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(yellow) organic analysis and synthesis Flashcards

(yellow) organic analysis and synthesis (49 cards)

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1
Q

what are some compounds that absorb water . therefore can be used to measure water absorbtion

A

anhydrdrous calcium chloride or anhydrdrous copper sulphate (II)

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2
Q

if a organic compound is burnt under a flame and produces a clean blue flame what is it

A

alcohol

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3
Q

if a organic compound is burnt under a flame and produces a yellow flame what is it

A

alkane

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4
Q

if a organic compound is burnt under a flame and produces a smoky yellow flame what is it

A

unstaurated / aromatic

*(may need to edit later)
carbon composition is greater in unsaturated compounds therefore this leads to more oxygen being used, which causes less oxygen in the surrounding enviroment leading to incomplete combusiton

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5
Q

comment on the solubility of hydrocarbens

A

no soluable immiscuble forming two layers

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6
Q

comment on the solubility of alcohols

A

dipole , forms hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

comment on the solubility of carboxilic acids and amine

A

very soluable , H0bonding

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8
Q

what are the observations when you put an alkene with bromine water

A

goes from brown to colourless and produces a H and Br neighbours on the double bond carbon

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9
Q

what are the observations when you put an alkene with KMnO4 / H2SO4

A

purple to colourless
also produces two dioles (oh x 2)

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10
Q

how do you go from a nitrile R-CN to a R-CH2-NH2

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether

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11
Q

how do you go from a nitrile R-CN to a carboxilic group

A

dil HCl which causes hydrolisation

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12
Q

how do you go from a halogeno alkane to a nitrile

A

KCN in ethanol which acts as a solvent has to be in alkali conditions

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13
Q

what would happen if you added KCN or HCN to a ketone

A

you would produce a hydroxy nitrile

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14
Q

how would you go from a hydroxy nitrile R-C(OHCN) - R to a carboxilic group and alcohol group R-C(OHCOOH) - R

A

dil HCl

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15
Q

how would you go from a hydroxy nitrile R-C(OHCN) - R to a reduced CH2-NH2 group instead of the CN gorup

A

LiALH4 in dry ether

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16
Q

Alkene to Halogenoalkane

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

A

Halogen or Hydrogen Halid

addition

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17
Q

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

alkene to alkane

A

Hydrogen and Pt/Pd catalyst

addition

reduction

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18
Q

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

alkene to alcohol

A

Steam and acid catalyst (phosphoric acid)

addition

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19
Q

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

alkene to diol

A

KMnO4/dil NaOH, cold KMnO4/dil H2SO4, warm

addition

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20
Q

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

carbonyl to hydroxynitrile

Study These Flashcards
A

HCN and KCN

addition

21
Q

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

alkane to Halogenoalkane

Study These Flashcards
A

Halogen and UV light

substitution

22
Q

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

Halogenoalkane to alcohol

23
Q

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

Halogenoalkane to nitrile

Study These Flashcards
A

KCN (ethanol)

sub

24
Q

type of reaction , reagent and conditions

Halogenoalkane to amine

Study These Flashcards
A

NH3 (ethanol)

sub

25
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Alcohol to Halogenoalkane
PCl5 / PBr3 /PI3 or HCl / HBr (made in situ) sub
26
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Acyl chloride to Carboxylic acid
H2O SUB
27
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Acyl chloride to ester
alcohol SUB
28
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Acyl chloride to Amide
Ammonia SUB
29
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Acyl chloride to N sub amide
amine
30
type of reaction , reagent and conditions 1.Alkene to diol
KMnO4 + acid oxidation
31
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Aldehyde to carboxilic acids
K2Cr2O7 + Sulfuric acid or Tollens or Fehling oxidation
32
type of reaction , reagent and conditions nitrile to amine
LiAlH4 (dry ether) or H2 & Catalyst reduction
33
type of reaction , reagent and conditions . Carboxylic acid + alcohol to ester
Acid catalyst condensation
34
type of reaction , reagent and conditions 3.Acid chlorides + H2O, ROH, NH3, RNH2 to Carboxylic acid, ester, (N-subs)amide
Dry oxidation
35
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Halogenoalkane to alkene
Con KOH (ethanol) heat under reflux elimination
36
type of reaction , reagent and conditions alocohols to alkene
Con Sulphuric acid and high temp eliminaiton
37
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Carboxylic acid + alkali to salt + water
Room temp acid / base
38
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Amine + HCl to alkyl ammonium salt
Room temp acid / base
39
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Benzene to Bromobenzene
FeBr3 and Br2 SUB
40
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Benzene to Nitrobenzene
Con H2SO4 and Con HNO3 Heat under reflux SUB
41
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Benzene to Alkylbenzene
Halogenoalkane & AlCl3 Heat under reflux SUB
42
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Benzene to Alkylbenzene
Acyl Chloride & AlCl3 Heat under reflux SUB
43
type of reaction , reagent and conditions Phenol to 2 4 6 tribromophenol
Bromine water
44
read
Other points to consider when choosing a route Yields The fewer steps the better – why? · Organic reactions seldom produce a yield of >50%. · The products requires often have to be separated before the next stage. How easy will it be to separate the product · It is usually easier to separate and purify solid products. · Recrystallisation of solids or fractional distillation of liquids Isomerism Will isomers be formed? Which types of reactions result in isomer formation? · Addition reactions when Nucleophilic Addition. Racemic mixtures due to addition to a planar starting material · Substitution reactions e.g. SN1 Racemic mix due to planar intermediate carbocation SN2 optical product only one direction to attach C delta +ve · Elimination reactions e.g.to form cis or trans products Why is the formation of isomers a problem in synthesis? · May result in different products in subsequent reactions · Biological systems require stereo-specific molecules
45
how does mass spec work and what are its key principals
how it works High energy electrons bombard sample knocking off an electron. Also possible fragmentation Key information gained Molecular weight value from m/z Formula from High resolution Mass spec with M/z values to 4 dp Stable fragments have high percentage abundance
46
how does IR work and what are its key principals
how it works IR radiation absorbed by sample causes bonds to vibrate etc. Must be polar bonds. key information : Below 1500 wavenumbers fingerprint region can be used to identify compound. Above 1500 can be used with data book to give information about the bonds which are present
47
how does C NMR work and what are its key principals
how it works : Radio waves absorbed by sample key info : No of C in different environments – no of peaks Chemical shift – the nature of the C environmen
48
how does H NMR work and what are its key principals
how it works Radio waves cause H nuclei to flip to a high energy state key info : No of H in different envionments by o of peaks Area under curve – No of H in each environment Chemical shift – the nature of the H environment High resolution Splitting pattern - The number in adjacent inequivalent H’s ie the n+1 rule
49
what is the basic function of recystalisation and also what is its steps
basic function : product is soluable in hot solvent but not in cold solvent 1 . min qualintaty of solvent added to impure substance 2. warmed to dissolve substance , insoluable impuritys left 3. Hot filtration removes insoluable inpuritys 4. allow to cool and substance crystallises out leaving soluable impuritys in 5. filter off crystalls rinse and dry rinse : rinses out in cold solvent so impuritys dissolve dry : oven or between two filter papers

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