You-Nique revision Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What does DNA stand for?
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
2
Q
What is DNA?
A
DNA contains instructions that control the development and function of all living things.
3
Q
Why is DNA refered to as universal?
A
because it is in all living things
4
Q
What are the four bases?
A
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
5
Q
Which base matches with Adenine?
A
Matches with Thymine
6
Q
Which base matches with Guanine?
A
Matches with Cytosine
7
Q
Which base matches with Thymine?
A
Matches with Adenine
8
Q
Which base matches with Cytosine?
A
Matches with Guanine
9
Q
What are complimentary base pairs?
A
A and T, C and G
10
Q
What shape is DNA?
A
double helix
11
Q
What connects base pairs?
A
hydrogen bonds
12
Q
sugar phosphate backbone diagram
A
13
Q
how many bases are there on a typical strand of DNA?
A
millions
14
Q
What is a gene?
A
one section of DNA and codes for a specific protein to determine your traits/features (e.g. hair colour, eye colour, skin colour)
15
Q
DNA is very tightly wound up into structures called ___________
A
chromosomes
16
Q
How many cells in your body have an identical copy of chromosomes?
A
Every cell except your sex cells
17
Q
Every species has a different ______________
A
number of chromosomes
18
Q
Chromosomes are inherited equally from your _____________
A
parents
19
Q
How many chromosomes are in a normal human body cell?
A
46 chromosomes
20
Q
How many chromosomes do you inherit from your mother?
A
23 from mother’s egg cell
21
Q
How many chromosomes do you inherit from your father?
A
23 from father’s sperm cell
22
Q
How many copies do you get of every chromosome?
A
2 copies of every chromosome
23
Q
What are the 2 copies of every chromosome called?
A
homologous pairs
24
Q
A cell or organism that contains two copies of every chromosome are described as ______________
A
diploid
25
A cell or organism that contains one copy of every chromosome are described as ______________
haploid
26
What is the biggest?: Cells, Chromosomes, DNA, Organisms, Genes, Nucleotides?
Organism > Cell > Chromosome > Gene > DNA > Nucleotide
27
What is a Karyotype?
A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes, organized according to size and shape, to determine any abnormanities in your chromosomes.
28
How are chromosomes arranged in a karyotype?
The first 22 pairs are autosomes (non-sex chromsomes), and pair 23 are the sex chromosomes.
29
What are autosomes?
non-sex chromosomes
30
Which sex chromosomes do you have to have to be female?
XX sex chromomes
31
Which sex chromosomes do you have to have to be a male?
XY sex chromosomes
32
The mother will always give a ____ sex chromosome
X sex chromosome
33
The father will give the second _________ sex chromosome
X or Y
34
Which parent determines the sex of the child?
father
35
All homologous chromosomes have the same _______
size, banding pattern, and centromere position
36
What is a centromere position?
same position of indent/pinch on homologous chromosomes
37
which sex chromosome is larger?
The X chromosome is much bigger than the Y
38
Trisomy 21 is another name for
Down syndrome
39
what causes down syndrome?
an extra chromosome 21
40
how many chromosomes would a person with down syndrome have?
47 chromosomes
41
What causes someone to have Klinefelter syndrome
extra X chromosome in males, 47 chromosomes in total
42
What causes someone to have Turner's Syndrome?
only 1 X chromosome in females
43
How many chromosomes would someone with Turner's syndrome have?
45 chromosomes
44
What is an Allele
Different versions of the same gene
45
Example of an Allele
(B) brown eye color, (b) blue eye colour (both eye colours just different versions)
46
What is a genotype?
the particular combination of alleles of a gene
47
What does homozygous mean?
two of the same alleles e.g. BB or bb
48
What does heterozygous mean?
two different alleles e.g. Bb
49
What is a phenotype
the visible expression of genotype in the way you look e.g. brown hair
50
what affects your phenotype other than your genotype?
your environment
51
what is a dominant trait?
a trait that requires only one allele in a genotype to show physically in your phenotype
52
are capital letters or lowercase letters used to signify a dominant trait?
capital letters
53
what is a recessive trait?
needs two of an allele before it shows in the phenotype
54
are capital letters or lowercase letters used to signify a recessive trait?
lowercase letters
55
if B= brown eyes and b=blue eyes, will a person with this genotype have blue or brown eyes?: Bb
Bb: They will have brown eyes
56
if B= brown eyes and b=blue eyes, will a person with this genotype have blue or brown eyes?: bb
bb: They will have blue eyes
57
if B= brown eyes and b=blue eyes, will a person with this genotype have blue or brown eyes?: BB
BB: they will have brown eyes
58
Is BB a homozygous or heterozygous ?
BB is homozygous
59
Is Bb a homozygous or heterozygous ?
Bb is heterzygous
60
Is bb a homozygous or heterozygous ?
bb is homozygous
61
What is a punnett square?
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles you can inherit from your parents
62
Punnett square diagram
A diagram showing the potential genetic outcomes that a child could have, based on its parents genes.
63
if a Punnett square for inheriting albinism (A=no albinism, a=albinism) contains the following: AA, Aa, Aa, aa. What is the 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 of this child being albino?
25% percent chance
64
if a Punnett square for inheriting albinism (A=no albinism, a=albinism) contains the following: AA, Aa, Aa, aa. What is the 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 of this child being albino?
0.25 probability
65
if a Punnett square for inheriting albinism (A=no albinism, a=albinism) contains the following: AA, Aa, Aa, aa. What is the 𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 chance of this child being albino?
1/4 chance
66
what is a cell?
The basic unit of all living things
67
inside every cell there are ______
organelles
68
what is an organelle?
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
69
cell membrane function
Controls the movement of substances (water, food, waste) into and out of the cell
70
cytoplasm function
Gel like fluid in the cell where the organelles reside
71
nucleus function
The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material
72
nucleolus function
found in the nucleus and produces ribosomes
73
nuclear membrane function
controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
74
chloroplasts definition
site of photosynthesis
75
what type of cells are chloroplasts found in?
plant cells
76
cell wall definition
supporting layer outside of the membrane that provides plant cells with strength and protects them
77
what type of cells are cell walls found in?
plant cells
78
mitochondria definition
organelle that converts chemical energy from food (sugar) into energy for the cell
79
ribosomes definition
tiny particles that produce protein, are either found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
80
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
creates lipids or fat (no ribosomes attached)
81
rough endoplasmic reticulum
makes and transports proteins (ribosomes attached)
82
golgi body/apparatus/complex function
modifies and packages proteins
83
vacuole definition
organelle that temporarily stores materials like water, proteins, and waste
84
vacuole in a plant cell
one large vacuole for storage
85
vacuole in an animal cell
many small vacuoles
86
is DNA a molecule?
yes it is a molecule
87
how are nucleotides bonded together?
the phosphate from each nucleotide bonds with the sugar on the next nucleotide
88
If 30% of the bases within a DNA molecule are adenine, what is the percentage of thymine?
30% thymine
89
If 20% of the bases within a DNA molecule and guanine, what is the percentage of adenine?
30% adenine
90
Are dominant traits always the most common?
No, they can be but not always e.g. dwarfism is a dominant trait
91
what does a empty circle mean in a pedigree
female unaffected by the trait
92
what does a empty square mean in a pedigree
male unaffected by the trait
93
what does a coloured in circle mean in a pedigree
female affected by the trait
94
what does a coloured in square mean in a pedigree
male affected by the trait
95
what does a diamond shape mean in a pedigree?
gender unspecified
96
what is a pedrigee diagram?
family tree chart showing the phenotypes of individuals in a family across multiple generations
97
what is used to represent generations in a pedigree
roman numerals
98
how do you figure out if a trait is dominant in a pedigree?
every affected child has at least one affected parent, once the trait disappears it does not reappear
99
what do you write when annotating a pedigree and you are unsure of someone's genotype?
'or' or a '/'
100
how do you figure out of a trait is recessive in a pedigree?
two unaffected parents have an affected child, the trait may skip a generation
101
what number is I
one
102
what number is III
three
103
what number is II
two
104
what number is V
five
105
what number is IV
four
106
what number is VI
six
107
what number is VII
seven
