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Question 1

What is the purpose of Fume Hoods?

Answer 1

Fume Hoods expel hazardous fumes from chemical reagents. They should be inspected for blockages and ventilation velocity.

Question 2

What do Biosafety Cabinets do?

Answer 2

Biosafety Cabinets remove harmful particles of infective biological specimens and offer varying levels of protection depending on biosafety level.

Question 3

What are the Risk Groups of Microorganisms?

Answer 3

Risk Group 1: No/low individual and community risk.
Risk Group 2: Moderate individual risk, low community risk.
Risk Group 3: High individual risk, low community risk.
Risk Group 4: High individual and community risk.

Question 4

What are the Biosafety Containment Levels?

Answer 4

Level 1: Basic lab, non-pathogenic organisms.
Level 2: Pathogenic to humans but not a serious hazard.
Level 3: Serious diseases, treatment usually available.
Level 4: Lethal pathogens, easily transmitted, no effective treatment available.

Question 5

What is a Light Microscope?

Answer 5

A Light Microscope uses compound lenses to magnify objects with magnifications of 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x.

Question 6

What is Borrelia burgdorferi?

Answer 6

Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete that causes Lyme disease.

Question 7

What is Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 7

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive rod that causes anthrax and is spore-forming.

Question 8

What is Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 8

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive diplococcus that causes pneumonia.

Question 9

What is Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 9

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive sphere that can be pathogenic.

Question 10

What is Clostridium tetani?

Answer 10

Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive rod that is spore-forming and causes tetanus.

Question 11

What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

Answer 11

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a budding yeast used in baking and brewing.

Question 12

What is Rhizopus sporangia?

Answer 12

Rhizopus sporangia are filamentous fungi that act as decomposers.

Question 13

What is Taenia?

Answer 13

Taenia is a parasitic helminth that causes taeniasis.

Question 14

Why is Aseptic Technique important?

Answer 14

Aseptic Technique prevents contamination of the work area/person and prevents contamination of the sample.

Question 15

What are the types of Growth Media?

Answer 15

Complex Media: Composition not precisely known (e.g., TSA, nutrient broth).
Defined Media: Precisely known composition (e.g., minimal agar).

Question 16

What is an Autoclave?

Answer 16

An Autoclave operates at 121°C, 15 psi, for 15 minutes.

Question 17

What is contamination?

Answer 17

Contamination is the presence of unwanted microbes.

Question 18

What are the forms of Culture Media?

Answer 18

Broths: Liquid media, growth observed as turbidity, pellicle, or sediment.
Agar Slants: Solidified media in test tubes.
Agar Plates: Solid media in petri dishes.

Question 19

Who developed Pure Culture Techniques?

Answer 19

Robert Koch developed methods to isolate bacteria.

Question 20

What is a Colony?

Answer 20

A Colony is a visible bacterial mass originating from one cell.

Question 21

What is Colony Morphology?

Answer 21

Colony Morphology differentiates species based on appearance.

Question 22

What are Positive Stains?

Answer 22

Positive Stains are dyes that bind to cells (basic stains).

Question 23

What are Negative Stains?

Answer 23

Negative Stains are dyes that are repelled by cells, staining the background.

Question 24

What are the steps for Simple Stain?

Answer 24

1. Prepare a smear. 2. Add dye. 3. Rinse with water. 4. Dab dry.

Question 25

What does Gram Staining differentiate?

Answer 25

Gram-Positive: Purple (thick peptidoglycan layer). Gram-Negative: Red (thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane).

Question 26

What factors affect Gram Stains?

Answer 26

Older cultures may stain incorrectly. Thick smears can entrap crystal violet. Over- or under-decolorization affects results.

Question 27

What is Acid-Fast Staining used for?

Answer 27

Acid-Fast Staining is used for Mycobacterium (e.g., M. tuberculosis).

Question 28

What is the Ziehl-Neelsen Method?

Answer 28

The Ziehl-Neelsen Method requires heat for Acid-Fast Staining.

Question 29

What is the Kinyoun Method?

Answer 29

The Kinyoun Method does not require heat for Acid-Fast Staining.

Question 30

What does Endospore Staining differentiate?

Answer 30

Endospore Staining differentiates vegetative cells (pink) and endospores (green) using the Schaeffer-Fulton Method.

Question 31

What is Biochemical Identification?

Answer 31

Each bacteria has a unique biochemical fingerprint based on enzyme presence.

Question 32

How is Fermentation detected?

Answer 32

Using Phenol Red Broth: Red = No fermentation; Yellow = Acid production (fermentation occurred).

Question 33

What does the Citrate Utilization Test determine?

Answer 33

It tests if bacteria can use citrate as a sole carbon source. Positive: Blue color (citrate utilized); Negative: Green color.

Question 34

What does the Starch Hydrolysis Test determine?

Answer 34

It determines if bacteria can break down starch. Positive: Clearing around growth after iodine; Negative: No clearing.

Question 35

What does the DNase Test detect?

Answer 35

The DNase Test detects deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. Positive: Clearing around growth; Negative: No clearing.

Question 36

What does the Lipase Test detect?

Answer 36

The Lipase Test detects the ability to hydrolyze lipids. Positive: Halo around growth; Negative: No clearing.

Question 37

What are the expected results for E. coli?

Answer 37

E. coli: Gram (-), Glucose (+), Lactose (+), Sucrose (-), Citrate (-), Starch (-), DNase (-), Lipase (-).

Question 38

What are the expected results for S. aureus?

Answer 38

S. aureus: Gram (+), Glucose (+), Lactose (+), Sucrose (+), Citrate (+), Starch (-), DNase (+), Lipase (+).

Question 39

What are the expected results for B. subtilis?

Answer 39

B. subtilis: Gram (+), Glucose (+), Lactose (-), Sucrose (+), Citrate (+), Starch (+), DNase (-), Lipase (+).

Question 40

What are the expected results for S. marcescens?

Answer 40

S. marcescens: Gram (-), Glucose (+), Lactose (-), Sucrose (+), Citrate (+), Starch (-), DNase (+), Lipase (-).

Question 41

What are the expected results for P. vulgaris?

Answer 41

P. vulgaris: Gram (-), Glucose (+), Lactose (-), Sucrose (+), Citrate (+), Starch (-), DNase (+), Lipase: Varies.