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Sociology > Youth subcultures > Flashcards

Youth subcultures Flashcards

1
Q

What is youth?

A

Varies between cultures
Stage between childhood & adulthood

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2
Q

What sociologist discusses ‘disappearance of childhood’?

A

Postman

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3
Q

What features distinguish youth?

A

Education>work
Lack of responsibilities
Importance of peer group

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4
Q

Give examples of spectacular subcultures and the Birmingham research that studied it

A

Teddy boys, mods, rockers, punks
The CCCS

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5
Q

What does Parsons say about youth?

A

Rite of passage
Transitional/integration
Stressful time, leaving family’s’ security
Breaking ties
Part time jobs, spending time away
Responsibility/money management

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6
Q

How has capitalism effected youth?

A

Divided roles of the family
Youth now required training, education & socialisation

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7
Q

What does Eisenstadt say about youth?

A

Brings people into society
Feelings of stress/anomie
Safe outlet for tensions & frustrations
Normal/essential
Testing boundaries

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8
Q

Evaluate functionalism view of youth

A

Do not take into account individual differences
Social class, race & gender not considered
Evidence from white, middle-class American males

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9
Q

What does Gramsci mean by hegemony?

A

Ruling class hold social authority/dominance over subordinate classes

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10
Q

What do marxists say about youth?

A

CCCs sociologists focus on economic situation
Explained difference’s in subcultures by economic situation
WC youths face the same challenges as their whole class, despite looking different
WC youth style understood by class position

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11
Q

Name social issues faced by WC youths in the time of the CCCS

A

Unemployment
Inner-city decay
Racial tensions
Strikes

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12
Q

Evaluate marxist view of youth

A

Meaning used don’t actually exist
Fashion & behaviours don’t actually have meaning, just for fun

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13
Q

Evaluate the CCCS

A

Ignored MC subcultures (Brake- hippies)
Picked subcultures to fit analysis
Majority of youth don’t belong to a subculture
Dated

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14
Q

What do McRobbie & Garber say about girls in the CCCS?

A

Not present, presented as ‘passive girlfriends’, commenting only on attractiveness
Important to study in their own right

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15
Q

What did feminists say the reason for absence of girls in youth studies was?

A

Lack of rapport
Researchers mostly male
Girls seen as uninteresting

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16
Q

What do postmodernists say about feminist view on youth subcultures?

A

Gender not as significant
No current subcultures have gender distinctions

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17
Q

What are the 4 theories discussed in postmodernist theory on youth subcultures?

A

Subcultural capital
Neo-tribes
Supermarket of style
Club cultures

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18
Q

Who are the 5 postmodernists who discuss youth?
(T.. R.. M.. B.. P..)

A

Thornton
Redhead
Maffesoli
Bennett
Polhemus

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19
Q

What does Thornton say about club cultures?

A

Multiple cultures in dance/rave
Definers of club cultures is music taste/dance style

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20
Q

Define subcultural capital relating to social class

A

Youths knowing what is ‘in’ and popular.
Clubbers can gain status from ‘mainstream’ followers

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21
Q

What does postmodernist Polhemus discuss in youth subcultures

A

Supermarket of style
Choices mean youths can create identities based on fashion, lifestyle, culture & music
Commitment to style is less common

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22
Q

What does postmodernist Redhead say about the changes in club cultures?

A

Media can create/form subcultures different to the 1980s

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23
Q

What does Maffesoli & Bennett say about neo-tribes?

A

Neo-tribe defined as no commitment, flexible grouping.
Group identities no longer formed
People ‘filt’ and dabble in different aspects

Supports through research on nightclubs. He found no fixed gender, ethnicity etc. Clubs are multidimensional

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24
Q

Evaluate the postmodernist view on youth

A

Little evidence for neo-tribes- maybe youths want to just have a laugh with friends
Club cultures & neo-tribes said to be artificial and media driven

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25
Q

What sociologists discuss subcultures & social class?

A

Hebdige
Brake

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26
Q

Define Hebdige’s term ‘bricolage’

A

Punks using ordinary items as clothing and piercings in extreme ways

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27
Q

What does the CCCS state about how social class leads to formation of subcultures?

A

Deprivation & frustration lead to subcultures forming
Resistance to capitalism

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28
Q

How did punks emerge according to the CCCS?

A

Resistance against mainstream
Attracted unemployed WC
Involved political elements like the Sex Pistols

29
Q

What does Brake say about magical solutions?

A

Saw subcultures as magical, not practical
Collective identity gave illusion that they were fighting back but would eventually conform

30
Q

Define Hebdige’s term ‘incorporation’

A

Incorporating subversive styles into mainstream so they lose distinctiveness

31
Q

What does Thornton say about social class ?

A

All social class youths enjoy disposable income because they’re exempt from financial commitments

32
Q

What does Thornton say about gender?

A

Girls have less disposable income, married earlier & earning less so lack subcultural capital
Girls more interested in school
Boys interested in going out, music

33
Q

What does Thornton say about trends being ‘feminised’ & what example does she give?

A

When something turns from hip to mainstream it becomes feminised
Techno traceys
Females characterised as less important

34
Q

What do McRobbie & Garber say about gender?

A

Girls now critique magazines rather than passively accepting them
Magazines focus on self-confident sexuality
Girls more active in consumer culture

35
Q

How did McRobbie & Garber relate gender to ethnicity?

A

Ragga girls
Ridicule male sexism by dancing in a sexually explicit way to reclaim sexuality

36
Q

Who discusses girls becoming more active in spectacular subcultures?

A

Reddington
Punks provided outlet for girls appalled by marriage and college
Although not taken seriously (‘punkettes)

37
Q

What does Bennett say about changing roles for females in subcutures?

A

Neo tribes less gendered so girls can create own identities

38
Q

How has female roles changed in subcultures?

A

Rise of sk8er girls in Canada, riot grrrls in the US and all female-punk bands

39
Q

What does Holland’s Newcastle nightclub study say about changing female roles?

A

Nightclub and pub ‘binge-drinking’ scene has equal amounts men and women.
‘Bedroom culture’ a thing of the past

40
Q

How can ethnicity related subcultures be hybrid?

A

Subcultures formation seen by a range of responses to black immigration in the UK
Mods imitating cool West Indian styles vs the skinheads known for racism

41
Q

What are the 2 ethnic cultures discussed in ethnicity and subcultures? Describe these

A

Rastafarian: influenced by Bob Marley, red, gold and green colours, smoking marijuana to reach a high level of spirituality, resistance to slavery, political and spiritual movement, attracted Caribbean migrants to the UK

Brasians: mix of British and Asian culture. Bhangra music often mixed with pop, like mainstream singer M.I.A. Young Asians don’t accept their subordinate place in society and adopt a ‘hyper-ethnic style’ (exaggerated form of parents culture). Code-switching happens when traditional factors not selected like arranged marriage

42
Q

What is the difference between resistance and hybridity

A

Rastafarianism seen as resistance
Brasians seen more of hybridity but seen as resistance also due to holding onto traditional culture

43
Q

What does Mercer say about resistance vs hybridity?

A

Discussed black hairstyles, when styled not-within black culture it looses symbolism.
When straightened, seen as resistance.
Not seen as hybridity according to Mercer

44
Q

What are 2 examples of hybrid subcultures? Describe these

A

White wannabes: (Nayak) wc males adopting black culture (gangsta rap/wearing bling), like Ali G

Modern primitives: (Vale & Juno) loose membership (body modifications, tattoos and piercings). Sociologists said these mods is a reaction to powerlessness

45
Q

What is the issue with hybrid subcultures, discussed by Hutnyk?

A

Appropriation vs exchange
For example- (appropriation), tattoos, piercings and Chinese letter tattoos and dreadlocks seen as disrespectful
Hutnyk says exchange should be a 2-way process which isn’t reality

46
Q

What are the 5 types of subcultures?

A

Delinquent subcultures
Criminal subcultures
Gangs
Spectacular subcultures
Anti-school subcultures

47
Q

Discuss the 6 types of subcultures

A

Delinquent: old-fashioned term. Anti-social but not always criminal
Criminal: actively involved in criminal activity
Gangs: term used by media & police. Key element of violence
Spectacular: used in 50s & 60s by CCCS. Flamboyant, recognisable styles
Anti-school: reject n&v’s of school, doing well is ‘negative’, value trouble-making & disruption
Anti-education: reject education not value of academic success

48
Q

How are new subcultures emerging?

A

Though internet & online communities, anonymity is possible so deviance shared.
For example ‘lad sites like LAD bible, fan-based communities (Lady Gaga’s ‘little monsters’) or self-expression based

49
Q

What are the patterns and trends for social class and youth deviance and how can this be debated?

A

Wc more likely to be involved, most disadvantaged families
Debated if they actually commit more or are just more visible. Mc’s are ‘hidden’

50
Q

What did Jacobson et al and the Cambridge study find about social class and youth deviance?

A

Jacobson: out of 200 sampled children, similarities found
3/4 absent fathers, 1/2 in deprived household, attempted to runaway or excluded from school, 1/4 witnessed domestic violence, experience in local authority care
Cambridge study: 400 male youths, found common socio-economic deprivation key

51
Q

What are the patterns and trends for gender and youth deviance and how can this be debated?

A

Overwhelmingly male, females tending to commit more serious crimes at lower rate.
Males 20% of all crime & females 4% (2010).
But, peak crime ages 15 for females, 18 for males. After teenage years, females stop, males continue.
Female prison % increased by 150% over 10yrs

52
Q

What are the patterns and trends for ethnicity and youth deviance and how can this be debated?

A

Committed most by British males. Disproportinate number by African-Caribbean youths: 21% in custody, population only 3%. 7x more likely to be stop & searched (2010), 3x more likely to be arrested.
Asian crime increased, disproportionate no. of stop & searches

53
Q

What do Lea & Young say is an issue with OF and ethnicity?

A

Statistics don’t consider that consider crime takes place within ethnic communities (against black males- racially motivated crime)

54
Q

Who are the 4 main functionalist sociologist who explain deviant subcultures?

A

Miller- focal concerns
Cloward & Ohlin- blocked opportunities
Merton- strain theory
Cohen- status frustration

55
Q

What is strain theory & who discusses it?

A

Merton: strain between societal values and realistically what they can achieve, leading to deviance

56
Q

What are blocked opportunities & who discusses them?

A

Cloward & Ohlin: unable to achieve mainstream values legitimately, so turn to illegitimate means through one of the 3 identified criminal subcultures (conflict, retreatist & criminal)

57
Q

What are focal concerns & who discusses them?

A

Miller: aware of mainstream values but do not try and gain it. the wc have a different set of values (fc’s)

58
Q

What is status frustration & who discusses it?

A

Cohen: wc aware of mainstream values but see themselves as inferior. Instead they start to value delinquent values to gain status

59
Q

How can functionalist explanations of deviant subcultures be evaluated?

A

Generalising of wc youths
Also functionalist arguments conflict with each other

60
Q

What does Murray say about deviant subcultures? (Lone-parent families)

A

Says underclass havent recieved appropriate socialisation, different n & v’s, dependency culture. Condemns single mothers, says lone-parent family is the most damaging. Girls become emotionally unstable, getting pregnant early, seeking father figure. Boys lack impulse control, sexual predators, can’t hold down a job

61
Q

What is the Marxist view on deviant subcultures?

A

Seen as resistance to societies control

62
Q

What do left realists/neo-Marxists Lea & Young say are the explanations of deviance?

A
  1. Relative deprivation: feelings increase when people compare themselves to others, like youths and adults.
  2. Marginalisation: when pushed to the edges of society & excluded, it causes frustrations & powerlessness
  3. Subculture: as a result of 1 & 2, sc’s allow expression of shared frustration
63
Q

How can Marxist explanations of youth subcultures be evaluated? (CCCS)

A

CCCs ignored gender & generalised youths, views are outdated

64
Q

Who are the 2 main interactionists who discuss deviant subcultures?

A

Becker & Cicourel

65
Q

Who are the 2 main interactionists who discuss deviant subcultures?

A

Becker & Cicourel

66
Q

Explain self-fullfilling prophecy

A

Becker: people have the position in society to make label stick, like the police. On young people, they can increase stop & searches in youths, leading to S-F prophecy. Youths accept & internalise behaviour

67
Q

Discuss Cicourels’ US observation of delinquents

A

3 stages of dealing with potential deviants:
1. stop & search based on unusual behaviour
2. arrest based on manner & responses
3. officer at station compares to ‘typical criminal’
Linked to social class & presence of youth’s family

68
Q

How can interactionist explanations of deviant subcultures be evaluated?

A

Doesn’t explain why youths commit crim in the first place
Suggests the label comes first

Sociology (7 decks)

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