yeo transdermal

Question 1

nasal advantages

Answer 1

avoidance of hepatic first-pass elimination and destruction in the GI tract
rapid absorption of drug molecules across the nasal membrane
relatively easy and convenient

Question 1

buccal patches

Answer 1

thinner and more flexible than buccal tablets
less obstructive, more acceptable to patients

Question 2

nasal disadvantages

Answer 2

possible tissue irritation
rapid removal of the drug from site of absorption
pathologic conditions such as cold or allergies that may alter significantly the nasal bioavailability
limited area of drug absorption

Question 3

Zicam

Answer 3

Nasal
zinc ion for cold symptoms

Question 4

Miacalcin nasal spray

Answer 4

nasal
calcitonin (32 AA polypeptide)
post-menopausal osteoporosis
long term delivery

Question 5

olfactory region

Answer 5

sensing smell that is connected to nervous system

Question 6

respiratory region

Answer 6

about 150 cm2
largest systemic drug delivery location

Question 7

olfactory region

Answer 7

small surface area
provides a direct connection bw the central nervous system and the atmosphere
contains small glands that produce secretions acting as a solvent for odorous substances

Question 7

drugs to use nasally for LOCAL effect

Answer 7

treatment of topical nasal disorders
antihistamines, corticosteroids
nasal decongestants

Question 7

systemic nasal

Answer 7

via respiratory region
fast and extended drug absorption

Question 8

drugs to use nasally for systemic effect

Answer 8

analgesics (morphone)
cardiovascular (-LOL)
hormones (levonorgestrel, progesterone, insulin)
anti-inflammatory agents (indomethacin, ketorlac)
anti-viral (acylovir)

Question 9

vaccines

Answer 9

nasal mucosa; first site of contact with inhaled antigens
lymphoid tissue underneath the nasal epithelium; dendritic cells, t-cells and b-cells
vaccination against repiratory infections

Question 10

potential route for drug delivery to CNS

Answer 10

via oflactory region

Question 11

vaginal cavity

Answer 11

drug permeation across the vaginal epithelial membrane

Question 12

advantages of vaginal cavity

Answer 12

rich blood supply
high permeability to certain drugs
avoidance of hepatic first-pass effects

Question 13

disadvantages of vaginal cavity

Answer 13

hormone dependent changes (pH)

Question 14

Gels and creams for vaginal delivery systems

Answer 14

most widely used
drawback: leakage, messiness, requires an applicator
antimicrobial pessaries or creams
estrogen creams
spermicidal

Question 15

examples of rectal stuff

Answer 15

suppositories and rectal emenas

Question 16

ocular

Answer 16

you cant really help anything with eyes with a pill it needs to go ocular

Question 17

challenges in ocular delivery

Answer 17

loss due to dilution in the tear film, fluid spillage, drainage

Question 18

eye drops

Answer 18

20-50 uL, but precorneal space accomaodates only about 7 uL

Question 19

2.challenge in ocular delivery

Answer 19

short residence time
rapid turnover of tears and squaous humor

Question 20

3. challenge in ocular delivery

Answer 20

not much flexibility in formulation adjustments
pH, omsolarity, ad solubility

Question 21

ocular dosage forms

Answer 21

eye drops
ointments
ocusert
contact lenses
injections
erodable or non-erodable implants

Question 22

eye drops

Answer 22

reduce drainage by the use of viscosity-enhancers Polyvinyl alcohol, methyl cellulose (increase viscosity) timoptix-XE gel (gelrite gellan gum) durasite (polyacrylic acid formulations) INTERMEDIATE VISCOSITY

Question 23

port delivery system

Answer 23

permanent, refillable implant surgically inserted throught a small incision in the sclera and pars plana four components: extrascleral flanage self sealing spetum body (drug resevoir) porous metal release control element