Yearly study Flashcards
(39 cards)
Identify the parts of the Bunsen burner and record the steps for lighting it.
Parts- Gas hose, base, airhole, barrel, collar, the flame and the cone of unburnt gas.
Tie long hair back and put on safety goggles
Place a heatproof mat on the benchtop
Get out a Bunsen burner and place it on top of the heatproof mat
Plug the gas hose into the gas tap and ensure that the hose is flat on the bench
Make sure that the gas is off
Turn the collar so that the airhole is closed
Strike a match and hold it over the barrel of the Bunsen burner
Turn the gas on- a yellow flame should be seen
Turn the collar so that the airhole is open- a clear or blue flame should be seen
Identify independent, dependent and controlled variables for a given investigation.
Heating a substance in a beaker
Independent- What is changed- the time (minutes)
Dependent- What is measured- the temperature of the water (C°)
Constant- the reading is taken every minute for 10 minutes
Write an aim, method and conclusion using given scientific information.
AIM: To record the temperature of water each minute as it is heated in a beaker
METHOD:
Set up all the equipment as shown in the diagram
Measure 100mL of water in a measuring cylinder, then add to the beaker.
Measure the temperature of the water and record this as the temp for 0 mins
Light the Bunsen burner and ensure that it is on a blue heating flame
Start the stopwatch and record the temperature of the water every minute for 10 minutes.
After 10 minutes turn off the Bunsen burner and wait until equipment has cooled before putting it away
Graph the results
CONCLUSION:
When water is heated the temperature goe steadily upwards until it reaches 100C°. The temperature will no longer rise as this is the boiling point of water.
Describe everyday situations where forces are balanced and unbalanced.
Accelerating downhill on a bike or car
Describe friction as a contact force.
Friction is a contact force because it requires contact between two or more surfaces to activate it. If friction was a non contact force that would mean that it wouldn’t require any contact to activate it.
Describe examples of ways to increase and decrease friction.
Some examples of ways to increase friction include:
Making the two surfaces that are generating the friction rough and clingy like sandpaper or rubber as well as increasing the area of the surfaces in contact and pressing the surfaces together hard.
Some ways to lessen friction are, to lubricate the surfaces, smooth them out (probably using friction) and lessening the surface area of the two or more surfaces in contact.
Identify non-contact forces acting at a distance but within a ‘field’ e.g. gravity.
A non-contact force such as gravity or magnetism only has an effect on objects if they are within a certain distance which is referred to as a field. A field gets gradually weaker the further away an object is from the centre of the field. Some fields only attract or work on certain materials. Gravitation fields work on all objects but a magnetic field only works on objects that contain cobalt, nickel and iron.
Describe gravity as a non-contact, attractive force which exerts a pulling force.
Gravity is a non contact force as it does not require any kind of touch to activate it. Gravity exerts a pulling force as it pulls (attracts) all objects within a certain distance or field towards the centre of the earth.
State the rules for attraction and repulsion of magnetic poles.
There are two poles on a magnet and the opposites attract. The North pole attracts the South pole and the south pole attracts the north pole. The south pole repels the south pole and the north pole repels the north pole.
Define magnetic force as a non-contact force.
A Magnetic force works within a field which gets stronger the closer the object gets to the magnet. It is a non contact force because it does not require any kind of touch to activate it.
Describe the structure of an atom, using the terms protons, neutrons and electrons, to explain how objects acquire an electrostatic charge.
The structure of an atom consists of three main things: a proton which has a positive charge, a neutron which has no charge (or is neutral) and the electron which has negative charge. An atom can lose and gain electrons. Each positive charge is worth 1 and each negative charge is worth -1, if an object has more protons than electrons and neutrons it gets electrostatically charged. Some objects are insulators and some are conductors. Charge only builds up on insulators because the electrons aren’t free to move from atom to atom. Conductors don’t build up charge because the electrons in a conductor are free to move through atoms.
Explain the behaviour of a charged object depends on its charge (object with like charges repel; objects with unlike charges attract)
A charged object that has more positive charge than one object will attract the object. The objects will only attract each other if the objects have opposite charge. If they have the same charge they will not attract each other in fact they do the opposite they repel each other.
Describe the role of producers, consumers and decomposers in a food chain/food web.
The producers are the start of every food chain as they are the organisms that produce food for themselves and other animals. The animals that eat other producers (that are mainly plants) or other animals that eat producers are called consumers as they need to consume other things in order to get their nutrients and energy. At the end of every food chain are the decomposers. The decomposers gather their energy requirements from dead animals and plants that need breaking down. (Decomposers are mainly bacteria and fungi)
List examples of biotic & abiotic components of an ecosystem.
Abiotic-
dead foliage
Rock
river/water
Sunlight
Wind
temperature
Biotic-
Partners for mating
Organisms to eat
Organisms that compete for food
Shelter
Plants
Explain how living things obtain their energy requirements.
Living things are classified as either three of the following,
Producer, Consumer or Decomposer.
Producer- they produce their own nutrients and energy through a process called photosynthesis.
(Producers are normally plants)
Consumer- A consumer eats the producer to obtain their energy requirements or they eat another animal that eats producers.
(Consumers are generally herbivores or carnivores)
Decomposer- A decomposer is an organism that eats dead animals or plants that have died to consume their nutrients. (Decomposers are mostly bacteria or fungi. Earthworms are an example of decomposers too).
Use cause and effect relationships to explain ideas.
The cause and effect relationship is when one event (the cause) then goes on to make another event happen (the effect).
Recognise the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of each.
Renewable resource:
anything able to naturally replenish itself over time like wood and solar energy.
Non Renewable resource: a resource that runs out quicker than it can be replenished to match its rate of consumption.
List the main features of non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels
Main features of non-renewable resources:
-Don’t replenish or replace
-Fossil fuels (gas, coal & oil)
-Minerals used for metals
-Not environmentally friendly
-Deplete over time
Its supply is finite
Describe the uses of natural and man made resources extracted from the
Biosphere
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Uses of natural resources from the biosphere:
Plants used for gardening and growing food as well as making medicine from herbs etc.
Uses of man made resources from the biosphere:
Wood from trees can be made into tables, chairs and chopping boards.
Uses of natural resources from the atmosphere:
Oxygen we use to breathe and keeps air pressure stable
Uses of man made resources from the atmosphere:
Gases that we use to make fizzy drink
Carbonated/compressed gases
Uses of natural resources from the lithosphere:
Growing food in the soil
Using the minerals in the ground for
Uses of man made resources from the lithosphere:
Extract coal, oil and gases to create fossil fuels to burn making energy
Uses of natural resources from the hydrosphere:
Water from lakes and rivers is used for drinking, bathing, washing and watering gardens.
Uses of man made resources from the hydrosphere:
Hydropower is generated using man made resources
Dams are built to get water or to block off water
Identify uses of water and the parts of the environment through which water cycles.
Liquid water evaporates into water vapour, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of** rain and snow. Water in different phases moves through the atmosphere (transportation).
Liquid water flows across land (runoff),
into the ground (infiltration and percolation),
and through the ground (groundwater).
Groundwater moves into plants (plant uptake) and
evaporates from plants into the atmosphere (transpiration).
Solid ice and snow can turn directly into gas (sublimation)**.
The opposite can also take place when water vapour becomes solid (deposition).
Describe the physical process of the water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration and runoff.
Define the terms endothermic and ectothermic
Endothermic-
use internally generated body heat to maintain their body temperature. Their bodily temperature tends to stay steady regardless of their environment.
Ectothermic-
Depends mainly on the external heat sources that are in its environment. Their bodily temperature changes with the temperature of the surrounding habitat
Outline that structural features and cell structure are used to classify living things.
Living organisms are classified into groups depending on their characteristics and cell structure. Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular and this classifies them into 2 groups. Appearance, reproduction and movement are structural features that classify living things.
Identify the 5 kingdoms
Monera, Protista, Animal, Plant and Fungi.
