Zeba Crook Flashcards

Question

Moses and Sinai

Answer 1

* gets the 10 commandments at Sinai * enters into mosaic covenant with God (God will protect the Israelites)

Answer 2

* one of 12 spies sent to Canaan by Moses to explore it re-conquest * led the conquest of Canaan after Moses' death

Answer 3

* 1250 BCE * Jews flee Egypt for Canaan * no evidence of slavery in Egypt

Answer 4

* Passover * each Israelite to slaughter an unblemished lamb and put its blood on the door so the first borns would not die (as one of the plagues)

Answer 5

* where the people go after leaving Egypt and after the covenant on Mr. Sinai * **taking the land of Canaan - a covenant duty**

Answer 6

* Storm fertility God (Asherah his wife) * called to them to make crops grow * Israelites NOT bound to them, bound to Yahweh in political contract * still tribal society

Answer 7

Belief that your God is the best God so you are loyal to that God but don't deny the existence of other gods

Answer 8

* portable shrine to Yahweh that travel with

Answer 9

* Saul - 1045-1011 BCE * David - 1011-971 BCE * Soloman - 971-931 BCE

Answer 10

* First King of Israel after the Period of Judges (Solomon last judge) * Israel went from tribal society to statehood

Answer 11

* **unites all the tribes into one nation** * Israel then rich; can trade as a nation * attacks and takes city, calls it Jerusalem to avoid dispute; Ark brought to Zion

Answer 12

* **Remembered for building the First Temple 931 BCE at end of his reign** * **was David's son** Temple: place where God lives on earth

Answer 13

* **Annointed one** * When Kingship fell, was hope God would send new son of David (messiah) to restore the House of David

Answer 14

1. **Spokesperson for Yahweh** ("classical prophet") 2. Has strident message for group he's addressing - explains how, despite conquests, God DID uphold his end of bargain (justifies Babylonian punishment of Jews)

Answer 15

* **Belief in one almighty God** * developed due to Diaspora - worship God of Israel even if not in Israel; God of Israel is God of the World; Judaism exists without statehood * NOW call them Jews/have Judaism

Answer 16

A non-Israelite Jew spread throughout the Mediterranean (diff. traditions and language)

Answer 17

1. Diaspora Jew 2. Prophet 3. Monotheism 4. Septuagint

Answer 18

* also seen as **LXX** * Considered the primary **Greek translation of the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible)**

Answer 19

* **587 B.C.E.** * Kingdom of Israel (Judah) destroyed * done under Nebuchadnezzar

Answer 20

* Given religious authority in Judea (after Jews brought back to Israel post 539 BCE, post Babylonian captivity- freed by King Cyrus) to **renew the covenant obligations to their God** * Task was to purify the Jewish people

Answer 21

**Ruling class, priests, nobility** in Roman period in Palestine, cooperated with Romans (Roman period is circa 66BCE to...

Answer 22

* Scribes, teachers, rabbis - forefunners of Rabbinic Judaism (**Jesus was one of these -** some Jews saw him as Messiah and called themselves Christian) * **believe in narrative of the Oral Torah (Talmud)**

Answer 23

* splinter group of **Zealots who opposed Roman occupation**; use guerilla warfare

Answer 24

* activists who **wanted a violent overthrow of Roman dominion** to establish independent Jewish state

Answer 25

* **Separatists who withdrew from Jewish society as saw it as corrupt**; lived in desert near Dead Sea; practices "pure" judaism

Answer 26

* process of giving / imposing Greek culture on people

Answer 27

* tried to Hellenize the Jews under the Seleucids * set up altar of Zeus in Jewish Temple * prohibited Jewish practice c. 167 BCE * Maccabees drive out Seleucids and cleanse the temple in 165 BCE (**Hannukah**)

Answer 28

* Jewish rebel warriors who took control of Judea, which at the time was part of the Seleucid Empire * Protested hellenized Jews * 167 BC to 160

Answer 29

* Judean war agains the Romans * 66-70 C.E. * results in destruction of the 2nd Temple (70)

Answer 30

* where one of the sieges took place in the Jewish War

Answer 31

* **Oral Torah** * written in **Aramaic** * Interprets the written Torah

Answer 32

* Jewish philosopher / theologian * **called Rambam** * **relationship between reason / revelation** * Divine omnipotence vs. free will * 12th Century (same time as Halevi who opposed him)

Answer 33

* scripturalists * **challenged the concept of the Talmud**

Answer 34

* did **Arabic translation of the Hebrew Bible** (Old Testament) * said no conflict between revelation and rabbi's reasoning * 800's (9th Century)

Answer 35

* defended traditional jewish piety versus philosophical rationalism (speculative God not God of Abraham) * 12th Century

Answer 36

* **"tradition"- medieval mystical tradition** * mystical experience of closeness to God * **seek divine unification with God, self erased** * seen as escapism (escape reality to be with God)

Answer 37

* said to be the messiah in 17th C * arrested, converts to Islam to save himself

Answer 38

* means **splendor** * Central work of the Kabbalah * it is the **mystical commentary on the Torah** * written in **13C so 1200's**

Answer 39

* **Founder Hassidic Judaism** * Called Besht * Master of the Good Name * Be Joyful

Answer 40

* **emphasis on joyful prayer** vs following letter of the law * **Eliezer/Baal Shem Tov** (Besht) - becomes modern day Lubovitch (The **Master of the Good Name**)

Answer 41

* **nationalism** * not all zionists are Jewish * final impetus for move to Palestine and State of Israel (1948)

Answer 42

* he says that till Jews have a homeland of their own and security they will be persecuted * not all ppl agree...then....the Holocaust * 1800's

Answer 43

* Jews of Spain and the Mediterranean areas

Answer 44

* Jews of Germany and France that had emmigrated when Jews spread into Christian Europe

Answer 45

* the Final Solution of Adolph Hitler to exterminate the Jews * 63% of 9.5 million Jews die in Holocaust * facilitated by global Chrstian antisemitism and anti-judaism * Also referred to as **Shoah (burnt offering)**

Answer 46

* The Night of Broken Glass * 30,000 Jews arrested in Germany, many killed after Jew in Paris kills German ambassador over treatment of Jews in Germany

Answer 47

* **blend of German and hebrew** * spoken alot by Jews in central and eastern Europe before the Holocaust

Answer 48

* surviving sect that breaks away from Judaism and is waiting for their "messiah" - another king like David to defeat the Romans

Answer 49

Approximately 4 BCE, Galilee

Answer 50

* Supposed biography of Christ's life * NOT written by Jesus

Answer 51

* The trial and death of Jesus * Happens in Jerusalem at Passover

Answer 52

* the **apostle to the gentiles** * name changes from Saul to Paul after encounter with God * did not believe in circumcision or kashreth * **1st Century**

Answer 53

* **Jesus not man of flesh, no death/resurrection** * were docetic (Jesus "appears" as human) * defn: to know something * 2nd Century

Answer 54

* entirely opposed the Hebrew Bible * thought Yahweh was evil * saw Jesus as docetic like the Gnostics

Answer 55

* **313 CE - legalizes Christianity (first Freedom of Religion document)**

Answer 56

* Constantine (4th Century) has vision, Labarum/Chi-Ro - on Emperor's Flag, "Chi-Rho" has 1st 2 Greek letters of word Christ * This vision likely led to Edict of Milan (313 CE) after he wins the battle (which is thinks is due to Christ's protection)

Answer 57

* 4th Century * **Arius**: Jesus is not eternal, was created so NOT same as God, not same substance * **Athanasius**: co-eternity of God and Jesus * **Winner: Athanasius**

Answer 58

* **homoiousin** - similar in substance to God but different * **homoousion** - members of Trinity one being, same substance as God

Answer 59

* solution to theological debate * **decided in Nicea, 325 CE (Trinity) - Jesus and God co-substantial, co-eternal**

Answer 60

* **1854 - refers to birth of Mary** * Mary born without sin to be able to be the "Mother of God" - i.e. mother of Christ

Answer 61

* **Christ has two persons (human / divine)** * solution to how he can both suffer as human AND be God

Answer 62

* Only ONE nature - the divine consumed the human

Answer 63

* "the bearer of God" * during the post-nicene creed debate about whether Mary was the "mother of God" or "Mother of Christ" * Mother of God wins out and later solved by "Immaculate Conception" 1854

Answer 64

* 451 CE * decide Jesus is one person (monophysite view) with BOTH human and divine natures (i.e. compromise)

Answer 65

* various Christian wars in 11th, 12th and 13th C to take the Holy Land back from Muslims * **637 CE** - Jerusalm falls to Umar (Islam) * **1099 CE -** Crusaders win Jerusalem back from Muslims * changes hands many times still strictly Islamic

Answer 66

* **1054 CE -** split between the 2 branches of Christianity * leads to devp. of Roman Catholicism * Eastern Orthodox Christians - use Greek * Roman Cath: in West - use Latin, Pope head

Answer 67

* Adds words "**and the Son" (translation of Latin)** so the Holy Spirit proceeds from BOTH the Father and the Son * supporters say that it does not make the Holy Spirit subservient to the Father and Son

Answer 68

* 9th Century Greek Monk * Cyrillic Alphabet - based on Greek alphabet

Answer 69

* Iconoclast - do not accept using icons in worship * Iconodules (who win) do accept using the art / icons * 7th Century

Answer 70

* 15th Century (printing press invented) so Bible translated and printed in vernacular * Invented by Gutenberg, 1440

Answer 71

* **1517 CE** * in response to corruption in Rome (e.g. Indulgences) * charged and excommunicated

Answer 72

* Germany - this is where Luther nails his thesis to the wooden door of a church

Answer 73

* **Sola Fide/ Gratia**: faith and grace alone (humans can do nothing to bring salvation) - bad for sale of indulgences * **Sola Scriptura**: only scriptures valid so if not in there (i.e. indulgences, confession, celebacy) then not valid - attacks practice

Answer 74

1. Protestant Reformation 2. Splinter groups - e.g. prebyterians, mennonites, puritans, baptists, etc. 3. **Council of Trent** - established to oppose reformation but too late

Answer 75

* 1521 * Council that decides Luther's fate

Answer 76

* **16th Century** * Pope cannot tell us how to interpret scripture; it's a "closed" practice, no priesthood * "Priesthood of all believers" - people can read and interpret Bible for themselves

Answer 77

* **Church of England** * formed by Henry VIII 16th Century **1534 CE** * called **episcopalian in the U.S.**

Answer 78

* Head of the Anglican Church * NO absolute power (not like Pope)

Answer 79

* **1962-65** * modernization of Catholicism * (women still not priests, still papal infallibility) * **Ecumenical Council:** Cath. church decides other religions okay - ppl can go to heaven, stopped praying at Easter for conversion Jews

Answer 80

* **Islam**: Surrender * **Muslim**: the person who submits, surrenders

Answer 81

* Repeat Shahadah 3 times plus **_have the "intention" to convert_**

Answer 82

Recitation

Answer 83

* NO. they are not. Arabs can be any religion * 80% Muslims are NOT Arab + 10% of all Arabs are not Muslim

Answer 84

* pre-Muslim monotheists * include Jews and Christians * the people who, during the pre-Islamic period or Jahiliyyah, rejected idolatry and retained some or all of the tenets of the religion of Abraham which was "submission to God" in its purest form

Answer 85

* **570 CE** * born Qurayshi * called "trustworthy one"

Answer 86

* Ali's (4th Caliph, 1st Imam) father * Muhammad's uncle (father's brother)

Answer 87

* Muhammad's wife * Dies of natural causes

Answer 88

* Where Prophet Muhammad received the first revelations of the Holy Quran during the month of Ramadhan in **610 CE.(Night of Power)**

Answer 89

* Samaritans say that this was the location chosen by Yahweh for the holy Temple versus Mount Zion - which is what is now considered by many Jews to be the location

Answer 90

* record of the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad

Answer 91

* Flight from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) * Goes with followers to arbitrate their feuds * Yathrib becomes Medina * **622:** Hijra year 1 in Islamic Calendar

Answer 92

* Daughter of Muhammad * married to Ali (4th Caliph)

Answer 93

* Arabia prior to the advent of Islam * called the **Age of Ignorance**

Answer 94

* First Muslim community **622 CE / 1440 AH** * religio-political entity * begins Islamic time calendar

Answer 95

* early battle for Muhammad (against the other Quraysh in Mecca) - Muslim vs Meccan * **624 CE** * apparently had divine intervention to help the **Muslims win** (Meccan army much larger)

Answer 96

* **Uhud - 625 CE -** battle between early Muslims and Meccans * Muslims lost to Meccans

Answer 97

* 1st four Caliphs who (in Orthodox fashion) guide Muslims

Answer 98

* Proclaims that Muhammad is dead and that God is alive and immortal * 1st Caliph * FULLY establishes Islam in Arabian Peninsula

Answer 99

* 2nd Caliph * **appointed by Abu Bakr** * Just treatment of Jews & Chrstians

Answer 100

* 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph * **oversees offical creation of Qur'an**, **gives the authority of "it" being the "official Qur'an" then destroys any other versions** * **BUT: corrupt, nepotistic so killed**

Answer 101

* 4th Caliphate * cousin / son-in-law of Muhammad * battle with Mu'awiyah **657 CE (Battle Siffin)** and Ali stops it (seen as against God's will), **Kharijites** kill Ali

Answer 102

* **Battle of Siffin - 657 CE** - Ali versus Mu'awiyah after Uthman murdered; ends in arbitration and the Kharijites killing Ali after he backs down and beginning of Umayyan Dynasty

Answer 103

* areas controlled by unbelievers * areas **outside Muslim rule**

Answer 104

* **680 CE** * Battle between Hasayn (Ali's son) and Yazid (Mu'awiyah's son) - Yazid wins * Leads to split of Islam into Sunni & Shiite * in time of Umayyad Dynasty

Answer 105

* Sunnites - saw **caliphs** as proper successors to Muhammad * Shi'ites - saw **Imams**, through Ali's lineage, as proper successors of Muhammad and **meaning of Imam for them is bloodline**

Answer 106

* **661 CE to 750 CE** * rule from death of Ali **661 CE** on * **Damascus Umayyad Capital** * Split of Islam between Sh'i / Sunnis

Answer 107

* **750 CE to 1258 CE** * **Baghdad now capital** * Now Persian movement, not Arab * Golden Age of Islam

Answer 108

* **see Imams as divinely mandated leader** * Bloodline of Muhammad through Ali * see Ali (4th Caliph) as 1st Imam

Answer 109

* **1st 4 important: Ali, Hasan, Husayn, Ali-zayn** * 5th: some say Al-Baqir, some Zayad (Al Baqir wins cuz battles Sunis) Zadies called **Fivers** * 6 - Jafar - appoints Musa (Ismail died) * 7 - Musa (some thought Ismail's son should have been appointed - called **Seveners)** * **12 -** Mehdi (Hidden Imam) **said he is the messiah or "Mahdi"**

Answer 110

* hiding * means "in the dark"

Answer 111

* means "gates" or "door" * Imam gone so they act as intermediairies with God * 4 of them then darkness again

Answer 112

* **Mystical Islam** * Goal: be **one with God** * NOT a sect, way to being religious * Disdain legalism

Answer 113

* **Dhikr = remembrance (remember God)** * ritual prayers said to glorify God

Answer 114

* Islamic Suffi poet (comparable to Shakespeare) * 1200's

Answer 115

1. Love God (legalism is fear based, so no) 2. Nearness to God 3. Bliss - lose distinction bet. you and God 4. Annihilation of self - consumbed by God **(Fana)**

Answer 116

* 11th C * tried to normalize Sufism but those people were seen as blasphemers (executed) * eventually accepted practice

Answer 117

* Muslim leader in Uzbekistaan executes 450 Mongol merchants * Genghis Khan therefore comes & takes control of Abassid Dynasty * **Fall Abassid Empire - 1258**

Answer 118

1. **Mughal** Empire - (early 16th C) **India** / East 2. **Safavid** Empire - **Iran** (later is Shi'a), was under Shah of Iran 1500's 3. **Ottoman** Empire (**Turkey**, Eastern Europe) - longest, till 1917

Answer 119

* purify centuries of beliefs/practices to **return to purity of Qur'an** * today influence dominant in Saudi Arabia

Answer 120

* Shia religious leader 1920's * some believe he was the returned 12th Imam or messiah *

Answer 121

1. Torah - laws 2. Nevi'im - prophets 3. Ketuvim - writings Only source of scripture for the Israelites

Answer 122

Also the first 5 books of Hebrew Bible or the 5 Books of Moses 1. Genesis - Bereshit - creation to Exodus 2. Exodus - out of Egypt 3. Leviticus- Priestly purity 4. Numbers -Sinai to Canaan 5. Duteronomy - instruction - narrative, laws, death of Moses (are 613 laws)

Answer 123

* also in Christian bible * more than one creation account (Elohim vs Lord God / veg before / after humans - differs * 4 sources of writing, compiled them

Answer 124

* **how is God just** (why do bad things happen to good people)

Answer 125

* **myths of origins** (explains how things started)

Answer 126

1. **Forme**r: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings (more historical legend, social critique) 2. **Later**: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, The Twelve (are prophets)

Answer 127

* 11 books * not all books - poetry, sayings, proverbs, myths - not very religious, no mention God

Answer 128

* **Interpretation of the Tanakh** 1. **Halakhah** - legal, applicaiton of the law (like the Islamic Sharia law - follow law of God) 2. **Haggadah** - narrative Seen as creative embellishment

Answer 129

* "Oral Law" of the Pharisees / Talmud, put into writing so: **Written Talmud** * interpreted by: **Gemara** * **SO: Talmud is Mishnah + Gemara** Then interpretations of the interpretations: **Rashi, comments on the Talmud**

Answer 130

* Yerushalmi - Mishnah + Palestinian Gemara(450 CE) * Bavli - Mishnah + Babylonian Gemara (500 CE)

Answer 131

* Judaism orthpraxic religion (establish correct practice) so always ensuring following the law given by God - need to always check if doing something right

Answer 132

* Hear o Israel, the Lord our God the Lord is one * **"No Other Gods" = Shema, shows ardent faith in the love of god** * needed this post 587 CE when had to worship their God in Babylonia

Answer 133

* Neutral place where go when die

Answer 134

* transition from communal to personal resurrection (theological innovation so bad people won't go to paradise) * Christians will adhere to this definition

Answer 135

* comes from Hebrew verb "mashach" (to rub oil on head, annointed) then "mashiach - one who is annointed - so **means** **annoint** * it's an office - you get it for a period of time * Greeks transliterate word to chrio (annoint) and becomes **Christ (annointed one)**

Answer 136

* Humans can sin, tend to but sin is not inescapable so NOT nature, only tendency * depends on whether transgress Halakah - if not on path, not walking towards God * Transgress: step "over the line"

Answer 137

Judaism is orthopraxy Fails as tries to shift them towards orthodoxy * Maimonides rejects the Trinity: * God is creator, oneness, **no body** * **God is incorpreal - no body, only allegorical**

Answer 138

1. Gospels - 4 of them 2. Acts - History 3. Letters - 4. Apocalypse - Not arranged according to when written **27 books in total (even letters are a "book")**

Answer 139

1. Matthew - **eye witness (so it is said)** 2. Mark 3. Luke 4. John - **eye witness** Anonymous: **no idea who wrote them** **Lots miracles so powerful for Christians**

Answer 140

These are the responses to letters he receives from the Mediterranean cities that he missionized in. they are **undisputed letters** 1. Thessalonians (1) 2. Corinthians - 1 and 2 3. Galatians 4. Philippians 5. Philemon 6. Romans

Answer 141

* **divided into: Disputed / Deutero-Pauline** * 13 of them were canonized (all except the disputed ones

Answer 142

* Mark, Matthew and Luke * Paul died before the Gospels even written (dies around 55CE and Mark written after 66) * **John NOT part of the synoptics** - say less reliable / **no parables - Jesus used them** * Gospels lack clarity which divides Christ followers from those who pursue Judaism

Answer 143

* History - only one ACTS canonized * really called: **Acts of the Apostles** * transitions from death of Jesus to 1st Jesus following community in Jerusalem, ends Rome

Answer 144

* **really called: Revelation** * last book canonically * something revealed to a "seer" (human) * what is revealed: Heaven / cosmic battle between good/evil * message: hold firm in your faith and commitment to your God, will get better

Answer 145

* more evangelical Protestant concept - ability to calculate when the end of times will come * fewer Catholics ascribe to this * all 3 religions talk of cosmic battle and separation of righteous from unrighteous BUT only some ppl believe in **rapture - a righteous few taken from earth before the battle**

Answer 146

* 354-430 CE * converted to Christianity from Manichean (dualistic, persian religion) good/bad, no grey (**got this from Paul**) * **7 Christian virtues: wisdom, temperance, courage, justice, faith, hope and love**

Answer 147

* 1033-1109 * **anti-intellectualism - faith saves you** * **Best possible thing is God - wouldn't be best if didn't exist so must exist** * God just "Is" - God exists because he must exist - **ontological argument - ontology is the philosophical study of being**

Answer 148

* **5 proofs for existence of God** * assumes there is a God (using theology NOT philosophy to prove his **beliefs**) * **Unmoved mover** **= God**, un-caused causer, unmade maker, need one thing not contingent and that is God (only necessary being), need perfect form (God) to recognize degrees, intelligent designer (God) - NOT random

Answer 149

* mostly associated with Judaism (gift to Christians, Muslims) * BUT Christians different - Trinity (God divided) but Trinity NOT scriptural (Nicea)

Answer 150

* **concept of original sin Christian** - predisposed to Sin, humans can't not sin * Jews interpret the Fall differently (Christians: ONLY Jesus can save person from his sin)

Answer 151

* **sacrifice to end all sacrifices (no more sacrifices needed after Jesus'**) * assumed sins of humanity - if you believe in him he will take your sins * resurrection conquers death for all So if you believe in Jesus you too can conquer death

Answer 152

* all names for the Hebrew God * **Elohim** - used in the Bible * **Adonai** - the Hebrew name for God when not supposed to say Yahweh * **Yaweh** - name god said to Moses * YHWH not meant to be pronounced - used in bible to remind readers to use "Adonai)

Answer 153

* observed for four weeks before Xmas * time of waiting and prep for the celebration of the nativity of Jesus

Answer 154

* Sunni Muslim theologian * founder of Asharite theology * Sunni orthodoxy

Answer 155

* "in the year of the Hijra" * when Mohammad went to Medina (Yathrib)

Answer 156

* "**The Helpers**" - inhabitants of Medina who took Muhammad and his followers into their homes when they emmigrated from Mecca

Answer 157

* A confession of faith circulated in early churches - stating **Jesus was a true man who suffered and died, resurrection** of body and final judgment (was to **counter Gnostic view**)

Answer 158

* Christian day of holy prayer, fasting and **repentence** * **first day of Lent**

Answer 159

* Asian part of modern day Turkey

Answer 160

* wrote: The Confusion of the Confusion * known as Ibn Rushd * tried to integrate Aristotelian philosophy with Islamic thought

Answer 161

* Islamic thinker, physician, astronomer, writer * Islamic philosopher

Answer 162

* intermediary between the Hidden Imam and the community in Twelver Shia Islam (873–941 * Arabic word meaning "gateway" so the Bab is the **gateway to the Imam**

Answer 163

* **Founder of the B'hai faith** * means: Glory of Allah * **B'hai Faith: unity of God and humanity** * unity of all nations, races, classes, religions * no evil, only the absence of good

Answer 164

* **ritual of initiation into the Christian Church** * done through the washing in holy water (or simply head) - symbolic cleansing of the original sin or for conversion * ask for **vow of faith to Christ** * **Protestants favor living, moving water**

Answer 165

* led revolt against the Romans * Hadrian had forbidden circumcision * **revolt of Judea**

Answer 166

* **Word of God (God speaking through him)** * Revelations over 22 years * Built by Uthman * No real pattern to arrangement * intended to be spoken, heard to ward of evil * revered as physical object

Answer 167

* Saying or recitation or chapter of the Qur'an

Answer 168

* First Sura in the Qur'an * Said in the daily prayer like Christian "Lord's Prayer" - **help people stay on the path and live properly**

Answer 169

* God is one, indivisible * **Oneness of God** (like Maimonides - God is the essence of oneness) * **Note: Anthropomorphic vs Metaphorical**

Answer 170

* Read as the word of God because Muhammad incapable of error (heart cleaned by angels) * **Muhammad's sayings** * 6 collections of "Sound Hadith" that were investigated and legitimized * **Isnad:** determines the vailidity of a Hadith * **Collected to promote imitation, veneration of Muhammad**

Answer 171

1. **Anthropomorphic**: God's body not like human but similar - (this one wins) 2. **Metaphorical**: **Mu'tazilite**: head metaphor for autonomy, hands for power, creation etc.

Answer 172

God has attributes so are those eternal? (Love, wisdom, speech) 1. **Mu'tazilite theory: momentary, not eternal** - only God himself is eternal; don't confuse his attributes with his oneness; knowledge in moment 2. Other: God can't be stripped of his attributes or left with faceless, philosophical construct of a God so his wisdom is eternal, his **attributes eternal**

Answer 173

* **Qur'an eternal** * **revelation wins over reason** - has existed for as long as God has existed; not created in 7th C; told Muhammad what he needed over time; Qu'ran has existed for all of time * can't trust human intellect

Answer 174

* 2 versions * Sets up the features of Islam * **Islam - practicing the law** * **Iman - believing the doctrine** * **Ihsan - seeing God (spirituality)** * **Doing, believing, seeing**

Answer 175

1. **Monotheism** - one God, indivisible (as expressed in Shahadah) 2. **Prophecy** - Nabi / Rasul - sent by God 3. **Revelation** - 4 Scriptures , God Reveals in stages 4. **Angelic Agency** - angels mediate between God and humans 5. **Judgment and afterlife** - reward and punishment 6. **Predestination vs. Free Will** - God's knowledge is timeless

Answer 176

* nothing that contradicts Tawhid is tolerated (why Trinity is incomprehensible) * No God but god, Muhammad god's messenger

Answer 177

* Someone who **comes with a message** * Only a prophet in "Jewish sense" of word

Answer 178

* messenger who **brings a new writing**, an innovation * 20 named Rabi in the Qu'ran (Abraham, Noah) * 12 Rasul (David - psalms, Moses - Torah, Jesus -Gospels)

Answer 179

* example you draw from the Hadiths * (**principal, moral**) - individual interpretation * not necessarily written down

Answer 180

* Monicker given to Jews and Christians by Muslims - (prophets brought each a book - Torah and Gospels) * Say same thing EXCEPT: corollory belief that God reveals things in stages

Answer 181

* Angels **mediate between Gods and humans** * made from light * **NO free will** * Gabriel most famous - revelations * Shaytan - Satan (disobeyed God,would not bow to humans; kicked out Islamic court)

Answer 182

* righteous and sinners separated * hell / paradise

Answer 183

* **Debate**: if God's knowledge timeless knows everything that will happen so how can you be held accountable for it? Mu'tazilites say can't and humans have free will to sin or not * BUT: within Islam, God's knowledge full, so cannot surprise God, predestiny

Answer 184

* **Ashkenazi**: Eastern Europe, Germany, France * **Sephardic**: Spain, Portugal, Middle East, North Africa and Morocco (largely untouched by Holocaust)

Answer 185

* **Father of Reform Judaism** * Assimilation - easy to assimilate if become like the Christians * developed it as way to avoid Jews converting to Christianity * says essence of Judaism in mind, heart and through loyalty and devotion - not action

Answer 186

* Reaction to Reform Judaism * Strict interpretation of the Torah * Whole of God's law meant to be kept * Torah is timeless (not out of date)

Answer 187

* Biblical laws must be maintained but cultural traditions can be altered * So Rabbinic stuff added after can be removed * **Solomon Schecter** founded it in the U.S. * **Zecharius Frankel** founded in Germany

Answer 188

* Correct practice

Answer 189

* "Instruction" (definition) * instructions on how to live, practice

Answer 190

* Commandment * 613 in the Torah * regulates everything

Answer 191

* body of **traditions that relate to Jewish law** * Jewish traditions that have to do with the law are called halakhic * Rabbis build fence around the Torah - expand the law to protect against any transgression

Answer 192

* removal of the foreskin to distinguish the descendents of Abraham and his covenant with God

Answer 193

* **foreskin restoration** to "reverse" the circumcision and make it look * done in hellenistic and Roman times

Answer 194

* rules of Kosher eating * apply mostly to meat and mixing of milk and meat * how animal killed, which ones can eat, how food prepared

Answer 195

* **laws that relate to impurity, mensturation** * must purify at the Mikveh after menstruate * offends many modern women

Answer 196

* Day of rest (starts sundown Friday) * defines 39 types of "work" that must never be done on the Sabbath * "home" redefined as larger boundary within the Eruv Wire - can carry things in the zone

Answer 197

* Quorum of 10 individuals needed for prayer * (in orthodox - only men) * Bar MItzvah ceremony to become a man (and therefore part of the minyan)

Answer 198

* Jewish house of worship * called a Temple in Reform Judaism - to show that the Temple in Jerusalem is never coming back (Orthodox no cuz thing it's coming back)

Answer 199

* tools to **help in concentration of prayer** * scrolls in boxes / boxes on forehead (precise placement) and arm - precise wrapping procedure - remind of purpose of prayer

Answer 200

* worn on head to help focus prayer * tassels are identity marker to show orthodox and that talith worn under clothes at all times * The tassels (tzitzit) remind one to live a mitzvot-centered life

Answer 201

* **used in corrected lunar calendar** to stay at the right time for agricultural festivals * every three years (7 times every 19 yrs) add an intercalary month

Answer 202

* start of the Days of Awe * 1st of Tishri - in September or October * Jewish New Year * Sound the shofar (ram's horn) - mournful - to express sovereigny of God as King

Answer 203

* Day of atonement, 10 days post Rosh Hashana * Holy of Holies * Communal attonement / fasting * take sins of ppl and put them on goat - send it into wilderness to die with the sins (scapegoat) * Expiative holiday (reparation)

Answer 204

* **transliterated Hebrew name of God** * YHWY (Yahweh) OR JHVH (Jehovah)

Answer 205

* **Autumn Harvest Festival** * 15th Tishri - 2 weeks after Rosh Hashanah * 7 days * Feast of Booths / Festival of Ingathering

Answer 206

* Joy of the Torah * Festival to thank God for the gift of Torah

Answer 207

* Non-biblical origin * November / December * celebrates **victory over Antiochus who defiled the temple** and made Judaism illegal * lamp oil burned 8 versus 1 day (miracle) * Festival of Light * light the Hanukkiah (9 arms)

Answer 208

* Mostly joyous Jewish holiday * Held February / March * **Purim means "lots" as in draw lots/straws** * Esther saves Jews from extermination and governor (Hamen) executed instead

Answer 209

* Passover (March/April) * one of 3 major holidays * **celebrates the exodus from Egypt** and freedom from Egyptian persecution * meal called sedar * Spring festival - rebirth

Answer 210

* the text that sets out the order of the Passover sedar and what is to be said / done before, during and after the festival meal

Answer 211

* Festival of Weeks * held 50 days after Pesach (May/June) * **First harvest of the year** - celebrates AND * **celebrates the giving of Torah at Sinai**

Answer 212

* 9th of Ab * **Communal day of mourning** to remember the tragedies that have befallen Jews (especially the 2 destroyed Temples, expulsions from Spain - 1492 and England - 1290

Answer 213

* Covenant of circumcision performed on the 8th day after birth

Answer 214

* group of texts that a religious group has decided is the **authoritative scripture**

Answer 215

* New Testament letters that are included in the Pauline corpus but are now viewed by most critical scholars as products, not of the apostle Paul, but of Paul's followers or perhaps of a Pauline school.

Answer 216

* proposes that the Pentateuch (Torah) was created sometime around the fifth century B.C.E. through a process of combining several earlier documents—each with its own viewpoint, style, and special concerns—into one

Answer 217

* first literary work in history that has been written down and discovered. It reflects the myths and stories that were told in ancient Sumeria and also copied by others later (Israelites e.g.)

Answer 218

* studies of death, judgement and the final destiny of the soul

Answer 219

* founder of Reconstructionist Judaism

Answer 220

* Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud

Answer 221

* Islamic creed, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, declaring belief in the oneness of God (tawhid) and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's prophet.

Answer 222

* Sufi term meaning the "Passing away or annihilation of the self" * **complete denial of self**

Answer 223

* A **Sufi muslim or Hindu ascetic** who lives on alms * take vows of poverty and worship * renounce all possessions and relations

Answer 224

* The five books of Moses * Also known as Torah or the **Pentateuch**

Answer 225

* system was based on a supposed primeval conflict between light and darkness * Founded Iranian prophet Mani (3rd Century Persia) * **struggle between good/evil - dualistic**

Answer 226

* refers to Jews, Christians, Muslims and others who possess monotheistic scriptures * Jews use term to refer to themselves with respect to Torah

Answer 227

* medieval French rabbi * **author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud and commentary on the Tanakh** * Acclaimed for his ability to present basic meaning of the text in concise, lucid fashion

Answer 228

* philosophical argument for the existence of God that uses ontology (philisophical study of being) * study or concern about what kinds of things exist - what entities there are in the universe

Answer 229

* Christian sacrament using bread and wine to reenact / remember the Christ's last supper (also called Holy Communion, Mass, etc.)

Answer 230

* Ritual through which God's saving power comes to the believers * Eucharist, confirmation, marriage, confession, ordination of clergy, anointing the sick, **baptism (all do this one)**

Answer 231

* the miraculous change of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ

Answer 232

* Christians put ashes on foreheads * First day of Lent (day after Shrove Tuesday) * day of prayer, fasting and repentence * contemplate transgressions, ask forgiveness

Answer 233

* Day to remember the triumphant entry of Christ into Jerusalem * Beginning of Jesus' passion week

Answer 234

* Day that celebrates Christ's last supper with his disciples when he used the bread and wine of the Passover meal to institute the Lord's Supper

Answer 235

* Christ's 3 hours of agony on the cross, his death and entombment

Answer 236

* celebration of Christ's resurrection * joyous festival service * Bunnies: fertility, new life, eggs same * Pagans call it Resurrection Sunday

Answer 237

* **West**: arrival of wise men * **East**: baptism of Jesus * Feast of the Epiphany is January 6th * **revelation of God as Jesus**

Answer 238

* Beginning of the Christian year * 4 Sundays to prepare for birth Christ * focus on scriptues of Jesus as messiah * **Orthodox: Fast of Nativity**: 40 days, avoid certain foods, wine

Answer 239

* **celebration of God becoming one with humanity through birth of Christ** * NOT Jesus' birthday * Orthodox celebrate on January 7th * borrowed from Feast of Saturnalia

Answer 240

* 50 days after Christ's resurrection * **Feast of the Holy Spirit - God's spirit comes down at Pentecost** * celebration of outpouring of the "Spirit" onto Christ's disciples after ascention to heaven

Answer 241

* act whereby people seek to have a rapport with God (or whatever deity they follow)

Answer 242

* 1549: first prayer book with complete forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English

Answer 243

* Unconditional, non-discriminatory, self-giving love

Answer 244

* **Definition: structure of the worship service** (liturgy means worship) * if structure predictable: highly liturgical (i.e. Catholic (Vatican decides the scripture) * Protestant: predictable (within that church) but not necess same as one down street

Answer 245

* Liturgy of Word - read scripture, sermon * Liturgy of Eucharist - Cath. take communion

Answer 246

* From word "Kathedra (chair) * Bishop's chair in the house of worship so called a cathedral

Answer 247

Catholic and only a basilica if: 1. There is a relic (bone or body of saint or piece of wood from Jesus' cross) in the building 2. The Catholic church deems the building of historical significance

Answer 248

* usually Protestant * modern * deemed as a holy space (even if old sports stadium) - anything can be made holy (J Z Smith - no data...so anything can be religious)

Answer 249

* **Transubstantiation**: bread becomes (literally and metaphorically) the body/flesh of Christ and the wine the blood **(Catholic)** * **Consubstantiation**: commemorating the last supper (not literal) **(Protestant)**

Answer 250

1. Eucharist - Jesus thanks God for bread and wine, last meal with disciples 2. Baptism - Cath use holy water and done in church and Cath do infant baptism plus done in stages at diff ages; East. Orthodox do full dunking For Protestants these are the only 2 sacraments

Answer 251

1. Eucharist 2. Baptism 3. Marriage 4. Last Rites 5. Confession 6. Ordination 7. Confirmation

Answer 252

* Confess one's sins to a priest * need to do it prior to Eucharist * considered rite of passage * first one: 7 or 8 years old

Answer 253

* now "consciously" baptized - 12, 13 yrs old * have lessons in Catholic theology * **Chrismation**: Orthodox, all done at infancy

Answer 254

* Trained person becomes a priest * for Protestants NOT a sacrament, ritual

Answer 255

* **Sacrament for Catholics and East. Orthodox** * Catholics take marriage course first

Answer 256

* Administered on deathbed * priest preferable but not mandatory * prepare soul to go to heavenand receive judgment * **Cath: confession, oil, eucharist** * **Orthodox: confession, eucharist**

Answer 257

* 6 weeks preceeding Easter * remember suffering and death of Jesus * period of self-denial to symbolize suffering * give up meat "incarnation" - God became human flesh so "meatifies" God so no meat; meat tasty (fat) so give up fatty things: dairy

Answer 258

* **for Catholics:** Fat Tuesday day before Lent so eat all fatty things prior to Lent * **non-Catholic**: Shrove Tuesday - eat pancakes * **Carnival** (carni - meat) - get rid of all meat by eating it prior to lent

Answer 259

* Eastern Orthodox - start with Clean Monday to clean house of all milk, meat, eggs, etc.)

Answer 260

* Final week before Easter Sunday * end of fast for Orthodox (end 40 days)

Answer 261

* week Jesus stays around after his death and prior to his ascension *

Answer 262

* celebrates Jesus' ascension into heaven, 40 days after his resurrection

Answer 263

* Submission to the will of God * Body of traditions that take the form of law (like Halakah) * says what can / can't do

Answer 264

* legal investigation and reasoning

Answer 265

* creative ingenuity re Islamic

Answer 266

1. Human interaction with God (prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, worship) 2. Human interaction with humans (lending $, crimes, marriage/divorce, property law) 3. Individual morality (drink, gamble, adultery, dietary laws, etc.) 4. Shariah penal system (who can provide testimony, what constitutes evidence)

Answer 267

1. **Qur'an** 2. **Hadith** / Sunnah 3. **Qiyas** - analogy - find something like it in Qur'an 4. **Ijma** - consensus - majority of jurists

Answer 268

* Hanafi - literal word of text but can be more permissive, liberal, flexible * Shafi'i - spirit of the law; more conservative, middle of road * Hanbali - most conservative, strictest * Maliki - middle of road

Answer 269

* Reject Qiyas and consensus * Use their own Hadiths and Qur'an * DO accept Ijtihad (creativity)

Answer 270

Called: Arkan 1. Shahadah - Confession 2. Salat - Ritual Prayer 3. Zakat - Alms 4. Sawm - fasting dusk to dawn 5. Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca

Answer 271

* Ritual Prayer * 5 times per day * purify first - **Wudu** for minor impurities, ghusl for major ones * pray with mouth and body (**Raka'ah** are the postures) * **Jum'ah -** gathering to pray * **Mihrab -** nic in wall you face * **Qibla** - direction of Mecca / Kab'ah

Answer 272

* Calls Muslims to prayer

Answer 273

* tax paid by Muslims (2.5%) * give up $ to purify yourself / attachment * **Jizya** - tax on Christians / Jews - pay or convert or join muslim fighters (extortion)

Answer 274

* Fasting * main one is at Ramadan * about purity / getting to Muhammad's state * for all things consumed * Ramadan lunar calendar - no adjustment so Ramadan can be June or December

Answer 275

* Pilgrimage * Obligatory once in lifetime * can't go into debt to do it * Stoning of Jamarat - pillar represents Satan (from story of Abraham and Ismail)

Answer 276

* end of Hajj * sacrifice goat - Feast of the Sacrifice *

Answer 277

* For Shi'ah Muslims it is a pillar of practice * means: Struggle * **lesser jihad**: military fight / fight oppressions * **greater jihad**: submit one's self to God wholly and completely - to his will

Answer 278

* First month Islamic calendar * Starts new lunar year * AH - means since flight from Mecca * First 10 days - sombre reflection till Ashura which is like Yom Kippur

Answer 279

* 10th day of the 1st month in the Islamic calendar (Muharram) * **day of mourning** for Muslims but especially for Shia Muslims - **martyrdom of Hussayn at the Battle of Karbala**

Answer 280

* celebrate birth of Muhammad * Wahabis see it as innovation, not scriptural * (like objections to Christmas - not scripture)

Answer 281

* NIght journey and ascent ot heaven of Muhammad (in sleep from Mecca to Jerusalem is Isra; horse to heaven is Miraj)

Answer 282

* Night of Power - night of first revelation * during Ramadan - spend it at mosque * Itikaf - spend last 10 days of Ramadan at the mosque, not just the one night

Answer 283

* End of Ramadan * Feast, festive * holiday from work/school

Answer 284

* controversial * NOT Islamic (pre-islamic) * **Persian New Year**

Answer 285

* headscarf worn by Muslim women to protect their modesty * Qur'an and Hadith speak of modesty * Chador - whole body * Niquab - most face * Half-niquab - some face * Burqa - all face - thin veil covers whole face

Answer 286

* pulpit at mosque where Imam delivers the sermons

Answer 287

* another name for mosque

Answer 288

* Powerful dynasty in Iran 1501-1722 * Established the Twelver school of Shia Islam *

Answer 289

* claimed to be the Jewish messiah * founded the Sabbaean movement * Sephardic Rabbi * 1600's

Answer 290

* Muslim intellectual * 1600's * taught about mystical Islam

Answer 291

* adherants of Shia Islam * Followers of Ali * Twelvers are largest branch of Shia Islam

Answer 292

* medieval Sunni theologian * member of Hanbali School *

Answer 293

* answer to question as to why God permits evil * means "justifying God"

Answer 294

* educated Islamic legal scholars

Answer 295

* African American Muslim leader * Progressive * disbanded the Nation of Islam and transformed it into the American Society of Muslims

Zeba Crook Flashcards

(319 cards)