Youth Subcultures Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
How would sociologists define youth?
A
They see it as a social construct, this can be illustrated by the fact that different societies treat the period of adolescents differently
2
Q
What was the view regarding teenagers in the 1950s UK?
A
Teenagers as a distinct category didn’t exist- people left school at 14 and went straight into work, dressing in a similar way to their parents
3
Q
When did the teenage identity as we know it today arise?
A
In the 1950s as rising wages meant more disposable income meaning teens could express themselves through music, fashion, cosmetics etc
4
Q
What does Postman say regarding the media and fashion industry?
A
It is guilty of sexualising female children by encouraging them to emulate adults in dress, cosmetics, body image etc
5
Q
What is a subculture?
A
A social group that exists within a broader mainstream culture and which subscribes to a set of values, norms and traditions which substantially differ from that followed by the masses
6
Q
What makes a subculture deviant?
A
If they are perceived as a threat to social unity
7
Q
What does the concept of youth culture suggest?
A
There exists a particular set of norms and values which is shared by young people and which is distinct, sometimes opposed to that of adults
8
Q
What are the features that distinguish youth culture from adult culture?
A
Being in education instead of work, lack of responsibility, importance of pop culture, importance of peer group
9
Q
What is meant by a spectacular youth subculture?
A
Used to describe a highly visible and flamboyant youth subculture that appeared between the 1950s-70s in the UK causing young people to be seen as lacking respect for authority
10
Q
What are examples of spectacular youth subcultures?
A
Teddy boys (1950s),
Mods and Rockers (1960s), Skinheads (1970s)
11
Q
What do Functionalists say children are socialised into?
A
The value consensus and social integration in families and schools
12
Q
What does Parsons say about the social category of youth in pre-industrial societies?
A
There is no need for it as children became adults after learning what was expected of them during traditional ceremonies known as rites of passage- no longer exist in modern society other than in some religions (e.g Jewish Bar Mitzvah)
13
Q
What does Parsons say about the period of youth?
A
It can be a very stressful and isolating period as the young go from dependent to independent. As the child- adult transition is so full of tension, it has the potential to undermine youth’s commitment to consensus and therefore social order
14
Q
What does Parsons say the social category of youth functions to do?
A
Help young people successfully leave the security of the family and develop independency- get part time work, socialise with peers, go into higher education etc
15
Q
What does Eisenstadt say the role of youth culture is?
A
To socially integrate young people into society- provides people with a set of norms and values they can share with peers (gain a sense of belonging)
16
Q
What does youth culture allow youth to do according to Eisenstadt?
A
Temporarily rebel and to push the boundaries of acceptable behaviour before they settle into adult conformity- helping young express their frustrations without threatening social order
17
Q
How is the functionalist view on youth evaluated?
A
The view is over-generalising about youth culture and fails to explain the emergence of specific spectacular youth subcultures
18
Q
What do functionalists discussing youth culture fail to consider?
A
The impact of social class, gender and ethnicity on youth subcultures. Also failing to consider some YSCs may be harmful or dysfunctional to society or people in the subculture
19
Q
How are Parsons and Eisenstadt critisised?
A
They are ethnocentric- their analysis reflects their own cultural background- White MC America (males)
20
Q
Who carried out most of the Marxist analysis of youth culture?
A
Neo Marxists working at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) in the 1970s
21
Q
What did most of the CCCS’s analysis conclude?
A
The style of particular spectacular YSCs symbolised both a reaction to the economic situation youth found themselves in and functioned as a form of ideological opposition to the hegemonic power of the RC
22
Q
Why are Marxists criticised within their theory of youth subcultures?
A
They’re criticised for decoding subcultural behaviour and dress codes in terms of only opposition and resistance- missed instances when the subcultural behaviour/dress codes are conservative and inline with mainstream views
23
Q
How is the Marxist reason people join YSC evaluated?
A
People could get involved in subcultures simply for fun and excitement or because they want to emulate a media role model or because they were influenced by their peers- disagrees with Marxists who say people join subcultures to reflect their economic situation
24
Q
Which class was neglected in the study of YSC by the CCCS?
A
Middle class YSC such as Hippies in the 1960s- the CCCS focused on WC YSC that fit in with their findings rather than challenge their opinion that YSCs are groups which ideologically resist capitalism
24
How would feminists evaluate the CCCS's findings?
They would say the CCCS is gender blind and that they neglect females in their analyses
25
Why could the CCCS findings be found to more unrepresentative?
Spectacular YSCs were highly visible but only a tiny fraction of young people were committed to them
26
What do Feminists say about girls in studies of YSC?
Girls have often been ignored or marginalised by YSC theories- studies about deviant subcultures often focus only on males and if females are involved it would be regarding being a girlfriend of a YSC member
27
What did McRobbie and Garbner argue?
They argued that many studies of YSCs reinforce stereotypes of females as 'passive girlfriends'
28
What did McRobbie and Garbner say about Bedroom subcultures?
Found that girls established more close-knit friendships. They also spent lots of time together in private spaces (bedrooms). This culture involves experimenting with fashion, cosmetics and hair, gossiping about boys etc
29
What does Postmodernist Thornton say about clubbing SCs?
Some clubbers have subcultural capital and are able to define what is 'in' and 'out' using social media
30
What does Maffesoli call YSCs?
Neo tribes
30
What does Maffesoli mean by the term 'Neo tribes'?
Organised groupings of young- no fixed membership- members are loosely attached and not fully committed, concern with single issues, e.g. political issues, can also belong to more than one tribe
31
What did Bennett find in his study of nightlife in Newcastle?
He found people in neo-tribes moved in and out of their tribes freely and rarely identified with one rather than another
32
What does Bennett say is the difference between neo-tribes and YSCs?
YSC suggests shared values and commitment which is rarely the experience of modern youth
Neo-tribes denote fluidity of moving in and out of tribes, flexible identities, mixing and matching styles etc
33
What does Polhemus say exists due to the global media?
A 'supermarket of style' from which people can pick and choose their identity- commitment to one style is less common
34
What does Postmodernism not convincingly explain?
Why distinctive YSCs such as goths and emos continue to attract young people to their distinct cultures, styles, attitudes, dress etc. Also failing to explain the behaviour and attitudes of ordinary youth
35
What do Hollands and Chatterton say to evaluate the Postmodernist view of YSCs?
Youth of today are more likely to be engaged in activities which are shaped by commercial and corporate pressures rather than freely floating between neo-tribes, mixing and matching influences as they see fit
36
What are Postmodernists criticised for mistaking as Cultural hybridity?
They mistake cultural appropriation as cultural hybridity
37
What is cultural appropriation?
Refers to members of more powerful cultures stealing elements of less powerful cultures
38
What is an example of cultural appropriation in white neo-tribes?
Travellers wearing dreadlocks- dreadlocks are viewed by the Rastafarian religion as a symbol of Black African Pride and a form of resistance to white racism with regard to standards of beauty
39
What did Neo-Marxist Jefferson study?
The Teddy Boy subculture that was popular among WC youth in the 1950s
40
Why did Jefferson say Teddy Boys engaged in casual violence?
It was a form of ideological resistance to the social and economic decay of their neighbourhoods. It was also a form of ideological protest as they had been excluded from the relative affluence that existed in this period
40
What did Jefferson say about the Teddy Boys' dress code?
It was elaborate- Edwardian style brightly coloured jackets showed WC contempt for the class system and poked fun at their supposed MC 'social superiors'
41
What did Neo-Marxist John Clarke study?
1970s skinheads
42
What did John Clarke say about Skinheads?
Their culture and style was a reaction to the decline of WC communities, they were also attempting to recreate WC masculinity and community by symbolically appropriating the dress of manual factory workers (rolled up jeans, braces, Dr. Marten steel toe capped boots
43
Who also studied Skinheads?
Phil Cohen 1970s
44
What did Cohen find about Skinheads?
Their aggressive and violently racist behaviour towards immigrants was a reaction to how they saw immigration breaking up their exclusively white WC neighbourhoods- through their dress and behaviour, they were demonstrating their symbolic resistance to social change
45
What did Neo-Marxist Hebdige study?
Punk rockers in the late 1970s
46
What did Hebdige say about Punk Rockers?
The symbolism and style of punk was not new but rather involved what he called bricolage (a concept that describes the way in which cultures re-use ordinary objects or commodities to create new meanings) e.g. safety pins in their noses and bin liners as clothing- set out to deliberately shock the establishment
47
What were the reasons that Thornton said girls were not in spectacular YSCs today?
They have less disposable income than males, they devote more time and energy to doing well at school, they are also more likely to be subjected to social controls by their parents which meant they were less likely to be out at night- boys have more subcultural capital than girls
48
What does Reddington say about females in the Punk rock culture?
They played a significant role- made an anyone can do it ethos. Females were said to be the shock troops of the punks especially in the way they subverted traditional ideas around femininity
49
What did Hollands say happened in the 1990s regarding women?
There was a dramatic change in women's behaviour, leading the media to speculate about 'girl power' and the emergence of ladettes
50
What happened in the 1990s regarding all-female subcultures?
The 1990s saw their arrival e.g. riot grrls and sk8er girls in the USA and Canada- Roberts says these reflect strong and powerful female identities which resist patriarchy
51
What does Cashmore say regarding YSC and ethnic identities?
Many afro-carribean youth that were born in the UK adopted a Rastafarian identity with very visible style (dreadlocks, red, gold, green clothes etc)- saw white society as Babylon which would be destroyed by their God Jah
52
What did Hebdige and Gilroy say about Black youth?
They often adopted the Rasta spiritual lifestyle as a form of resistance to white culture and what they perceived as police racism, symbolised by the frequent police use of stop and search of black youth
53
How many times more likely are black youth to be stop and searched then white youth?
They are eight times more likely
54
What did Nayak say regarding cultural hybridity?
White youth in the 1990s were influenced by black hip-hop and rap culture also adopting black mannerisms and fashion choices- white wannabes e.g Eminem
55
What did Johal say regarding cultural hybridity?
Johal refers to MC professional young Asians as Brasians as their lifestyle often involves switching between Asian culture (respect parents, arranged marriage), and British culture (talk about girls, football, jobs etc)
56
What are Modern Primitives?
A hybrid neo-tribe- express their identity through body art e.g. tattoos and body piercings.
57
Why are Modern Primitives a hybrid culture?
They mix the primitive (body markings, tattoos and piercings taken from non-industrial societies such as the Indians of the Amazonian rainforests) with modern aesthetics
58
What do Vale and Juno say about the body modification that's undertaken by Modern Primitives?
It's a social reaction to the sense of powerlessness people feel in a fast changing world- claim Modern Primitives restore a sense of power and control of their lives by constructing via body art a unique form of identity
59
What is delinquency?
Juvenile delinquency is a term usually use to describe those petty crimes committed by young people e.g tagging, joy riding and anti-social, non-criminal behaviour
60
How many crimes do young offenders commit per year?
More than a million- half of all street robberies/ muggings and 32% of burglaries in 2010 were committed by under 18 year olds
61
What proportion of violent crimes are committed by young criminals?
1/5 and also 31% of vehicle crimes
62
How does the Centre for Social Justice define gangs?
A group of street-based young people who share common deviant values and norms, engage in criminal activity and organised violence around drugs and territory (98% male under 25)
63
What are the identifying features of a gang?
They often
- have hierarchies
- are based on ethnicity or postcodes
- are in violent conflict with other gangs
64
What are anti-school subcultures?
Groups of pupils who reject the cultural norms and values of school- such pupils may award each other praise and status for anti-academic behaviour
65
What did studies in youth crime find regarding the amount of money offenders had?
Most youths involved in crime are drawn from the poorest 20% of the population- less than 10% of persistent offenders come from MC backgrounds
66
What did Brake say about hippy culture?
Blake observed that the hippy culture that existed in the 1960s was middle class in origin as it was popular among university students
67
What is the ratio of men to women in terms of crime stats
5:1
68
What did the ministry of justice statistics say about the amount of delinquent offences committed by both genders?
82% males
22% females
69
What do official police stop and search statistics say about the amount black young males get stopped compared to young white males?
They are 8 times more likely to get stopped
70
What does Functionalist theory say generally about deviant subcultures?
Young people turn to deviant subcultures because they feel frustrated by the strain between social goals and the means available to achieve those goals
71
What does Merton say is a major cultural goal?
In western society, monetary success and materialism
72
What does Cohen say young people yearn for?
Status and respect
73
How does Cohen say middle class youth gain status and respect vs working class?
MC youth attain this through education whereas WC youth are more likely to be written off by their teachers and placed in bottom streams where they find it difficult to achieve status
74
What do working class youth experience strain between?
A strain between their immediate goal of wanting status and their means of achieving it-school. Cohen says these processes lead to 'status frustration'
75
How are working class youth said to compensate for strain?
By becoming increasingly hostile towards their school and their teachers- they turn the value system of the school upside down and reward each other with status for committing anti-school, delinquent acts
76
What did Nightingale find about the strain theory applying to Black youth?
In the US Black males also valued materialism and monetary success however they found their route to these goals was blocked by racism and poverty so then turned to violent crime as an alternative route to material success
77
What did Bourgois say about Black youth in New York that would support the strain theory?
They often turned to drug dealing because of the anguish of growing up poor in the richest city in the world
78
What do Cloward and Ohlin say the type of deviance that youth adopt depends on?
The existence of illegitimate opportunity structures in their localities
79
What did Venkatesh find in Chicago to do with criminal subcultures?
There existed a criminal opportunity structure organised around dealing cocaine - youth in Chicago could forge a criminal career in criminal SCs that present opportunities to impress management and gain promotion
80
What can be said about conflict subcultures/ territorial street gangs?
These tend to be found in deprived urban areas and often coerce youth into the gangs with threats of violence
81
What do Cloward and Ohlin say Retreatist subcultures are?
If young people fail to gain access to either the criminal or conflict subcultures, they may form Retreatist subcultures in which drug use rather then drug dealing is the main focus
82
What does Miller say to reject Cohen's ideas?
Delinquency and crime committed by WC youth are rooted in the values and norms of the of working class subculture
83
What does Miller say focal concerns are?
This WC subculture had deviant characteristics which he calls focal concerns which give meaning to the lives of WC males outside of work and school
83
What does Miller say focal concerns include?
- a heightened sense of masculinity
- an acceptance that violence is a part of life and you need to be able to look after yourself
- craving excitement, risk and thrills
84
Why is Miller criticised?
Because he provides little evidence that these focal concerns are characteristics which are unique to WC people or culture
85
How would Willis evaluate Functionalist explanations of who participates in YSCs?
Willis and his study 'learning to labour' support the idea that there is little evidence from studies of WC youth that they actually want the type of status achieved through education or jobs
86
What did Willis find in his study 'learning to labour'?
The WC lads he studies did not share the same goals as MC youth- they messed around in school as they did not see the point of qualifications, not because they were suffering from status frustration
87
What is another criticism of Cohen's status frustration in WC boys?
Most WC boys actually conform at school and even if they leave school with few qualifications, and little hope of a decent job, most don't break the law or join gangs
88
What do Marxists say Cohen should do to make his study more accurate?
Cohen should be asking why young men who have been so badly treated by society actually conform most of the time to the rules of both school and society
89
What would Feminists say to evaluate Cohen's study?
Cohen ignores WC girls- he may be guilty of being gender blind and assuming that crime and deviance are mainly a male phenomenon
90
Who do New Right explanations blame for youth deviance?
Problem families, especially one parent families (lack father figures- poor socialisation) which Murray says are an important part of the underclass
91
What has Murray been criticised for regarding the discussion of New Right explanations of youth deviance?
- fails to acknowledge problem families are often undermined by poverty rather than absence of fathers
- he also scapegoats and labels the poor/ long term unemployed, encouraging the media and state to engage in negative treatment of this group
92
What do Rex and Tomlinson say that could be used to evaluate the New Right view on deviant YSCs?
Survey evidence suggests that the poor subscribe to similar values as everybody else- their poverty is often caused by factors beyond their control e.g. recession
93
What do CCCS Marxists see deviant behaviour as?
- symbolically celebrating WC identity which they see as under threat from globalisation (immigration and recession)
- the means by which they resist the cultural domination of the capitalist class
94
What does Marxist Gilroy argue?
Some young black people may be motivated to commit crime as a political act/ form of protest against injustice and institutional racism (in society and police)
95
What does Gilroy say about riots?
They are actually political upbringings by young people who feel oppressed and aggrieved by the unequal and exploitative nature of capitalist society
96
What is evaluation for Marxist views on deviant YSCs?
Marxists are accused of over-stating the influence of social class and neglecting female delinquency
97
What do Lea and Young say deviant subcultures result from?
Two important social processes; relative deprivation and marginalisation
98
How do Lea and Young define relative deprivation?
How deprived someone feels in relation to others, or compared to their own expectations- can lead to crime when people feel resentment that others have more than them- unfair
99
What do Lea and Young mean by 'marginalised'?
Place in a position of little or no importance/ not fitting in leading to feelings of frustration or anger. Also negative treatment by police may result in further feelings or resentment to mainstream society- could lead to confrontation with authorities
100
What do Lea and Young say marginalised and relatively deprived people may do?
They may look to form or join subcultures to help cope with their feelings of frustration
101
What did the Centre for Social Justice find when researching junior gang members?
Unemployment and material disadvantage were the main reasons young people got drawn into gangs
102
What is material disadvantage?
Lacking in economic resources such as money or being in debt because of poverty
103
What is a criticism of Lea and Young's findings regarding Left Realist explanations of deviant subcultures?
There's no empirical evidence to support the view that WC or black criminals interpret their realities
104
What is the general notion of interactionist explanations of deviant subcultures?
Youth deviance is socially constructed by those with the power to label others
105
What 2 activities does Becker say are required in the social construction of deviance?
- groups such as youth, who lack power, act in a particular way
- another group with more power, responds negatively to it and defines the behaviour as deviant
106
What does Becker argue a deviant is?
Someone to whom a negative label has been successfully applied
107
What does Cicourel say about the difference in which American police treat the different classes?
American police were found to be more likely to stereotype and label WC youth as delinquent but were more likely to negotiate with MC youth and their parents- less likely to be labelled as delinquent or be charged
108
How many times more likely are Asians to be stopped than White people?
According to official stop and search statistics, Asians are twice as likely to be stopped
109
How can the interactionist explanations of deviant subcultures be evaluated?
Seems to blame labelling by police for young people's deviance also failing to explain why young people commit deviant acts before the labelling process kicks in
110
What does Jock Young say is responsible for WC delinquency?
Social bulimia as WC youth are starved of opportunity to achieve status and material success and in response feel resentment and anger which leads them to binge on crime
111
What did Harding say gang members competed with each other for?
'Street capital'- respect, position and survival- this competition often involved violence, risk and threat to life and liberty
112
What did Decker and Van Winkle say regarding WC youth and being pulled into crime?
They were often 'pulled' into gang membership by the possibility of gaining status, adrenaline and money making opportunities.
113
What did Decker and Van Winkle say regarding WC youth and being pushed into crime?
Some WC youth are 'pushed' into crime and gangs by social, economic and cultural disadvantages which bring out feelings of exclusion and marginalisation. Fear of violence and the need for protection could also push them into gangs
114
What does White argue gangs can provide for vulnerable WC youth?
A sense of social inclusion, support and security
115
Why can't WC boys adopt the behaviour of the lads in Willis' study today?
As most of Britain's manufacturing industry has gone and employers often use qualifications as a sifting mechanism even for precarious, low paid and unskilled jobs
116
What did Messerschmidt find was the reason in which males were attracted to crime?
It gives them the opportunity to 'do' masculinity- he found many young WC men find respect and status from other men to be important- deliberately seek a reputation as 'hard' men- toughness is central in the male identity- sometimes seek out confrontation
117
What does Miller say about males and deviant behaviour?
Miller sees deviant and criminal behaviour as an extension of masculine traits such as toughness and physical power
118
What does Campbell say about boys being deviant?
Boys express their masculinity through deviant behaviour because the state has created a crisis of masculinity by denying males access to legitimate masculine status through academic success, employment or the breadwinner role
119
What does Connell say about male violence?
It may be an attempt to compensate for the crisis of masculinity, however he then goes on to say that masculinity should not be seen as an excuse for violence because alternative forms of masculinity exist which don't promote crime or violence
120
What does Lees say deters girls and women from committing crime?
Girls fear attracting a bad reputation and women fear being labelled as doubly deviant as criminality is seen as unfeminine as well as illegal
120
What does Heidensohn say regarding why females commit less crime?
It is because they are subjected to greater controls from both parents and their peers
121
What do the Centre of Social Justice say about female involvement in UK gangs?
They suggest that girls are regularly subjected to sexual exploitation by older male gang members
122
What did Mac and Ghaill say about 'macho lads'?
They were an anti-school subculture who valued fighting, football and sex. They interpreted school as threatening their masculine identity and bullied more academic boys, whom they dismissed as gay
123
What did Jackson say about Ladettes?
They acted up in a laddish way- smoked, swore, acted 'hard' and openly talked about their sex lives- they believed it was cool to be clever but not to work hard- mostly from WC backgrounds
124
What did Blackman find in their study?
New wave girls- resisted school expectations and traditional stereotypes about femininity- anti-school but not anti-education so still applied to uni but mainly objected to school's attempt to stereotype them according to gender
125
What does Sewell argue regarding about black youth in schools?
They may take refuge in the company or comfort zone of other similarly disaffected black pupils. Rebel boys who make up black anti-school subcultures are in the minority- a negative stereotype of disruptive black boys dominates public discussion despite most black youth conforming
126
What did Mac an Ghaill say about Asian anti-school subcultures?
They found evidence of one called the Warriors who were covertly anti-school. However this resistance often went unnoticed by teachers who did not perceive Asian boys to be the problem
127
What did Mac an Ghaill say about the Black sisters?
Afro Caribbean girls were often anti-school but pro-education- they resisted what was perceived as racist teacher labelling of their abilities by being openly defiant of their teachers in class- however they saw education as a means to an end and worked hard
128
What do interactionalists say about the media?
It is an agent of social control which contributes to the social construction of crime by labelling young people as criminal or deviant- they also say that the media exaggerate youth deviance and create moral panics about it
129
What is a moral panic?
A period of public anxiety about some imaginary threat to society during which the youngest are scapegoated
130
What do both Cohen and Young agree is the first stage of a moral panic?
Tabloid media reports relatively trivial events in an exaggerated way- demonises a certain group e.g. youth
131
What do both Cohen and Young agree is the second stage of a moral panic?
Follow up articles by the media make the group e.g. youth more visible to general public by describing and commenting on symbols such as dress, that is normally associated with the group- media will then run articles predicting more trouble form these groups in the near future
132
What are the 3 effects of the symbolisation of a group?
- public are encouraged to see a group as folk devils to be feared and reported to the police
- police and courts are pressured by media to come down hard on the groups
- Leads to the group effected e.g. youth to be attracted to deviant groups by the fact that their parent sand adults in general condemn and object to the group's activities
133
What might result from a moral panic about certain groups e.g. youth?
A delinquency amplification spiral- the initial problem which was socially constructed by the media may be gradually transformed out of all proportion to it's initial threat into a major problem- media creates/ makes worse the problems they originally condemned
134
What did Brown observe regarding the newspapers?
They often distorted and exaggerated stories about rave dance culture that was popular in the 1990s- particularly about the use of ecstasy
135
What did Fawbert say about Hoodies?
Hoodies was a term used by the press to describe young people who wore hooded tops and baseball caps- the media socially constructed hoodies as a symbol of mischief and sales of the clothing began to soar as youth realised wearing them upset people in authority
136
What are some examples of things that caused moral anxiety?
Punk Rock in the late 1970s, new age travellers in the 1980s and dance music and ecstasy used in the 1990s
137
What are Parson's Functionalist explanations of youth subcultures?
- Capitalism- 'Rites of passage' (e.g. marriage/ having kids) now youth is extended due to the need to be trained (for work- education)
- Bridge between childhood and adulthood- Same important transitional stage for all, which is stressful as independence develops
138
What does Eisenstadt say in the Functionalist view of youth subcultures?
Protection from stress and anomie- Time of isolation, stress and anomie, which YC provides a sense of belonging- allows for rebellion and let off steam in acceptable way and to test boundaries/norms/values
139
What does Abrams say in the Functionalist view of youth subcultures?
Consumer and media- 1950s a unique time for YC to emerge due to more job opportunities and money, so media targeted youth for their spending power and consumerism
140
What can be use to evaluate the Functionalist explanations of youth subcultures?
- Ignores individual subcultural differences between youths, such as social class, race, gender etc
- Ethnocentric and biased theories- research from White, MC, American males and may not apply to all cultures
141
What are (Neo)Marxist explanations of youth subcultures?
- WC clothes/music will focus on WC tastes and reject UC norms. SCs will be spectacular as they will be keen to visibly show that they're different to UC expectations
142
What do the CCCS say about WC subcultures?
They were resistant pf the MC and capitalist system, due to feelings of deprivation and frustration
143
What can be said to evaluate the (Neo)Marxist explanations of youth subcultures?
- Fem- Females and gender are ignored
- Ignores MC YSC- Hippies
- many youths don't belong to a subculture at all
- Postmod- Marxist theory was based on the modern era- we are now in the postmodern era
144
What do Feminists say about Marxist and Functionalist explanations of youth subcultures?
They ignore girls and if girls are included then they are presented as passive girlfriends/attractive accessories to those males in the YSCs- perhaps due to researchers being male (Heidensohn-malestream)
145
What do McRobbie and Garber say about female youth subcultures?
Females form different types of subculture, often close knit, private and based on a 'bedroom culture' in which they gossip and do makeup/ fashion in their homes rather than males who join more spectacular YSCs which are very visible and public
146
How can the Feminist view of YSCs be evaluated?
- Functionalists would argue that Feminists ignore the positive role to society that YSC fulfil
- Marxists would argue class is the main cause of YSCs
- Post mods would argue gender is not as important in today's YSCs
147
What does Postmodernist 'Redhead' say as an explanation of youth subcultures?
Media and Youth Subculture- Much of the style, tastes and behaviour of YSC are learned through the media (rather than peers) as youths live in a media saturated world, and with new media many YSCs are experienced almost entirely through the media
148
What does Postmodernist 'Maffesoli' say as an explanation of youth subcultures?
Neo tribes- No longer form YSCs, instead Neo tribes which are loosely knit groups with no fixed membership or deep commitment. The youth flit from group to group, trying different styles of music and dress and then moving on. Can be a member of multiple groups at once
149
What does Postmodernist 'Polhemus' say as an explanation of youth subcultures?
Supermarket of style- youths free to pick and choose different bits of each subculture, different music, tastes, clothes and styles. There is no consensus
150
What are examples of evaluation points against the Postmodern explanations of youth subcultures?
- some YSCs like goths and emos still have a distinct style- tend not to pick and mix their tastes
- Post mods exaggerate how much influence the media has in the creation of YSCs
- Post mods focus on clothes and music but some join YSCs for political reasons
151
What do Holland and Chatterton say to evaluate the Postmodern explanations of youth subcultures?
Corporate Youth culture- most youths are in an ordinary, mainstream group- they are not overly focused on music or style, social groups or protest- wearing mainstream clothes and listening to pop music etc
