorkists
Events of The Battle of Tewkesbury 1471
-destruction of the Lancastrian dynasty
-Prince Edward killed on Battlefield
-Margaret of Anjou captured
-Lancastrian Lords killed or exiled
-Death of Henry by captive Lords
-House of York seen as the natural heir
What allowed Edward IV to invade and start his second reign in 1471?
Duke of Burgundy supplies Edward with money, men and ships as he supports Edwards claim to the throne after ending a 9 year reign when fleeing to Burgundy with his brother Richard
What is the Act of Accord 1460?
-Richard recognised as Henry’s succession upon his death, Richard and his offspring would ascend to the throne
-However, parliament did grant York extraordinary executive powers to protect the realm, and with the king effectively in custody
Events of the Battle of Wakefield 1460
-After the Act of Accord, York, Salisbury and Rutland headed North and stayed in Sandal Castle
-Margaret of Anjou and son gain support from the Scottish and with this support, Lancastrians made moves near Wakefield
-IN response Richard, Edmund and Neville allies go North with aim to deterre Lancastrians from attack
-Lancastrians have decisive victory
-Richard,Edmund and Neville killed and majority of Yorkist force crushed
BUT
Edward, Earl of March, is now Duke of York and leader of the Yorkist army
What is the Treaty of Chateaugiron 1472?
An agreement between Brittany and England to combine forces against France
Events of the Battle of Bloreheath 1459
-Richard Neville of Warwick ordered to London after attacking Spanish ships at Calais but never showed up
-Duke of York and supporters called to royal counsel too explain these actions but failed to do
-York and Neville’s armies plan to combine
-Margaret of Anjou called Lord Audley and Lord DUdley to intercept and crush Neville’s army before they get to Ludlow
-3000 casualties, mostly Lancastrian
-General Lord Audley killed and Lord Dudley taken prisoner
What caused the breakdown of peace in 1459?
- Battle of St.Albans had brought about a blood feud as the heirs of those killed sought vengeance e.g Duke of Somerset, Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland and Lord Clifford
2.Margaret believed that York wanted to take the throne and was a huge danger to her son - Henry VI’s ill health meant that he couldn’t govern in his own right, whoever controlled Henry controlled the Government
- Margaret replaced Yorkist men with her own in government positions , signalling to York he was no longer part of central government
- A lack of trust between the feuding sides, armed followers also attending meetings
6.Warwick angered Margaret and Lancastrian men through his act of piracy
7.Margaret had built up a strong power base, she now had enough power to destroy the Yorkists
8.York and Warwicks alliance was stronger than ever and they felt like outcasts within the government
What was the Parliament of Devils in 1459?
-Name given to the Lancastrian dominated Government held at Coventry in November 1459
-The Yorkists had fled from Ludford bridge so the Lancastrians were now the dominant side in England and pushed to consolidate their power
-York and supporters attained as traitors (27 in total) , their lives forfeit, land given to the king and their heirs would not inherit, this is the most extreme punishment a noble could suffer
-Somerset appointed Governor of Calais and dispatched to take over vital fortress
-His attempts to evict Warwick were easily repulsed as Warwick and supporters began to launch raids on the English Coast from Calais causing more chaos and disorder
What is the significance of the Parliament of Devils in 1459?
-Margaret had gone too far as she enforced an extreme punishment as heirs had also been disinherited
-Major turning point as from this York was rivalling for the Crown. Beforehand, his to rid the royal court of evil advisors and take his rightful place as Henry’s advisor
-Future of Yorkists at stake as heirs no longer had the comfort of inheritance
-Rather than destruction of the Yorkist cause, Margaret resurrected the cause
The Events of Yorkists Triumph by 1960
Events following Ludford Bridge turned York’s cause around:
1.Margaret of Anjou: Following the Parliament of Devils, there was an increase of sympathy for York and supporters. York was in Ireland, Margaret took no action.York took control of an area in Ireland to plot his next plan against the Lancastrians . Earl of Wiltshire had been sent to take Yorks position in Ireland but was unable to take it. Margaret again did nothing to counteract him.
2. Earl of Warwick (Kingmaker): Raised York’s funds through his piracy campaign, managed to maintain control of Calais despite Somerset’s attempts to take the Fortress, Warwick had supporters in kent who warned him off a development of a fleet and Sandwich and while the Lancastrians were asleep, he captured the fleet and took it to Calais, Warwick went to Ireland for two months to plot with York but were unable to capture Calais due to a lack of funds
3.Sandwich:June 1460 Warwick invaded sandwich . from there he marched to london claiming he was rescuing henry from all his evil advisors , warwick and yorkists allowed to enter london with no resistance. yorkist cause was growing and once they heard henry was at northampton they marched north
4. Battle of Northampton
5. Return to London: Warwick and March marched back to London with Henry. Queen Margaret and her son Edward escaped to Wales leaving Henry under the control of the Yorkists. Warwick claimed that he was still loyal to the king was was took over the running of the government on Henry’s behalf- replacing the evil advisors
6.Duke of Yorks return: Returned to England 8th September 1460,he marched under the royal banner and carried dword upwards like the sword of state,upon arrival at westminster he walked up the throne and put his hand on it like he had possession of it and instead of supporters applauding they remained silent, Archbishop of Canterbury broke the silence by asking York if he wanted to see the King in which he stormed out. York had publicly humiliated himself. 6 days later he formally claimed the throne at the high court of parliament and the lords went on to pass the act of accord
What year did Edward IV begin his second reign?
1471
True or False: Edward IV’s second reign lasted until his death in 1483.
True
