Yr 1

Question 1

What framework is used to assure high quality and ethically sound clinical research?

Answer 1

Research governance

Question 2

What does the policy rainbow show?

Answer 2

The wider determinants of health (from middle to outside)

1. Non-modifiable risk factors
2. Individual lifestyle factors (e.g. exercise)
3. Social community networks
4. Living and working conditions
5. General socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions like stigma + faith

Question 3

What contributes to socio-economic status?

Answer 3

• occupation
• income
• education

Question 4

What is prevalence?

Answer 4

the proportion of population with disease at given time point.

Question 5

What is incidence?

Answer 5

the rate of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific population over a particular period of time

Question 6

What is absolute risk?

Answer 6

the risk of developing the disease over a time period (baseline)
SO: the number of people with outcome/ total population

Question 7

What is relative risk?

Answer 7

absolute risk of exposed/ absolute risk of unexposed

Question 8

What is the sleep homeostat?

Answer 8

1. Wakefulness
2. Sleep debt
3. Sleep to repay debt
   It tracks the intensity of our wakefulness to then alter the intensity of our sleep.

Question 9

How is sleep measured?

Answer 9

Polysomnography (looks at eye, muscle movements and brain wave)

Question 10

What is the alcohol harm paradox?

Answer 10

Those with lower socioeconomic groups suffer more than affluent groups despite drinking ≤ as them.

Question 11

How do you calculate units of alcohol?

Answer 11

volume of alcohol x ABV (%) / 1000

Question 12

What is the stress-diathesis model?

Answer 12

Disorders arise as a combination of pre-disposition and life experiences.

Question 13

What is the poverty line?

Answer 13

the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country.

Question 14

What is a gig economy with zero hour contracts?

Answer 14

a labour market where organisation contract independent workers for temporary positions- > paid per delivery of service

Question 15

Give some examples of gig economy.

Answer 15

• UBER

- Deliveroo

Question 16

What is universal credit for?

Answer 16

Protects people who are on low income. Helps with…

• child tax credit
• working tax credit
• housing benefit
• income support

Question 17

What is cognitive capacity/ bandwidth?

Answer 17

Fixed resource in brain that does all of our thinking and background processes -> the more background processes (e.g. background anxiety) that are going on, the less capacity there is to do the right thing/ make the right decisions.

Question 18

Write the causal pathway analysis describing how air quality can affect osteoporosis.

Answer 18

air pollution -> worsens asthma -> osteoporosis as ICS can weaken bone

Question 19

What are the wider determinants of health?

Answer 19

• housing
• occupation
• finance/ economics
• crimes
• education
• social support

Question 20

What is the 2 process sleep model?

Answer 20

Circadian process -> wake drive

Sleep homeostat -> sleep drive

Question 21

What is the difference between social isolation and loneliness?

Answer 21

Social isolation -> measure of connectedness
loneliness -> level of satisfaction with your
connections

Question 22

What are food deserts?

Answer 22

Places that have limited access to affordable nutritious food.

Question 23

What are macronutrients?

Answer 23

• Carbs
• Proteins
• Fats

Question 24

What type of fat is harmful and found in processed food?

Answer 24

Trans fat -> causes inflammation, insulin resistance, LDLs

Question 25

What are the UK Chief Medical Officers’ guidelines for physical activity for adults and older adults?

Answer 25

- 150 mins of moderate exercise a week | - 75 mins of vigorous exercise a week

Question 26

What is the evolutionary mismatch theory?

Answer 26

we are no longer hunter-gatherers that are constantly on the move- we lead more sedentary lifestyles. There is a mismatch between genetics and human environmental lifestyle.

Question 27

What kind of inflammatory state does a sedentary lifestyle promote?

Answer 27

pro-inflammatory

Question 28

What is the COM-B method for behavioural change?

Answer 28

1. capability -> individual's psychological (i.e. knowledge) + physical capacity to carry out an activity 2. opportunity -> physical + social (doing it with others) 3. motivation -> reflective (thoughts) + automatic (desire/impulse) 4. BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE

Question 29

What is nudge theory?

Answer 29

Using our inherent need for positive feedback to stimulate behavioural change. - defaults -> opt in/out - feedback -> playing into emotions - social norms -> driven by our subconscious desire to fit in

Question 30

What are the 7 pillars of self care?

Answer 30

1) knowledge + health literacy 2) mental well-being 3) physical well-being 4) healthy eating 5) Risk avoidance (e.g. reducing alcohol, drugs, smoking) 6) good hygiene 7) rational use of products/ services (e.g. taking medications properly)