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Modern History > YR2: public health breadth 2 > Flashcards

YR2: public health breadth 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the 2 main parties around the 1830s?

A

Tory Party + Whig Party

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2
Q

When was the first Public Health Act of the 20th century? (1900s) ?

A

1936

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3
Q

What was the first Public Health Act?

A

1848

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4
Q

What 2 conditions did the 1848 Public Health Act become compulsory under?

A
  • if 10% of taxpayers in the town wanted the public health reform to be applied to their area
  • if at least 23 per 1000 people in the population were dying
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5
Q

Name as many housing acts as you can off the top of your head

A

-1840s Improvement Acts
-1844 Metripolitan Building Act
- 1851 + 1853 Common Lodgings Housing Acts
- 1855 Nuisance Removal Act
- 1868 Local Government Act
- 1866 Sanitary Act
- 1868 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Act
-1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvement Act
-1919 Housing Act

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6
Q

briefly summarise the 1840s Improvements Acts

A

local authorities had power over new builds, sewerage and cellar buildings. eg: 1842 Leeds, 1844 Manchester etc

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7
Q

give 1 strength of the 1840s Improvements Acts

A

had the potential to lessen overcrowding, the spread of disease and outbreaks of cholera

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8
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1840s Improvements Acts

A

local authorities didn’t have to act on this - inconsistently enforced

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9
Q

briefly summarise the 1844 Metropolitan Building Act

A

-regulated building standards in London
-addressed fire safety, construction quality + drainage in new buildings
-required all new builds to be within 30 feet of a sewer

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10
Q

give 1 strength of the 1844 Metropolitan Building Act

A

stopped human waste being piled up in the street: potential reduction of spread of disease

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11
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1844 Metropolitan Building Act

A

lack of building inspectors meant that hundreds of new builds didn’t meet regulations - sewerage was still a public health issue.

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12
Q

briefly summarise the 1851/53 Common Lodgings Housing Acts

A

all lodging houses should be registered, and inspected by police. enforced basic health + safety standards in lodging houses

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13
Q

give 1 strength of the 1851/53 Common Lodgings Housing Acts

A

public health conditions / progress could be monitored

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14
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1851/53 Common Lodgings Housing Acts

A

act rarely enforced. useless + impact less on areas where it was not enforced

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15
Q

briefly summarise the 1855 Nuisance Removal Act

A

required local authorities to employ sanitary inspectors + gave local powers to combat nuisances like cesspools with fines and prosecution

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16
Q

give 1 strength of the 1855 Nuisance Removal Act

A

eradicating filthy habits will start to slow the spread of disease

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17
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1855 Nuisance Removal Act

A

people were unhappy with government intervention in people’s private lives

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18
Q

briefly summarise the 1858 Local Government Act

A

enabled the formation of local boards of health across England and Wales. also set out housing regulations

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19
Q

give 1 strength of the 1858 Local Government Act

A

568 towns set up local boards of health in the 10 yrs after the act

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20
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1858 Local Government Act

A

the process of the boards took a long time!

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21
Q

briefly summarise the 1866 Sanitary Act

A

made it compulsory for local authorities to improve sanitary conditions + remove public health nuisances. also placed limitations on cellar dwellings for occupation

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22
Q

give 1 strength of the 1866 Sanitary Act

A

reduced the spread of diseases

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23
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1866 Sanitary Act

A

caused more homelessness?

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24
Q

briefly summarise the 1868 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Act (Torren’s)

A

local authorities could purchase + demolish unsanitary housing, particularly in overcrowded areas. + could enforce landlords to repair unsanitary housing

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25
give 1 strength of the 1868 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Act (Torren's)
guaranteed better living conditions + stronger health for the public
26
give 1 weakness of the 1868 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Act (Torren's)
economic disadvantage for landlords
27
briefly summarise the 1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvements Act (Cross's)
expanded upon the 1868 act. local authorities could clear whole districts with unsanitary conditions. + financial incentives for slum clearance and planned sanitary housing developments
28
give 1 strength of the 1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvements Act (Cross's)
large commitments + improvements to better living conditions
29
give 1 weakness of the 1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvements Act (Cross's)
there was no provision for housing those who had been made homeless in the process.
30
briefly summarise the 1919 Housing Act
state funding for the construction of 500,000 new (council) houses within 3 years
31
give 1 strength of the 1919 Housing Act
council houses for low income individuals
32
give 1 weakness of the 1919 Housing Act
long waiting list for council houses
33
name 5 individuals who contributed to providing housing for the poor (1700s-1900s)
1) Titus Salt 2) Octavia Hill 3) Ebenezer Howard 4) William Lever 5) George Peabody
34
summarise what Titus Salt did to help provide housing for the poor
-wealthy Bradford mill owner -moved his factory + his workers out of a filthy, polluted environment to the purpose-built village of Saltaire. -He built a new mill, houses, a school, a park , hospital etc for his workers. - He laid down strict rules for his workers eg trade unions were forbidden and washing couldn't be hung out to dry on Sundays
35
summarise what Octavia Hill did to help provide housing for the poor
- bought run down cottages + renovated them by ensuring they were repaired, cleaned, decorated, connected to sewers and provided with clean water. - she lent them at low rents to poor people - had more than 3000 tenants, checked on her tenants habits
36
summarise what Ebenezer Howard did to help provide housing for the poor
-theorised that people should live in harmony with nature in towns. with plenty of space, light and fresh air, and good public health. - started the garden city movement. supported the building of Letchworth, the first garden city
37
summarise what William Lever did to help provide housing for the poor
- 800 houses were built in Merseyside with allotments, a cottage hospital, schools, a concert hall, open air swimming pool and a Church. - Lever introduced welfare schemes + provided entertainment in a society of strict behavioural rules
38
summarise what George Peabody did to help provide housing for the poor
- founded the Peabody Trust with the object of providing model dwellings for the London poor. - the first block of 57 dwellings contained water closets, baths and laundry facilities. - by 1882, the Trust was housing more than 14,600 people in 3,500 dwellings -1939- over 8000 dwellings were housing over 33000 people
39
Name 2 key individuals regarding vaccinations
- Benjamin JESTY - Edward JENNER
40
Name 2 key individuals regarding vaccinations
- Benjamin JESTY - Edward JENNER
41
What disease did Jenner + Jesty develop a vaccine for ?
Smallpox
42
What virus is Smallpox caused by?
Variola virus
43
Smallpox : what symptoms did it cause and was it fatal ?
- contagious - caused fevers and progressive skin rashes. Leaves permanent scars - most people recovered from it but 3 in 10 people with smallpox died
44
What did Jesty do to develop the smallpox vaccine ?
- inoculated his wife and son with cowpox during a local smallpox outbreak - he used cowpox material from sores on cows, transferring it with a needle. - his family remained immune
45
In what year did Jesty test his vaccine theory ?
1774
46
What opposition did Jesty face?
-physically and verbally abused by his community.
47
Why did Jesty face opposition?
-people thought his actions were dangerous for a farmer with no formal medical training -people thought using an animal disease to protect humans was odd and unnatural
48
What did Jenner do to develop the smallpox vaccine ?
-built on the work of Jesty -innoculated a 10 year old boy with cowpox, and later exposed him to smallpox -the boy didn’t contract smallpox
49
What was the name of the boy that Jenner innoculated ?
James Phipps
50
How did Jenner spread his discovery ?
Published his findings in : An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae (1798)
51
When did Jenner test the smallpox vaccine theory? How long after Jesty was this?
1796. 22 years after Jesty.
52
What groups did Jenner face opposition from? (2)
- the public - the medical community
53
Why did the medical community criticise Jenner ?
His actions were dangerous as he was not fully medically trained
54
Why did the public criticise Jenner?
-seemed strange / dangerous to use an animal disease on humans -the belief that smallpox was a divine punishment from God -variolaters (old vaccine method) would suffer economically -poor medical hygiene sometimes caused infections - people didnt trust it
55
NAME 4 vaccination acts
-1840 Permissive Vaccination Act -1853 Vaccination Act -1871 Compulsory Vaccination Act -1898 conscience clause -1907 Vaccination Act
56
What opposition did the government face for their vaccination legislation?
Public opposition to the compulsory aspects. For example, anti - vaccination societies
57
Why did people oppose the government’s vaccination legislation?
-FEAR OF HARM: poor sanitation in procedures led to serious infections -RELIGIOUS BELIEFS: smallpox = God’s divine punishment, so don’t stop it -CLASS TENSIONS: working class families saw it as another way for upper classes to control their lives
58
What did the 1840 permissive vaccination act do ?
Poor law vaccinators could vaccinate anyone free of charge. Not compulsory
59
What did the 1871 compulsory vaccination act do?
Local health boards had to appoint vaccination officers and could fine parents 25 shillings for not having children vaccinated, or imprisonment if fines not paid
60
By the end of 1898, ___________ exemption certificates had been issued after the conscience clause was introduced in
203,000
61
Identify at least 2 duties of medical officers of health
-tackling infectious diseases -regulating markets, offensive trades and slaughterhouses -taking responsibility for water supply, sewerage, paving, food inspection etc -being responsible for monitoring hospitals, sanitary burials + diseases
62
Which act appointed the first medical officer of health? Where?
The Liverpool Sanitary Act 1846
63
What is tuberculosis
- arguably biggest killer of 1800s Britain -primarily affected the lungs - highly contagious through coughs, sneezes, spit
64
What is tuberculosis often referred to as ?
‘Consumption’ - due to the wasting away of the body that it caused
65
How did medical officers of health help reduce the spread of TB?
gave out leaflets about how to prevent the spread of the disease, banned spitting in public places etc
66
Give at least 2 act that helped reduce the spread of tuberculosis
1866 Sanitary act limited use of cellar dwellings (harder to spread) 1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvement act allowed demolition of whole slum areas 1922 Mandatory pasteurisation of milk 1934 milk act
67
What was bovine tuberculosis?
Transmitted from infected cattle to humans (infected milk) . High in children
68
When did the ministry of health order the mandatory pasteurisation of milk?
1922
69
What was the 1934 Milk Act? How many schoolchildren did this affect by 1937?
Free / subsidised milk became available to children in school. By 1937 3.2 million schoolchildren were receiving free milk
70
What was SANATORIA?
Specialised facilities for the long term treatment of TB patients. Rest, fresh air and good nutrition
71
Compare the number of sanatoria across Britain in 1911 and 1930
1911: 84 sanatoria 1930: 500 sanatoria
72
Name 2 childrens acts
1) Education Act (Provision of meals) 1906 2) 1907 Education Act 3) 1908 Children and Young Persons Act
73
Who were free school meals given to from the Education Act 1906??
Provided to schoolchildren whose parents were on very low incomes and / or living in poverty
74
What did the 1907 Education Act introduce?
-new school medical service set up overseen by board of education -local authorities responsible for setting up school clinics - clinics could vaccinate
75
What changes did the 1908 Children and Young Persons Act bring?
-children made protected persons, could prosecute parents for neglect / cruelty -childrens homes inspected -cigarettes not sold to under 16s -under 14s not allowed in pubs -juvenile courts + prisons set up for youth offenders

Modern History (8 decks)

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