year 12 rollover - health inequity Flashcards
(60 cards)
1
Q
list the social determinants of health
A
early life
work
stress
unemployment
addiction
culture
food
transport
social exclusion
social isolation
social gradient
2
Q
define social gradient - social determinant
A
Society is segregated into classes or levels based on wealth. People identify themselves as being upper, middle or lower class based upon their income, housing, education or accumulated wealth.
3
Q
define unemployment - social gradient
A
The psychological, financial and social consequences that arise from not being employed are damaging to ones health.
4
Q
define early life - social determinant
A
- The health of a mother during pregnancy, presence of complications during birth and quality of the first years of a child’s life will impact heavily on the wellbeing of the individual later in life.
- Poor fetal development (stress, drug use, unhealthy diet) can have long lasting effects due to poor brain development and growth and can affect the individuals education socialisation and emotional health
5
Q
define social exclusion - social determinant
A
- Characterised by an individual being excluded from the life of society possibly due to unemployment, homelessness poverty, racism or discrimination.
6
Q
define work - social determinant
A
- The safety of the workplace, the interaction of staff and co-workers and the control one has over their work life all impact on health status
- Unsafe, hazardous and demeaning occupations will affect health of the individual physically, mentally and/or emotionally.
Highly rewarding workplaces can lead to improved self-esteem, self worth, motivation and satisfaction. - positive
7
Q
define stress - social determinant
A
- Individuals living in stressful circumstances for a long period of time live in a constant state of ‘fight or flight’. The autonomic and sympathetic nervous systems response to a stressful situation is useful when the situation requires immediate action and is short lived.
- Individuals who suffer stress can experience symptoms such as: anxiety, headaches, fatigue, low self esteem, frequent infections such as a cold or flu, reduced mental functioning and moodiness.
8
Q
define addiction - social determinant
A
- People turn to alcohol or drugs to escape their unhappy lives due to poverty, stress or unemployment
- The cost of the substance (cigars, alcohol, drugs etc) will lead the individual further into poverty or place extra stress on already limited resources and this will cause added stress.
9
Q
define food - social determinant
A
- A healthy nutritious balanced diet is essential for growth, development and vitality.
- Poorer people tend to substitute quality for quantity in order to feed themselves and their families on a limited income
10
Q
define transport - social determinant
A
- Choice of transport such as walking, cycling, skating can increase and be good for health of an individual.
- People in developing countries or isolated communities, access to cars or buses would make long distance travel easier and allow access to medical facilities, education or food further away from home. This could increase opportunity and improve health outcomes
11
Q
define social support - social determinant
A
- People with positive, rewarding, close friendships with have a better health status and live longer than those who either are socially isolated or have less supportive relationships.
12
Q
define culture - social determinant
A
- The cultural group to which an individual belongs in has an impact on their health behaviours as cultural expectations will influence decisions regarding things such as food choices, help seeking and rituals or traditions.
13
Q
list the natural environment determinant
A
extreme weather
bushfires, storms and flooding
ultraviolet radiation
vector agents
outdoor air quality
food and water quality
14
Q
define extreme weather - natural environmental determinant
A
- Incudes droughts, floods, violent storms and wind, heat waves and high levels of precipitation.
- Causes physical harm to individuals such as injuries
- Reduced populations access to roads, food, increase stress, impacts vulnerable population (elderly)
15
Q
define bushfires storms and flooding - natural environmental determinant
A
- Can be devastating and risk burns, spread of disease spoil food, psychological trauma or dangerous levels of air pollution
16
Q
define ultra violet radiation - natural environmental determinant
A
- Ozone layer depletion - over or under exposure to the sun
Low = vitamin D deficiency, high = melanoma and skin cancer
17
Q
define food and water quality - natural environmental determinant
A
- Quality is fundamental to life, bacteria virus cells present can be dangerous to health e.g. hepatitis or salmonella
18
Q
define vector agents - natural environmental determinant
A
- Organisms such transmit disease (Mosquitos) - ross river virus, malaria
19
Q
define outdoor air quality - natural environmental determinant
A
- Pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumed and can lead to respiratory problems
20
Q
list the built environmental determinants
A
indoor air quality
walkability
transport
green space
environmental noise
housing
21
Q
define indoor air quality - built enviornmental determinant
A
- Includes outdoor air entering building, emissions from occupants (smoking), emissions from machinery. Can cause asthma to individuals
22
Q
define walkability - built environmental determinant
A
- How suited an area is to walking. Street connectivity, land use and residential density. Can encourage physical activity.
23
Q
define transport - built environmental determinant
A
- Physical infrastructure or vehicles that provide movement. Exposure to air pollution or move vehicles can increase green house emissions
24
Q
define green space - built environmental determinant
A
- Area of open land that allow for leisure. Mental health is more positive with increased green space.
25
define environmental noise - built environment determinant
- Roads, trains, planes. Unwanted noise disturbance can lead to stress and sleep deprivation
26
define housing - built environmental noise
- The place an individual resides in. could be overcrowded resulting in higher stress levels. Housing quality could be poor - high risk of injuries, illness due to mould
27
define geographical location
- Refers to where people live. The region where people live, grow up, work can have an impact on their health - access to health care.
28
list the socioeconimic factors of health
family
migration/refugee status
education
income
employment
housing/neighbourhood
access to services
food security
29
define income - socioeconomic
- Lower income earners: lower health status (often due to less access to nutritious food, medication, health facilities, specialists)
- can lead to stress, illness and lack of self esteem
30
define food secuirty - socioeconomic
- The stability of available food within a population. Could be the presence of food such as famine or substantial crop.
- Could also refer to the cost of food and the ability of a population to afford food
31
define housing/neighbourhood - socioeconomic
- Poorer ventilated, lack of heating/cooling, overcrowded, lacks hot water and food storage can lead to infection, disease and injuries.
32
define housing (neighbourhood) - socioeconomic
- People who live in poorer neighbourhoods have higher mortality rates, worse birth outcomes, more illness and poorer reported health status than people living in higher income neighbourhoods
- Can influence standards of schools and other public
- Higher crime rates, violence, addiction and vandalism for poorer neighbourhoods
33
define education - socioeconomic
- Those with education have less health problems and longer life expectancy. Increased knowledge on health issues, risky behaviours and consequences.
- Greater education = higher income levels which can sustain healthy lifestyle
- Can influence drinking, smoking, diet, physical activity etc.
34
define family - socioeconomic
- Wealth can impact health
- Wealthier families can peruse higher education, persevere through low income jobs and chase higher goals
35
define access to services - socioeconomic
- Don’t usually prevent ill health from occurring but can prevent from spreading or worsening
Individuals who can access services will be more immune to illness and disease compared to those who cant access services
36
define migration/refugee status - socioeconomic
- Process of moving either across an international boarder or within a state
- Can result from disasters or conflict within or between countries and can be problematic mentally and emotionally for people.
37
define employment - socioeconomic
- Allows access to income and social networks (improved self-worth
38
list biomedical determinants of health
birth weight
body weight
39
define body weight - biomedical
Usually caused by premature birth or less than ideal pregnancy conditions
- Low birth rate babies are prone to ill-health such as type 2 diabetes, high BP, neurological and physical disabilities.
40
define body weight - biomedical
- Prevalence of obesity in Australia
Excess body fat increases risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and high BP
41
define health equity
described as fairness, consistency, inclusivity, and justice for all people
42
define health inequity
unjust treatment, policy or practice. Unfair, avoidable differences arising from poor governance, corruption or cultural exclusion
43
define health inequalities
differences in health status between population groups
44
define health inequities
differences in health status between population groups that are socially produced, systematic in their unequal distribution across the population, avoidable and unfair
45
define health rights
good health is a basic human right and inequalities in health are unacceptable in our modern society. In public health there is a growing acceptance that health is not just influenced by biology and behaviour, but also by a range of social determinants.
46
describe the difference between inequity and inequility
inequity: unfair, avoidable differences arising from poor governance, corruption or cultural exclusion
Inequality: the uneven distribution of health or health resources as a result of genetic or other factors or the lack of resources
47
list the 13 factors under health inequity
discrimination
geographical location
occupation
social isolation
government economic and social justice
access to health care
racism
dislocation of land
health literacy
education (access to and level of)
gender
socioeconomic status
(DOGSHARDHEGS)
48
define discrimination - 13 factors of health inequity
unfair treatment of a person or group and can be due to a number of characteristics
- Poverty and inequity are partly due to discrimination as groups of disadvantaged people tend to be excluded from society
49
define racism - factors under health inequity
a subset of discrimination. Can be seen throughout society in 3 ways
1. Individual: individuals attitudes and behaviours (actions)
2. Systemic: policies of organisations that sustain the advantage of the privileged (think structures such as education, justice, policing and employment)
3. Cultural: a value system embedded in society
50
define geographical location - 13 factors under health inequity
as the distance from major cities increases, health inequities increases: individuals living in remote and isolated communities have the poorest health of all Australians in Australia. Health Facilities and services are often lacking in these communities
51
define dislocation of land - factors under health inequity
or many thousands of years the indigenous Australians successfully managed their own land: however, European settlement forced movement to other areas or missions. This was the end of the traditional way of life and economic security. Caused loss of identity and culture
52
define gender - factors under health inequity
males and females are affected by different health issues and have different life expectancies. Females tend to outlive males however they are more likely to be hospitalised earlier in life due to pregnancy and childbirth.
females likley to seek medical attention for health issues for themselves and children
Males are more likely to encounter health problems later in life due to neglecting or dismissing health issues in their earlier working years, working in more hazardous jobs, using alcohol in a harmful or hazardous way and smoking
53
define access to health care - factors under health inequity
the further one moves from the city, the fewer medical and health facilities there are available. Patients with chronic conditions living in rural and remote areas often have to travel long distances and be hospitalised for longer if the treatment is ongoing
- Can be stressful for all members of the family. Can be a number of barriers to accessing health care in cities as well
54
define unemployment - factors under health inequity
tend to be isolated from society as they don’t have adequate support networks of colleagues and the relative safety employment provides
- The unemployed are at an increased risk of mental illness due to reduced self-worth and loss of identity
Less likely to have the money to pay for private health insurance and as a consequence, must use the public health system to access health care. Because of the demands on these services, they may need to wait for extended periods, thus increasing the risk of their health
55
define occupation - factors under health inequity
certain occupants carry a greater degree of risk to health than others
- For example, long distance truck drivers are at greater risk of motor vehicle accidents whilst plasterers are a greater risk of developing lung disease
- Unsafe or unethical workplace practices may cause unjust or unfair working situations for employees which may include workplace bullying, sexual harassment and risk to physical safety
56
define education (access of and level to) - factors under health inequity
individuals who have had access to higher education are more likely to have greater health status than those who left school at an early age. Socioeconomic status and income often determine whether someone stays on at school or studies to a higher level
57
define government economics and social policies - factors under health inequity
government and social policies can create inequities as they usually focus on the majority of the population and are not specific to populations in need within society
58
define socioeconomic status - factors under health inequity
- Appears that people in high socioeconomic groups tend to spend time, money and energy on preventative medicine such as regular medical check-ups, breast screening, immunisations, diet and exercise, whereas those in low socioeconomic groups tend to make greater use of doctors and emergency services and less use of preventative health services
59
define social isolation - factors under health inequity
negative impact on health. More difficult to access health facilities in rural areas or in new environments. Isolation may lead to individuals suffering from depression and stress related conditions
- Migrants may be particularly at risk of social isolation. Many new migrants arrive in Australia but don’t speak much English
- Women are often at risk since theyr'e often the ones remaining at home while their partners go to work
- Language barriers and a lack of social support can add to a sense of isolation, and lack of confidence and/or skills to access health services and facilities
60
define health literacy - factors under health inequity
ability of individuals to "gain access to, understanding and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health" for themselves, their families and their communities
