YR 2 - core ideology: SOCIALISM

Question 1

what is another phrase for Marxism?

Answer 1

revolutionary socialism

Question 2

what key thinkers can be used for Marxism / revolutionary socialism ?

Answer 2

KARL MARX & ENGELS
ROSA LUXEMBURG

Question 3

what is historical materialism?

Answer 3

everything is rooted in the material conditions of life. economic factors are the driving force behind human history. human societies are the outgrowth of their collective economic activity. economic conditions determine ideas

Question 4

what is historical determinism?

Answer 4

the engine of history rests in the internal contradictions in the system of material production each economic system in human history contained within in a contradiction that eventually led to its collapse and replacement by another

Question 5

what is dialectic materialism?

Answer 5

CONTRADICTIONS DRIVE CHANGE.

Question 6

summarise capitalism (Marxist view)

Answer 6

driven by competition and the thirst for profit
wealth concentrates in fewer and fewer hands, whilst the proletariat gets bigger and bigger and poorer and poorer
work to live

Question 7

what is class consciousness to Marx?

Answer 7

Workers first become conscious of sharing common complaints (exploitation) against capitalism and then develop awareness of themselves as forming a social class, the proletariat opposed to the bourgeoisie

Question 8

according to marxism what are the functions of the dictatorship of the proletariat?

Answer 8

-to preserve and extend the revolution
-to take control of the means of production and put them into common ownership
-to prepare the way for the communist society

Question 9

How do Marx & Engels explain the dictatorship of the proletariat?

Answer 9

It is a transition stage to the abolition of all classes, and to a classless society

Question 10

What do Marxists / revolutionary socialists think about human nature?

Answer 10

-malleable: not fixed
-we are what we live in. human nature cannot be understood independently of society.
-alienated by capitalism
-change the system, change the human nature

Question 11

what do revolutionary socialists/ Marxists think of society?

Answer 11

-it reflects + reinforces the interests of the bourgeoisie
- capitalist-taught ideas must be removed for revolution
- create a classless society

Question 12

What do revolutionary socialists think about the economy?

Answer 12

-capitalism and private property = ‘naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation’
-forms the working class who become the ‘gravediggers of capitalism’
-must replace private ownership with common ownership
-desire universal emancipation

Question 13

What do revolutionary socialists think about the state?

Answer 13

-the state cannot be captured + reformed, it must be overthrown and replaced by a dictatorship of proletariat.
-state will wither away once revolution is successful. No need for it

Question 14

What is another phrase useful to help you remember the reform or revolution debate?

Answer 14

bullets & barricades vs ballot box

Question 15

Give a key thinker for evolutionary socialism

Answer 15

BEATRICE WEBB

Question 16

What was Beatrice Webb’s principle ?

Answer 16

The Inevitability of Gradualness.

Question 17

What did Rosa Luxemburg say the Mass Strike will do?

Answer 17

• bring the proletariat together as a mass letting them overcome the atomisation.
  -educate the workers in organisation, so that they can develop that ability to organise society themselves in the interests of the many
  -unite the proletariat so that they can undermine + overthrow the state

Question 18

outline the key difference between revolutionary and evolutionary socialism

Answer 18

-rev believes that communism can only be achieved through workers revolution, where they take the means of production into common ownership
-ev believes that communism can be achieved through gradual + legal social reform + elections. REVOLUTION VS REFORM.

Question 19

outline the difference between common ownership and public ownership.

Answer 19

common - owned by workers (everyone). workers run their own work. no bosses
public - central / local government owns industries rather than private companies

Question 20

what strand of socialism came after revolutionary (Marxism) and evolutionary?

Answer 20

SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

Question 21

What government / time period created social democracy?

Answer 21

the ( Clement ) Atlee Government. 1945 - 1951.

Question 22

name 2 policies that Atlee carried out

Answer 22

• nationalisation
• used Keynesian economics
• created welfare state including NHS
• progressive taxation

Question 23

What type of social classes did social democracy identify?

Answer 23

proletariat, MANAGERIAL CLASS, bourgeoisie

Question 24

How long did social democracy last? dates.

Answer 24

1951 (end of Atlee government) - 1995 (start of Blair government)

Question 25

who were the managerial class

Answer 25

the real runners of capitalism. ran the workers but had different motives than bourgeoisie

Question 26

what did social democratics think of ownership. What was their economy called?

Answer 26

ownership isn't the issue. would rather focus on controlling capitalism than changing ownership completely so, MIXED ECONOMY - public ownership of KEY industries/services + private ownership for most other industries

Question 27

what was the new focus of social democracy?

Answer 27

- MINIMISE / WEAKEN class divisions by focusing on : - SOCIAL JUSTICE - SOCIAL EQUALITY

Question 28

what is meant by focusing on social justice and social equality for social democracy?

Answer 28

social justice - improving welfare + social equality through progressive taxation and the redistribution of wealth social equality - tackling poverty and reducing the inequality between classes, like the income gap.

Question 29

Who is the key thinker of social democracy?

Answer 29

TONY CROSLAND - labour MP + theorist

Question 30

List at least 5 key terms associated with social democracy

Answer 30

-managerial class -social justice -social inequality -mixed economy -Keynesian economics -progressive tax -welfare state -redistribution of wealth -Tony Crosland

Question 31

name the 3 similarities between revolutionary socialism and social democracy

Answer 31

1) both use class based analysis 2) both believe capitalism is problematic 3) both believe that human nature is malleable

Question 31

name 4 differences of belief between revolutionary socialism and social democracy

Answer 31

1) eradicate class stratification vs weaken it 2) no need for state vs more power to state 3) socialist reforms vs revolution 4) 2 classes vs 3 (managerial) 5) common ownership vs state + private ownership 6) no tax vs progressive tax 7) ownership is the issue vs it isn't the issue

Question 32

what strand of socialism came after social democracy?

Answer 32

the THIRD WAY

Question 33

Who is the key thinker for the Third Way?

Answer 33

ANTHONY GIDDENS + Tony Blair (not key)

Question 34

what does the Third Way embrace instead of class?

Answer 34

community. communitarianism

Question 35

what does the Third Way focus on instead of universal welfare?

Answer 35

targeted welfare. the worst off. child + pensioner poverty

Question 35

What was Anthony Gidden's Third Way book titled?

Answer 35

Beyond Left and Right (1994)

Question 36

why did Blair want to invest in education + infrastructure?

Answer 36

-to make the UK competitive globally. -better education + infrastructure causes healthy & skilled workforce with great access. brings foreign investment to the UK.

Question 36

what was the Third Way's stance on the economy?

Answer 36

neoliberalism. Thatcher's free market. empowers individual economically

Question 36

what type of equality did the Third Way believe in?

Answer 36

equality of opportunity, not outcome

Question 37

what word did Blair famously repeat 3 times

Answer 37

EDUCATION, EDUCATION, EDUCATION!

Question 38

give 1 similarity between the Third Way and revolutionary socialism

Answer 38

equality / social justice

Question 39

give 3 differences between the Third Way and revolutionary socialism

Answer 39

community vs class based analysis free market vs eradicate capitalism competitive state vs no state love vs hate private property reform vs revolution different meanings of equality

Question 40

give 3 similarities between the Third Way and social democracy

Answer 40

- state = a force for good reform not revolution - capitalism + socialism = compatible - equality + social justice - tackle poverty - positive view of human nature

Question 41

give 3 differences between the Third Way and social democracy

Answer 41

-competitive state vs redistribution state -free market vs interventionist, Keynesian state -targeted welfare vs universal welfare -community vs class -equal opportunity vs social equality

Question 42

name all key thinkers for socialism and attach them to a strand.

Answer 42

Marxism : Marx & Engels, Rosa Luxemburg Evolutionary socialism : Beatrice Webb Social Democracy : Anthony Crosland Third Way : Anthony Giddens