yes Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
What is an accent?
A
A distinctive way of pronouncing a language
2
Q
Define dialect.
A
Form of a language which is different from others not just in pronunciation but also in vocabulary, grammar, word order
3
Q
What is Received Pronunciation?
A
Most intelligible spoken form of Standard English
4
Q
What is the place of articulation for bilabial sounds?
A
Upper and lower lip brought together (p, b, m, w)
5
Q
What does labio-dental articulation involve?
A
Lower lip in contact with upper teeth (f, v)
6
Q
What is palatal articulation?
A
Tongue against hard palate (j)
7
Q
Define velar articulation.
A
Tongue against soft palate/velum (k, g, ƞ)
8
Q
What does alveolar articulation involve?
A
Tip of the tongue against alveolar ridge (d, t, n, l, s, z)
9
Q
What is uvular articulation?
A
Tongue against uvula
10
Q
What defines nasal articulation?
A
Lowered soft palate (m, n)
11
Q
What is oral articulation?
A
Raised soft palate
12
Q
Define dental articulation.
A
Teeth and tongue (d, th)
13
Q
What are the manners of articulation?
A
- Stops (p, b, t, d) * Fricatives (f, v, s, z) * Affricates (č, dž) * Liquids (r, l) * Glides (w, j) * Approximants (r, l, w, j) * Laterals
14
Q
What are vowels?
A
Sounds produced without obstructions to the flow of air as it passes from larynx to lips
15
Q
What are consonants?
A
Obstructions to the flow of air
16
Q
Define cardinal vowels.
A
Standard reference system used by phoneticians in classifying vowels based on the position of tongue
17
Q
What are diphthongs?
A
Sounds which consist of a glide movement from one vowel to another
18
Q
What are the two types of diphthongs?
A
- Centring – glide towards the schwa sound (3) * Closing – all end in a glide towards a closer vowel (5)
19
Q
What are the states of vocal folds?
A
- Wide apart * Narrow glottis * Position for vocal fold vibration * Vocal folds tightly closed
20
Q
What is an egressive pulmonic airstream?
A
When air is made to move out of the lungs
21
Q
What is phonation/voicing?
A
A sound created through vocal fold vibration
22
Q
What are the phases of a plosive?
A
- Closing phase * Compression phase * Release phase * Post-release phase
23
Q
Fill in the blank: Pre-fortis clipping is the shortening effect seen in plosives, when vowel is one of the long vowels or _______.
A
diphthongs
24
Q
What is aspiration?
A
Period during which air escapes through the vocal folds making the sound like h
25
Define segment.
Piece of the stream of sounds
26
What is a phoneme?
Basic set of units in speech, they are abstract
27
Define allophone.
Variations of the phoneme
28
What is contrastive contribution?
Sounds occur in the same environment and separate phonemes change the meaning of words
29
What is complementary distribution?
Sounds that do not occur in the same environment and do not result in a change of meaning
30
What are the types of phonetics?
* Articulatory * Acoustic * Auditory
31
What differentiates a clear l from a dark l?
* Clear l – the front of the tongue is raised * Dark l – the back of the tongue is raised
32
What is linking r?
Pronouncing r when a word ending with it is followed by a word starting with a vowel
33
Define intrusive r.
Linking words ending with a vowel
34
What are rhotic accents?
Accents which have r in final position and before consonant
35
What are non-rhotic accents?
Accents in which r only occurs before vowels
36
What is phonotactics?
Study of the possible phoneme combinations of a language
37
What are syllabic consonants?
Consonants that form a syllable on their own (m, n, l, r)
38
What is sonority?
Loudness of the sound
39
What defines strong and weak forms?
* Strong form – pronounced alone or emphasized * Weak forms – function words are naturally weak or unstressed
40
What is neutralization?
When two sounds can distinguish meaning in one context but sound the same in another
41
What are contractions?
Special spelling forms similar to elision
42
Define free variation.
More than one possible pronunciation in the same word or context
43
What is morphonemics?
Overlap between morphology and phonology
44
What is optimality theory?
Views grammar as a system that provides mappings from inputs to outputs
45
What is distinctive feature analysis?
Phonemes regarded as combinations of different features
46
What is assimilation?
Occurs when a phoneme is realized differently due to neighboring phonemes
47
What are the types of assimilation?
* Regressive * Progressive
48
What is defective distribution?
Phonemes restricted in combinations they can form and absent from some positions
49
Define coarticulation.
The articulation of two or more speech sounds together
50
What is an archiphoneme?
A unit found in a position of neutralization
51
What is elision?
Sounds disappear under certain circumstances
52
What is a minimal pair?
A pair of sounds that differ in only one sound
53
What is intonation?
The rise and fall of the voice/pitch in speaking
54
What are the two types of tone?
* Level tone * Moving tone
55
What is a tone-unit?
A unit generally greater in size than the syllable
56
What does a tone-unit consist of?
* Head * Pre-head * Tail
57
What is declination in intonation?
Intonation pattern starting at a high pitch, gradually dropping down
58
What are the functions of intonation?
* Attitudinal function * Accentual function * Grammatical function * Discourse function
59
What is sound?
An air particle created either by oscillation or vibration
60
Define sound wave.
Created by a sound, based on amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and simplicity/complexity
61
What is rarefaction?
Region of low pressure created when a vibrating object moves backward in air
62
What is compression?
Region of high pressure created when a vibrating object moves forward in air
63
What is an acoustic medium?
The material that sound travels through
64
What is an acoustic waveform?
A record of sound-producing pressure fluctuations over time
65
Define simple periodic wave.
Waves resulting from simple harmonic motion
66
What are the three properties of simple periodic waves?
* Frequency * Amplitude * Phase
67
What is a complex periodic wave?
Waves composed of at least two sine waves
68
What is an aperiodic wave?
Waves without a regularly repeating pattern
69
Define white noise.
Sounds characterized by random pressure fluctuations
70
What is an acoustic filter?
Passes or blocks components of sounds of different frequencies
71
What are the types of acoustic filters?
* High pass filter * Low pass filter
72
What are harmonics?
The components of the voicing spectrum
73
What does quantal theory suggest?
Languages do not use the full range of possible speech articulations
74
What is resonant frequency?
The natural frequency where a medium vibrates at the highest amplitude
75
What is a formant?
Peaks in the spectrum which have a high degree of energy
76
What are the types of formants?
* First formant – related to vowel height * Second formant – related to degree of backness of a vowel * Third formant – related to shape of the lips
77
What is a spectrogram?
A three-dimensional graph providing information on sound over time
78
Define oscillogram.
A two-dimensional graph showing time and amplitude
79
What is RMS amplitude?
A measure of acoustic intensity
80
What is the Bark scale?
A psychoacoustic model of human perception of loudness in relation to frequency
81
What is fundamental frequency?
The first peak in the power spectrum
82
What is the difference between incident wave and reflected wave?
* Incident wave – arrives at a surface * Reflected wave – bounces back from that surface
83
What does degrees of pressure refer to?
* Black is compression * White is rarefaction * Gray is zero pressure
84
What is end correction?
A short distance added to the actual length of a resonance pipe
85
What is a stimulus continuum?
A series of stimuli that vary continuously along some dimension
86
What did Ruben's tube video demonstrate?
Flame is higher at the antinodes than at the nodes due to constant air pressure
87
What is categorical perception?
The ability of listeners to perceive speech sounds as belonging to a category
88
Define phonetic coherence.
Allows speakers to produce speech sounds in a recognizable way
89
What is duplex perception?
Allows listeners to perceive both physical and linguistic properties of speech sounds
90
What is a precursor syllable?
A syllable pronounced just before a target syllable in speech
91
What is the perceptual magnet effect?
Our brain thinks sounds close to a 'perfect vowel' sound the same
92
What is the McGurk effect?
What we see overrides what we hear
93
Define the Ganong effect.
Listeners adjust their perception of a speech sound based on surrounding sounds
94
What is phoneme restoration?
Linguistic knowledge shapes speech perception
95
What is a confusion matrix?
A table representing actual vs. predicted transcription of speech sounds
96
What is signal-to-noise ratio?
A measure comparing the level of desired signal to background noise
97
What does phoneme restoration suggest about speech perception?
Linguistic knowledge shapes speech perception
## Footnote
We perceive /dog/ even when a person says only /og/
98
What is a confusion matrix?
A table where rows represent actual transcription and columns represent predicted transcription
99
What does the signal-to-noise ratio measure?
Compares the level of desired signal to background noise
100
Define triangulation in phonetics.
Locating a third point based on its distance from two known points
101
What is multidimensional scaling?
A visual representation of distances or dissimilarities between sets of objects
102
What is the goal of an identification task in phonetics?
To determine how well an individual can identify a speech sound, word, or phrase
103
What does perceptual distance refer to?
The degree of difference between two speech sounds as perceived by listeners
104
Describe a tube model in phonetics.
The vocal tract is divided into two tubes – back and front
105
What is a nomogram?
An articulatory parameter shown on the horizontal axis
106
Explain acoustic coupling.
Sound transmitted from one object to another through a solid or fluid medium
107
What is a Helmholtz resonator?
A resonant system formed by the back tube and constriction that resonates at a specific frequency
108
What is perturbation theory used for?
Analyzing the acoustic properties of speech sounds by measuring small deviations in their waveform
109
What does the theory of adaptive dispersion explain?
The cross-linguistic preference for corner vowels
110
What are corner vowels?
The extreme points of the vowel space representing the full range of possible vowel sounds
111
What is the relationship between vowel formants and the acoustic vowel space?
[high] vowels have low F1, [low] have high F1; [front] have high F2, [back] have low F2
112
What does turbulence refer to in phonetics?
The size of the channel and the volume velocity of the airflow
113
What are the types of voicing?
* Modal
* Creaky
* Breathy
114
Define ejectives.
Consonant sounds produced by a sudden burst of air compressed by closing the glottis
115
What is palatalization?
When a consonant is palatalized, the tongue moves closer to the hard palate
116
Differentiate between heavy damping and light damping.
* Heavy damping: sound of plosive consonants is heavily damped
* Light damping: sound of fricative consonants is lightly damped
117
What is nasalization?
Sound produced with the velum lowered
118
Define passive nasalization.
A vowel sound becomes nasalized due to a nearby nasal consonant without active lowering of the velum
119
What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?
* Phonetics: study of physical properties of speech sounds
* Phonology: study of the abstract system of sounds in language
120
What are the properties of a sound wave?
* Frequency
* Amplitude
* Phase
121
What is phonetic transcription?
Provides a detailed and precise representation of the sounds of speech
122
What does phonemic transcription focus on?
Simplified representation of distinctive sounds in a language
123
What does the term 'stress' refer to in phonetics?
The relative prominence or emphasis given to a syllable or word in speech
124
What are plain consonants?
Produced with only a single, narrow constriction
125
What are sonorants?
* Vowels
* Liquids
* Glides
* Nasals
126
What is syllabicity?
A property of consonants that form the peak of the syllable
127
Define underlying representation.
The abstract form that a word or morpheme assumes before phonological rules apply
128
What is a consonant cluster?
Several consonant sounds occurring one after the other (2+)
129
What is epenthesis?
A phonological process where a sound is inserted between two other sounds for easier pronunciation
130
What is vowel harmony?
A rule dictating which vowels can occur in certain parts of a word based on other vowels
131
What does vowel hiatus refer to?
Two vowel sounds occurring next to each other without intervening consonants
132
What is vowel truncation?
A phonological process where a vowel sound is shortened or eliminated from a word
133
Define markedness.
Not all segments have equal status in phonological systems
134
What is segmental phonology?
Deals with how features of one segment affect features of another segment
135
What is dissimilation?
One or two similar consonants change to become less like the other
136
What is autosegmental phonology?
Phonological features represented as separate, independent units
137
What are the four processes of sound creation according to Giegerich?
* Initiation of the air stream
* Phonation
* Oro-nasal process
* Articulation
138
What is realizational variation?
Variation in how different speakers produce the same sound or word
139
Define phonetic variation.
Variation in the pronunciation of sounds within a language
140
What is lexical variation?
Variation in vocabulary and word choice by the speaker
141
What is the difference between quality and quantity in phonetics?
* Quality: determined by tongue position and lip shape
* Quantity: how long or short the vowel should be held
142
What is a strong syllable?
Has its peak as one of the vowel phonemes
143
What is a weak syllable?
Ends with a weak vowel such as schwa
144
Differentiate between open and closed syllables.
* Open syllable: ends with a vowel sound
* Closed syllable: ends with a consonant sound
145
What is a heavy syllable?
Contains a long vowel or diphthong
146
What is a light syllable?
Contains a short vowel
147
What is a tonic syllable?
A syllable that carries tonic stress
148
What are the parts of a syllable?
* Onset
* Peak
* Coda
149
What are phonological features?
* Sonorant
* Continuant
* Consonantal
150
What is stress isochrony?
A rhythmic pattern where stressed syllables occur at regular intervals
151
What is metrical phonology?
Focuses on the study of stress patterns, rhythm, and meter in language
152
What does generative phonology seek to establish?
A single underlying representation for every morpheme
153
What is a mora?
A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages
154
What is gemination?
Two identical consonants adjacent in the same syllable
155
What is vowel reduction?
Changes in the acoustic quality of vowels due to various factors
156
Define naturalness in phonetics.
How easy or expected a sound pattern is based on human speech organs
157
What is natural phonology?
Children are born with universal phonological processes that simplify speech
158
What is linear rule ordering?
Rules should be linearly ordered, with the output of one rule serving as input for another
159
What does the natural generative phonology school argue?
The phonological component should deal with transparent, phonetically motivated processes
160
What are the functions of tone languages?
* Lexical function
* Grammatical function
161
What is the Absolute Slicing Hypothesis?
There are a limited number of phonetic units that can create the phonological systems of all languages
162
What does lexical phonology emphasize?
The lexicon plays a central, productive role and consists of ordered levels
163
What is trisyllabic laxing?
A level 1 rule that applies to words formed at level 1
164
What is the Strict Cyclicity Principle?
A phonological rule can only affect strings of sounds formed by the same level word-formation rule
165
What is liaison in phonetics?
Occurs when a word ending in a consonant is followed by another word beginning with a vowel
166
What is re-syllabification?
A process where the boundaries between syllables in a word are shifted
