Year 3 clinical skills Flashcards
(19 cards)
From the top right to bottom left, name the 9 anatomical regions of the abdomen?
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac region
Hypogastric region
Left iliac region
What are the organs found in the right hypochondriac region?
Liver - right lobe
Gallbladder
Right kidney - upper part
Small intestine
What are the organs found in the epigastric region?
Stomach
Liver - left lobe
Pancreas
Duodenum
A portion of the spleen
Adrenal glands
What are the organs found in the hypochondriac region?
Spleen
Left kidney - upper part
Pancreas - tail
Parts of the stomach and colon
What are the organs found in the right lumbar region?
Right kidney
Ascending colon
Small intestine
What are the organs found in the umbilical region?
Small intestine
Transverse colon
Major blood vessels - aorta and inferior vena cava
What are the organs found in the left lumbar region?
Left kidney
Descending colon
Part of the small intestine
What are the organs found in the right iliac region?
Appendix
Cecum
Lower end of the small intestine
What are the organs found in the hypogastric region?
Bladder
Small intestine
Sigmoid colon
Reproductive organs in females (uterus and ovaries)
What are the organs found in the left iliac region?
Descending colon
Small intestine
Sigmoid colon
How does palmar pallor present in dark skin and what can it signify?
Presents as reduced darkness in palmar creases.
It can signify anaemia or shock due to reduced oxyhaemoglobin levels.
It’s useful to compare the px to an accompanying family member if present.
How does conjunctival pallor present in dark skin and what can it signify?
The palpebral conjunctiva is usually a health pink due to the blood supply of the vascular bed. In anaemia it will appear a pale pink or white (regardless of skin colour).
It can signify anemia or shock due to reduced oxyhaemoglobin levels.
How does central cyanosis present in dark skin and what can it signify?
It presents as a blue or grey discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes - look where the epidermis is thin such as the lips or buccal or sublingual mucous membranes. Px tounge and lips will have a healthy pink colour normally.
It signifies deoxygenated haemoglobin caused by hypoxaemia (low arterial oxygen)
Peripheral cyanosis is more difficult to detect in dark skin.
How does erythema present in dark skin and what can it signify?
There will be a red/purple hue aroud the area, and possibily swelling which gives the skin a tight, smooth and shiny appearance.
It signifiys inflamation and infection
How does oedema present in dark skin and what can it signify?
The skin will be taut, shiny and puffy. An indentation can remain after pressing the affected area.
Signifies a number of conditions including heart failure, allergy and trauma
How does nail pitting present in dark skin and what can it signify?
The same as other skin variations. Pin size depressions on the surface of nails.
Signify psoriasis.
How does melanonychia present in dark skin and what can it signify?
A pigmented line that runs vertically along the nail. May appear in some or all of the fingernails.
Melanonychia is a normal variant in up to 90% of black people. It may however, represent a subungual melanoma (melanoma of the nailbed). Melanomas typically have a wide (>3mm), new and changing band in a single nail.
How does clubbing present in dark skin and what does it signify?
Swelling of the fingertips and softening of the nailbed. It’s identified through schamroths window and through palpating the digit - the nailbed will feel soft.
It’s associated with a large no of conditions affecting different body systems eg. lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, IBD
How does jaundice present in dark skin and what does it indicate?
A subtle yellow discolouration - the px themselves or family members might have noticed a change. The sclera will also appear more yellow.
It indicates hyperbilirubinaemia
