Yikes

Question 1

Where are apex of lungs located?

Answer 1

•Anterior chest - the apex, or highest point, of lung tissue is 3 or 4 cm above the inner third of the clavicles

Question 3

Where is the lower border (base)? Where does it extend to with deep inspiration?

Answer 3

• Posteriorly, the location of C7 marks the apex of lung tissue, and T10 usually corresponds to the base, then to T12

Question 4

What are respiratory developmental considerations for pregnant women?

Answer 4

Enlarging uterus elevates diaphragm; decreases vertical diameter of thoracic cage, compensated by increase in horizontal diameter

Question 5

What are respiratory developmental considerations for infants?

Answer 5

Surfactant
•Vulnerability related to small size and immaturity of pulmonary system

Question 6

What to look for in inspection of respiratory?

Answer 6

Tripod. Use of accessory muscle? Sloping ribs? Color, temp, facial expression? Respiratory distress?

Question 7

What should the ratio of the anteroposterior to transverse diameter be?

Answer 7

1:2

Question 8

What is a possible condition someone with barrel chest has?

Answer 8

Emphysema

Question 9

What is crepitus?

Answer 9

Coarse crackling-rice Krispie.(emphysema, trauma)

Question 10

What is a tactile fremitis?

Answer 10

A palpable vibration

Question 11

Name the different sounds of the respiratory

Answer 11

Resonance- healthy lung fields
•Low pitched, hollow
•Dull = abnormal density in the lungs pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis
•Dullness also over liver and stomach
•Hyperresonance - when too much air is present, as in emphysema or pneumothorax.

Question 12

3 breath sounds:

Answer 12

Bronchial sounds over the trachea.
•Bronchovesicular sounds over the mainstem bronchus and posteriorly between scapulae.
•Vesicular breath sounds throughout the remaining lung fields

Question 13

Breath Sounds

Answer 13

BRONCHIAL (TRACHEAL)
High pitch, Loud, Inspiration < expiration, Harsh, hollow tubular, Trachea and larynx

•BRONCHOVESICULAR
Moderate pitch and intensity, Inspiration = expiration, Over major bronchi, where fewer alveoli are located: posterior, between scapulae especially on right; anterior, around upper sternum in first and second intercostal spaces

•VESICULAR
Low pitch, Soft, Inspiration > expiration, Rustling, like the sound of the wind in the trees, Over peripheral lung fields, where air flows through smaller bronchioles and alveoli

Question 14

Crackles

Answer 14

Course crackles: Loud, low pitched, bubbling or gurgling
•May decrease with cough or suctioning
•Fluid or inflammation Pulmonary edema, asthma (reactive airway disease)
Fine Crackles:
•Heard loudest to bases, secretions in alveoli
•Bed ridden adults

Question 15

Pneumonia common symptoms