year 2 chap 10 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
what were the 2 reasons that SG was economically vulnerable?
A
- limited access to the Malaysian hinterland
- threat of unemployment
2
Q
why was trade between Malaysia and SG limited after SG gained independence?
A
- they didn’t have a common market
- they didn’t have direct access to the Malaysian hinterland
3
Q
what did Malaysia do to SG to limit competition to its own industries?
A
- they increased tariffs on SG’s exports
- this lowered the demand of SG-made goods in Malaysia as Malaysian made goods became more affordable in comparison
4
Q
besides the increase in tariffs, what’s another impact of limited trade with Malaysia after SG’s independence?
A
- Malaysia reduced volume of exports such as tin and
rubber to Singapore. - Malaysia sought to process and export these products directly from its own ports instead.
5
Q
in 1965, how many unemployed people were there out of the total labour force of over 700,000?
A
more than 70,000 people were unemployed
6
Q
why was SG’s importance source of job creation diminishing?
A
- the entrepot trade had been declining since WW2
- this was in the middle of growing competition from other ports in the region
7
Q
how did the closure of British military bases negatively affect the people?
A
- the bases were a major source of employment for Singaporeans
- over 40,000 people dependent on supplying goods and services to British servicemen stationed there were now out of jobs
8
Q
what were the 2 ways that SG addressed its economic challenges?
A
- economic diversification
- development of infrastructure
9
Q
when did finance minister (Dr Goh Keng Swee) announce the establishment of the Economic Development Board?
A
1961
10
Q
what was the task of the Economic Development Board?
A
- to promote industrial development in Singapore
- by attracting multinational corporations (MNCs) to set up factories in Singapore
11
Q
what does a multinational corporation (MNC) mean?
A
it is a type of company that operates in more than one country
12
Q
what type of economic policy did SG adopt after independence?
A
it adopted an export-oriented economic policy where majority of the goods produced would be exported worldwide
13
Q
what are some examples of MNCs that set up operations in SG?
A
- Shell oil refinery
- Seiko (manufacturing of watch components)
- Hewlett-Packard (manufacturing of electronic equipment)
14
Q
what did the MNCs seek in SG in order to set up their corporations here?
A
- to lower costs and maximise profits
- to operate in a safe and secure environment
- to have a reliable supply of labour
- to have a suitable location for their factories with facilities and space for future expansion
15
Q
the MNCs sought to lower costs and maximise profits so what did SG provide?
A
lower tax rates and hence lower costs for MNCs thus making it more financially attractive for them to set up operations in new industries in SG
16
Q
the MNCs sought to operate in a safe and secure environment so what did SG provide?
A
by having low crime rates, strengthened defence capabilities and diplomatic relations with countries around the region and world
17
Q
the MNCs sought to have a reliable supply of labour so what did SG provide?
A
SG had a large, young and growing labour force supported by trade unions that partnered with the government and company bosses
18
Q
the MNCs sought to have a suitable location for their factories with facilities and space for future expansion so what did SG provide?
A
SG had a sizeable amount of land set aside for industrial estates with adequate facilities for future expansion
19
Q
how did SG benefit from MNCs setting up operations here?
A
- employment for thousands of people
- valuable technical training and work experience for the locals of Singapore
- greater access to modern technology to help keep SG competitive globally
- increased exports of locally manufactured goods to more overseas markets
20
Q
when and where did the Economic Development Board set up SG’s first industrial estate?
A
- in 1961
- almost 70 square km of land in Jurong
21
Q
when and who took over the task of building and managing industrial estates to allow the EDB to focus on attracting foreign investment?
A
- in 1968
- the Jurong Town Corporation (JTC)
22
Q
what were the 4 key industries that SG developed?
A
- electronics
- petroleum refining
- ship building and repair
- garments and textiles
23
Q
what were the results of the MNCs setting up corporations in SG?
A
- almost 150,000 jobs were created between 1967 - 1973
- up until 1973, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates exceeded 10 per cent every year
24
Q
why did SG develop its infrastructure?
A
- to support diversification of economy
- to attract MNCs and other foreign investors
- to facilitate growth of manufacturing industries
25
what were the 6 six areas where SG developed its infrastructure?
1. telecommunications
2. banking and finance
3. public utilities
4. air transport
5. sea transport
6. land transport
26
why did SG improve its telecommunications system?
to boost connectivity among industries and households
27
who installed the new telephones in SG?
the Singapore Telephone Board
28
how big did the Singapore Telephone Board build the network?
from 1967 to 1972, the Singapore Telephone Board built the network size to 200,000 telephones
29
why did SG develop its banking and finance?
to meet the needs of MNCs and other companies
30
when and why was the Development Bank of Singapore (DBS) established?
* in 1968
* to finance industrialisation and other development projects
31
when was the Public Utilities Board (PUB) set up?
in 1963
32
what was the Public Utilities Board (PUB) responsible for?
for providing water, electricity and gas to industries and households
33
how did the Public Utilities Board (PUB) positively impact the lives of people?
they improved the operating conditions of industries and people’s living conditions
34
why did the PUB issue the brochure "What’s in a bill?"
to educate the public on what is inside their utilities bill
35
when and why was the Paya Lebar airport expanded?
* in the 1960s and 1970s
* to handle more passenger and cargo traffic
36
when and why did the government decide to replace Paya Lebar airport with Changi airport?
* in 1975
* due to insufficient space for future expansion
37
when and why was the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) formed?
* in 1964
* to manage port operations.
38
where and why did the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) set up port facilities?
* in Jurong, Sembawang, Tanjong Pagar and Pasir Panjang
* to cater to the rise of cargo traffic
39
why were roads constructed in SG?
to connect industrial areas to housing estates
40
why was an expressway system built in SG?
to reduce the time needed to travel around the island
41
in late 1973, what caused a shortage in global oil supply?
a conflict in the Middle East (a major oil exporting region)
42
what was the impact of the shortage in global oil supply?
* oil prices jumped by almost 4x in less than 3 months
* this significantly impacted SG as it imported all its oil, which was needed for its economy to run smoothly
43
what is a measure that was implemented to help people in SG deal with the effects of the oil crisis?
the government took the lead in increasing workers' wages to help them cope with inflation
44
what were the 4 social challenges that SG faced?
1. lack of Singaporean identity
2. poor living conditions in housing
3. education needs
4. public health problems
45
why was there a lack of Singaporean identity?
people came from diverse, ethnic, language, religious and economic backgrounds
46
why was the lack of Singaporean identity a problem?
* for the country to progress, there was a need for a sense of belonging
* it was challenging as most students went to schools that were taught in their own languages
47
after SG became independent, when was the National Registration Act of 1965 put into effect?
5 May 1966
48
what was the National Registration Act of 1965?
* all Singaporeans above 12 y/o and those with existing identity cards issued under the Registration of Persons Ordinance 1955 were required to re-register
* Singapore citizens received a pink identity card as a physical symbol of their identity as Singaporeans
49
what did the pink identity card entitle Singaporeans to?
* the rights and privileges of citizenship
* such as voting, priority in receiving employment opportunities over non-citizens and access to social services such as education and healthcare
50
after SG attained full internal self-government, who coordinated efforts to create the state flag and state crest, and adopt the national anthem?
Deputy Prime Minister, Dr Toh Chin Chye
51
what are the national symbols of SG?
* Singapore State Flag
* “Majulah Singapura”
52
who composed "Majulah Singapura”?
Zubir Said
53
why was the national pledge introduced in schools?
to foster a sense of belonging and rootedness among students
54
what did the national pledge reflect?
it reflected the ideals for building a united Singapore
55
when was daily flag-raising/lowering ceremonies, accompanied by singing the National Anthem and reciting the National Pledge introduced in schools?
August 1966
56
what was the result of SG's rapid population growth and a shortage of housing?
* many people lived in overcrowded and unhygienic kampongs
* many people lived in cramped shophouses, squatter settlements (areas not approved by authorities) or kampongs
* their homes lacked basic facilities such as running water, flush toilets and electricity
57
when and who took over the SIT's job of providing housing for the population?
* in 1960
* the Housing Development Board (HDB)
58
how many flats did HDB construct by 1965?
54,000 flats which was enough to house 25 percent of the population
59
what was set up to help the population better afford their housing?
the Central Provident Fund (CPF) was set up to allow them to use their savings
60
when did the Bukit Ho Swee fire take place?
25 May 1961
61
what was the damage done by the Bukit Ho Swee fire?
the fire killed 4 people and left around 16,000 homeless
62
what was the first HDB town?
Toa Payoh
63
by the mid 1970s, more than ___ families were owners of their HDB flats
40,000
64
what were the amenities that the new HDB residents had access to?
* electricity
* drinkable tap water
* waste disposal services
* toilet facilities
65
when and why was the HDB ownership scheme launched?
* 1954
* to allow families to purchase their own flats to foster a greater sense of belonging and rootedness
66
by ___, HDB housed more than half of the population
1976
67
how did HDB meet the growing demand for larger homes?
they introduced 4-room and 5-room flats
68
in 1965, what was SG's literacy rate and how many babies were being born annually?
* 60%
* more than 50,000
69
why was urgent action needed to solve the problem of SG's education?
to ensure that the youth would have the necessary values, skills and knowledge to earn a decent living and help build the nation
70
how did SG strengthen its education system?
* introduction of bilingual policy
* greater emphasis on technical subjects
* equal opportunities for boys and girls to go to school
71
why was the bilingual policy introduced to SG's education system?
english as a common language would help break the language barriers and mother tongue would help students retain their cultural roots
72
why was greater emphasis on technical subjects introduced to SG's education system?
so that students would have the knowledge and skills to enter the workforce
73
during the years of full internal self-government and merger, how many new schools were built?
83 new schools were built at a rate of around one per month
74
within a decade of attaining full internal self-government, how many teachers were there now?
the number of teachers almost doubled, to over 19,000
75
what are examples of actions taken for equal opportunities for boys and girls to go to school?
* all Singaporean children were provided with free education
* the government called on families to send both their daughters and their sons to school
76
what are examples of actions taken for greater emphasis on technical subjects?
* from 1969, all male lower secondary students and half the female cohort had to take up technical subjects e.g woodwork, technical drawing and home economics
* more technical teachers were trained and specialised schools were set up to provide more opportunities for a technical education
77
why did SG face challenges in public health?
because of overcrowded living conditions and unhygienic conditions
78
what was the infant mortality rate like in SG in 1965?
there was also a high infant mortality rate there were 27.3 deaths per 1000 births.
79
what are examples of infectious diseases that were widespread?
cholera and tuberculosis
80
what were the 5 public health problems that SG faced?
* living conditions
* air pollution
* risk of flooding
* hawker hygiene
* public cleanliness
81
what was the problem that the people in SG faced in regards to living conditions?
* most people lived in squatter settlements near waterways
* high risk of sewage and other pollutants contaminating the water supply
82
what was the solution to dealing with the poor living conditions of people in SG?
most people were rehoused in HDB estates and the Singapore River was cleaned
83
what was the problem that the people in SG faced in regards to air pollution?
increased industrial activity in Singapore resulted in polluted air and more health problems
84
what was the solution to dealing with air pollution in SG?
the Government passed the Clean Air Act in 1971 which regulated the emission of pollutants in the air
85
what was the problem that the people in SG faced in regards to the risk of flooding?
flooding frequently took place which led to spread of diseases such as dengue and cholera
86
what was the solution to dealing with the risk of flooding in SG?
the Government implemented flood control measures such as building drains and canals in the 1960s-1970s
87
what was the problem that the people in SG faced in regards to hawker hygiene?
* a large number of hawkers lacked knowledge of proper hygienic food preparation and waste disposal practices
* 80% of them were unlicensed which increased the risk of food poisoning
88
what was the solution to dealing with the hawker hygiene in SG?
* all hawkers had to registered and licensed
* they had to observe hygiene and were moved into hawker centres that had running water, electricity and proper waste disposal facilities
89
what was the problem that the people in SG faced in regards to public cleanliness?
rubbish was commonly dumped on the streets, attracting pests and became a potential breeding ground for diseases
90
what was the solution to dealing with public cleanliness in SG?
* the Environmental Public Health Act was passed in
1968
* people had to clear any rubbish, littering and spitting were punishable by fines
* waste collection was also improved
91
what were the further measures taken to improve public health standards?
* conducting public health campaigns to increase awareness of important health practices
* improving medical facilities to ensure those with
urgent need of medical care would get prompt
treatments
* improving healthcare for school-age children such as introducing vaccinations and health check-ups
* improving maternal and child healthcare through
vaccination programmes
92
what is an example of conducting public health campaigns in SG to improve public health standards?
public talks were held and media such as posters, pamphlets, cartoons and films were produced to spread public health messages
93
what is an example of improving medical facilities in SG to improve public health standards?
* outpatient facilities at government hospitals were moved to separate government clinics
* both Thomson Road hospital (part of today's Changi General Hospital) and Tan Tock Seng hospital were expanded to cater to more patients
94
what is an example of improving healthcare for school-age children to improve public health standards?
* the School Health Service introduced measures such as vaccinations and regular health check ups in schools
* dental clinics were also set up in all new schools to detect dental problems
95
what is an example of improving maternal and child healthcare in SG to improve public health standards?
as parents often had fears about vaccinating their children, they were provided with information on the importance of being vaccinated against serious diseases such as diphtheria
96
how did people's lives change by the end of the 1970s in terms of changes in living standards?
* quality of life of people in Singapore had improved, as many people had better paying jobs and lived in
better conditions
* the number of privately owned cars also increased
97
how did people's lives change by the end of the 1970s in terms of changes in greater rootedness?
* more people felt rooted to the nation as they enjoyed a higher standard of living
* many also owned their own homes which led people to feel a stake in Singapore’s continued success
