Yearly Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
What is Operation Mongoose?
A
In October of 1961, Kennedy imposes Operation Mongoose which was a total economic and military blockade on Cuba, and then sabotaged Cuban oil sites. Kennedy hence viewed this invasion as a practice for the US military. Operation Mongoose was a secret program against Cuba aimed at removing the Communists from power, which was a prime focus of the Kennedy administration.
2
Q
What are the four types of history?
A
Biography, narrative, social and cultural history
3
Q
What is history?
A
History is the record of the past. Can be written, oral, traditional or drawn
4
Q
What is historiography?
A
The study of historical writing- how and why historical accounts and perspectives have changed overtime. How theoretical methods are analysed, written or presented
5
Q
What are the four approaches to history?
A
Intellectual historians (development and impact of ideas), Economic historians (the role of economic factors), Transnational historians (examine connections between nations) and political historians (political interactions between or within societies)
6
Q
Structuralist-
A
goes with the flow
7
Q
Intentionalist-
A
purposefully planning
8
Q
What were the Nuremberg laws?
A
- laws passed in 1938 which restricted the freedom of Jews and denied them German citizenship
- discriminated against in the government, universities and the army
9
Q
What was Kristallnacht?
A
- ‘the night of broken glass’
- In 1938, the Nazi’s coordinated attacks on Jewish synagogues and businesses.
- the jews were to blame for this
10
Q
Ghettos?
A
Ghettos were set up in 1939, prisoners were not allowed to escape and were forced to live there in poor living and working conditions
11
Q
Concentration camps?
A
split into categories of prison camps, labour camps and extermination camps. many were killed as they were unable to work
12
Q
Auschwitz?
A
‘work will set you free’
- Auschwitz was the largest death camp, which was a combined labour and extermination camp in Nazi-occupied Poland.
- many were gassed with Ziclon B and there bodies burnt
13
Q
What were the Nuremberg Trials?
A
-13 trials between 1945-1946 in Nuremberg Germany. The defendants included Nazi officials and high-ranking military officers who were all charged with crimes against peace and humanity for their involvement in the Holocaust and war crimes
14
Q
Wansee conference?
A
-a meeting with the senior government officials of Nazi Germany in 1942. This happened to ensure that co-operation of leaders in the implementation of the ‘final solution to the Jews’
15
Q
Romanov Dynasty prior to Nicholas II?
A
- underdeveloped country
- in 1721, the Orthodox Church became a government department called the Holy Synod
16
Q
What was russification?
A
a cultural assimilation process whereby all Russians were banned from speaking any foreign language or practising their own culture (1770)
17
Q
Crimean War?
A
In 1853-1856, Russia had gone to war against an alliance between Turkey, Britain and France. The alliance won which prompted significant reforms inside of Russia, however, the Romanovs stayed firm in power
18
Q
Emancipation?
A
- In 1861, Russian peasants gained their emancipation in the form of a degree from Tsar Alexander II.
- There were significant reforms to these freedoms
- they still had to pay compensation and they needed permission to commune outside their village. This was an attempt to mobilise the labour force to keep up with industrialisation.
19
Q
Russo-Japanese War?
A
-In 1904-1905, the Russo-japanese War happened. This marked the first occasion where an Asian power defeated a modern European power and exposed the weaknesses of the Russians-marked the decline of the Russian power- the Tsarist forces were humiliated
20
Q
What was it like when Nicholas first came to power?
A
- Nicholas first came to power on May 26th, 1896.
- He was completely unprepared to be king; ‘I am not prepared to be Tsar. I never wanted to become one. I know nothing of the business of ruling’.
- At the time, Russias population was the biggest country in the world
- These critical issues saw the population start rioting against their government and protest for better working and living conditions
21
Q
Social problems at the start of the Russian revolution?
A
- peasants (serfs) had to use old-fashioned farming methods (prior to industrialisation) meaning living conditions were poor and an entire family had to share a small room
- The Russo-japanese war had made working conditions for people worse than before, food supplies in the cities broke down and factories closed down as materials ran short-left people on the street
22
Q
Sources about Nicholas’ rule?
A
- 1905 police report- ‘people cannot during the year feed themselves, clothe themselves, heat their homes; keep their tools and livestock
- Lenin, Trotsky- The history of the revolution- ‘He felt at ease only amongst completely mediocre and brainless people’- about the Tsar
- General Ruzski- in December 1916- reported that the Bolshevik propaganda was having a public influence at this time
23
Q
Economic problems at the start of Russian revolution?
A
-Russia was slow to industrialise. The industrial revolution started in English in 1760 while in Russia it began in the 1880’s
24
Q
Political problems at the start of the Russian revolution?
A
- Only one monarchy
- no parliament or political party
- the okharana uprising
25
Bloody Sunday summary?
- 22nd of January 1905- began as a peaceful protest organised by Father Gapon to outline the workers grievances at this time and also ask for significant reforms
- Government report said 96 died and 333 were wounded but modern historians say 200 died and 800 were wounded
26
Social, economic and political impacts of Bloody Sunday?
social- caused a common mistrust between government and population
-'little father' to 'Nicholas the bloody murderer'
economic-food prices and other needs began increasing in money
-economic efficiency was at its peak
political- tsar was widely hated on and wanted out of government
-problems with okharana being advised to shoot on Bloody Sunday as tsar wasn't present
27
October of 1905?
- the October manifesto- promising basic civil rights and the incorporation of the duma- saw the economy become paralysed with general strikes in Moscow and St Petersburg that closed banks, printing ships, bakeries, railway stations and post and telegraph offices- forced Nicholas to submit a popular demand for political reform
- On the 17th of October, 1905, the tsar allowed the duma and published his manifesto. This was motivated by the urgent need to save his regime from collapse rather than by a sincere desire to improve the nation
28
The Fundamental State laws?
-Four days before the publishing of the duma, the Tsar published the 'fundamental state laws' which were issued in April, 1906. These laws removed the sharing and power offered in the October manifesto.
29
Russian foreign policies?
- stopped by Japan in the east, Nicholas tried to expand Russia's influence in the Balkans.
- Here, Russia supported there traditional allies, the Slavic people against both the Turks and the Austrians
- This ultimately led to WWI where Russia allied with Serbia
30
The role of WWI?
- 1914-1918 (1917 for Russia)
- Started by assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian student on the 28th of June, 1914
- By mid-august, an international war for the control of Europe was being fought on the Western and Eastern fronts, either side of an expanding German nation
31
Critical problems in WWI?
- Lack of ammunition and rifles (3 bullets each)
- maps were 18 years old
- Couldn't afford boots (hyperthermia)
- Travel from home to war was unorganised so soldiers were left without supplies, food or resources
32
Internal political + economic problems during war?
- food and fuel shortages
- iflation and prices increases
- unemployment
- illustrated the corruptness of key individuals who were leading country (the tsar)
33
Mistakes made by Nicholas?
- became commander of army in August of 1914
| - left Alexandra in charge
34
The 1917 revolutions?
- the first revolution, march 1917, involved the middle class, working class and peasant elements
- members of the committee now formed a provisional (temporary government)
35
Lenin's April thesis?
- On the 17th of April, 1917, Vladimir Lenin delivered his April Thesis.
- Promised land reforms, worker control, power transferred to the councils and soviets
- PEACE, BREAD AND LAND
36
Before the Cuban Revolution?
- After 1492, Cuba became a Spanish colony, producing cotton, tobacco and sugar. In order to meet high demand, the Spanish government shipped in African slaves to work on plantations
- in 1809, a creole looked to declare Cuba as independent but were denied separatism from Spain
- By 1820, they were inspired by Simon Bolivar of South America's success and this led to a rise in Cuban nationalism
- The slave trade was finally abandoned in 1888 after the ten years war
- In July 1898, Spain sued for peace and Cuba technically became independent
37
The Platt Ammendment?
On the 2nd of march, 1901, President McKinley signed the platt amendment which was a set of conditions Cuba had too agree to in order to the us to withdraw from the island
- In 1902, the us officially handed over rule to an independent cuban republic but retained the power to intervene both politically and militarily if necessary
- In 1934, the US cancelled the Platt Ammendment making Cuba politically and economically independent
38
Statistics about Cuba-
- By 1905, 10% of Cuba was owned by American interests and controlled 80% of their exports
- Roads and schools were built in rural areas- illiteracy rates reduced from 23% to 4% by 1970
39
Statistics about Russia-
-Bloody Sunday attack (96 died and 333 wounded= 200 died and 800 wounded)
40
Sources about Cuba-
'From a corrupt democracy, Cuba now shifted to a corrupt dictatorship'- Ramon Bonachea
-Bear hug picture with Krushchev and Castro
41
Social impacts of the beginning of the Cuban revolution?
- in 1900, the first elections were held but these were limited to those who were over 21 and held estates over $250
- Cuba was a very rich country- 76% literacy rate and private clinics and hospitals were provided for upper class
-Macheteros worked 4 months out of the year so their income was not consistent - malnourished and neither health care or education reached rural areas- illiteracy was widespread
42
Political impacts on Cuba before Batista?
- From 1902-1959, Cuba was led by a series of elected presidents who faced many challenges
- High influx of Americanisation
- By 1950, Cuba had its first dictator who was us-backed Gerado Machado. His rule was defined by corruption and an intolerant approach to political opposition
43
Batista?
- Batista came to power in 1940- became dictator and suspended the cuban constitution
- controlled and censored the universities, newspapers and banned other political parties-removed ability to strike/protests
- Havana became a playground for wealthy and organised crime groups
44
Causes of the cuban revolution?
- an economically advancing society- industrialisation, modernised transport and communication pressured a new kind of government
- growing class conflict- an environment where only one class is advancing with the modernising society
- corrupt and inefficient government
- financial crisis= Great Depression
- corruption of cuban society- America was highly influential
- problems with Batista regime
- anti-imperialist sentiment- US + economic dependence
- social uprising
45
Moncada Barracks Attack?
- On the 26th of July, 1953. Fidel Castro set out with a band of 122 followers to attack the military barracks at Moncada at Santiago de Cuba
- Once the men arrived, gunfire erupted and the 30 minute fight began- 8 rebels and 19 of baristas men were killed
- After this, Batista declared a state of emergency in Cuba and published propoganda aimed at turning popular opinion against castro
- However, a photographer released photos of baristas men torturing the rebels
- Castro was caught and jailed
46
The trial of Castro?
- During Castri's trial, he made a four-hour-long speech which was later published as a manifesto called 'history will absolve me' (not word-for-word)
- this outlined his revolutionary actions, plans and ideology for the future of Cuba and outlined his complaints towards the batista regime
- was sentenced to 15 years jail but in 1955 was released
- started being known as the '26th of July movement'
47
Planning the cuban revolution?
- By march of 1956, preparations for the revolution began
- On the 5th of December, Castros men were surrounded by soldiers who owned fire at Sierra Maestra- 20 were killed
- Vowed not to shave their beards until overtaking Batista and became known as the Barbadous (bearded ones)
48
Guerilla warfare?
- Guerilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare whereby small groups of combats such as armed civilians hid and sneaked as a form of combat
- Castro won the sympathy and support of many by releasing government troops after they had surrounded their weapons
- 'constant mobility, constant distrust, constant vigilance'
49
Viva la revolution?
- By the end of 1958, Castro had cultivated a 'Robin Hood' imagery in America and the us called for Batista to step down
- the us started to stop supplying baristas military with weapons and funding
- On the 31st of December 1958, Batista and his allies fled Cuba for the Dominican Republic
- Castro triumphantly entered Havana on the 1st of January 1959
50
Cuba vs US?
- Since 1959, the us administrations have intended to isolate Cuba (trade embargo) both economically and diplomatically
- Castro increased trade with SU so the US slashed sugar imports from the US and exports to Cuba and JFK even restricted travel
- by the late 1960's Castro was developing a political relationship with the USS and viewed Guevaras ideals as a threat to international relations - Guevara was fired as finance minister and left Cuba
- castro became prime minister and introduced land reforms, wage increases and wage reductions
- batistas fans were exiled/jailed
- In 1976, cuba official became a socialist state and begun being governed by more than 20 people
51
International relations by Castro?
- By 1962, cuban foreign policies provided moral and material support to guerrilla warfare movements across latin america
- america was presently locked in an ideological Cold War against communism and set up economic sanctions in Cuba in 1964- forced Cuba to rely on USSR for trade
- In February 1960, USSR agreed to buy substantial amounts of cuban sugar over the next five years and to provide Cuba with needed supplies and technological aid
- Back and forth combat with us and Cuba-blaming each other
- By 1960, president Eisenhower halted all us exports to Cuba- Castro then siezed all us owned companies in Cuba
- Cold War (1945-1991)
52
Bay of Pigs?
- Shortly after midnight on the 16th of April, 1961, a group of some 1,500 cuban exiles trained and financed by the CIA launched an invasion on Cuba from the sea in the bay of pigs
- the plan was to overthrow Castro and his revolution. instead, to turned into a humiliating defeat which pushed Cuba in the arms of the USSR
- the us negotiated a deal with Castro and eventually settled on 3 million dollars worth of baby food and drugs
53
Missle crisis?
- in 1962, the Soviet Union implemented operation anadyr which resulted in a massive inflow of military hardware into Cuba
- this set off a diplomatic emergency which lasted 13 days
54
October crisis?
- photographed spy planes in Cuba
- back and forth about this
- lrushchev agrees to dismantle soviet missiles in Cuba
55
Post Cuban crisis?
- in 1976, a new consitution was written to formalise the dominance of the communist party in Cuba.
- in 1982, the president of the us labelled Cuba as a state of sponsor for terrorism
- As many as 600000 cuban exiles fled during the first 15 years in Castros rule
56
US VS CUBA AFTER REVOLUTION?
- in 2008, Obama wanted to pursue 'direct diplomacy' with Cuba, Obama eased restrictions on travel- 2014 officially
- in 2016, castro dies and trump is elected trump announces that he would reinstate some restrictions of travel on Cuba
