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Reproductive Physiology > Zero to Hero (Module 2) > Flashcards

Zero to Hero (Module 2) Flashcards

1
Q

LH secretion during follicular phase

A

Increases

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2
Q

LH secretion during pre-ovulation

A

Steady pulses and rising amplitude towards the last few days

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3
Q

LH secretion on the luteal phase

A

Decreased pulsatility and increased amplitude.

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4
Q

AFTER ovulation, oestrogen has a __________ feedback effect on FSH/LH

A

Negative

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5
Q

Prolactin inhibitory factors (PIF)

A
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • GABA
  • GnRH-associated peptide (GAP)
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6
Q

Prolactin releasing factors

A

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) and/or oestrogen

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7
Q

prolactin _________ its own release

A

inhibits

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8
Q

In the anterior pituitary gland, prolactin is secreted by

A

Lactotrophs

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9
Q

If we wanted to stimulate prolactin production, should we administer a dopamine agonist or antagonist?

A

Antagonist. Dopamine inhibits the production of prolactin, so administering an agonist would decrease prolactin release.

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10
Q

Hyperprolactinaemia – elevated serum prolactin in men would cause

A
  • no pulsatile release LH
  • decreased testosterone and libido
  • erectile dysfunction
  • infertility
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11
Q

Hyperprolactinaemia – elevated serum prolactin in women would cause

A
  • no pulsatile release of LH
  • amenorrhoea and decreased libido
  • reduced response to GnRH
  • no positive feedback
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12
Q

Normal age girls go through puberty

A

9-14 years old

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13
Q

Normal age boys go through puberty

A

11-14 years old

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14
Q

Changes in axillary and genital hair is mainly caused by

A

Androgens

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15
Q

Obesity has a different effect on females and males. What is this effect?

A

In females, obesity anticipates puberty due to the fat cells producing small amounts of oestrogen.

In males, obesity delays puberty.

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16
Q

Gonadostat Hypothesis

A

It is the theory that before puberty any signalling from gonadal steroids are immediately sensed and blocked (increased sensitivity). That is reduced in puberty, thus levels of gonadotrophins increase.

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17
Q

KISS neurons have a _________________ effect on GnRH neurons

A

positive/excitatory

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18
Q

Thelarche

A

Pubertal changes due to oestrogens.

19
Q

Menopause normal age range

A

48-55 years old

20
Q

Factors influencing menopause

A 
Smoking cigarettes (comes earlier). 
Genetic factors
Ethnicity
Surgery (hysterectomy comes earlier)
BMI (delays)
21
Q

Peri-menopause

A

Phase before menopause can take years.

22
Q

Hormones during peri-menopause

A

Lower oestrogen produced by follicles, lower testosterone produced by CL, more FSH and LH being released because of less negative feedback.

23
Q

Detecting a woman is in peri-menopause through hormone levels

A

FSH> 40 u/l

LH> 30-40 u/l

24
Q

Short term symptoms of menopause

A

Vasomotor and urogenital symptoms. Depression. Loss of sleep. Loss of libido. Memory loss and fatigue.

25
Q

Medium/long term symptoms of menopause

A

Weight gain, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease.

26
Q

Proximate factors for breeding

A

Photoperiod, food, rainfall

27
Q

Ultimate factors for breeding

A

Temperature, humidity, snowfall, rainfall, etc.

28
Q

Short Day breeders

A

Breed when days are getting shorter (winter and autumn) usually to have the offspring by spring or summer. Example: sheep (5 months gestation)

29
Q

Horses are ______ ______ breeders

A

Long day. Their gestation period is around 1 year so by mating in summer, they will have their offspring in summer.

30
Q

Internal Body Clock is mainly regulated by

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

31
Q

Describe the pathway of photo optic input until the production of melatonin

A

Input -> SCN -> Superior Cervical Ganglion -> Pineal gland -> produces melatonin

32
Q

What enzyme is the rate-limiting from melatonin production?

A

NAT (n-acetyl transferase)

33
Q

Melatonin is produced during the day. True or false?

A

False, melatonin production is stimulated by the dark.

34
Q

High levels of prolactin in males

A

Turn off GnRH and testosterone

35
Q

Melatonin stimulates the release of

A

GnRH

36
Q

Melatonin inhibits the release of

A

Prolactin

37
Q

What hypothalamic hormone regulates LH secretion?

A

GnRH

38
Q
  1. What happens to LH secretion in animals where
    a. GnRH secretion is suppressed
    b. GnRH concentrations are held high by giving a constant infusion.
A

In both cases, no LH secretion will occur as a pulsatile secretion of GnRH is necessary for the secretion of LH.

39
Q

How is Prolactin secretion regulated?

A

Prolactin natural state is turned off. Its own release works as an inhibiting factor, but dopamine, GABA and GAP (GnRH associated peptide) are also inhibitors of prolactin. They are secreted by TIDA neurons.

40
Q

Outline the main reproductive roles of oxytocin.

A
  • Stimulates luteolysis
  • Stimulates uterine contractions during birth, by acting on smooth muscle of uterus (myometrium)
  • stimulates seminiferous tubules and epididymis contraction in males
  • stimulates milk ejection from breasts
  • initiates nursing behaviour in mothers
41
Q

Where is Oxytocin made and where is it released from?

A

Oxytocin is made by magnocellular neurons and released onto the posterior pituitary.

42
Q

What happens to female animals when oestrogen levels are kept high for a few days (explain)?

A

High oestrogen levels for a few days will lead to ovulation, as a high oestrogen level happens during the follicular phase when follicles are developing, getting bigger, more cells producing oestrogen.

43
Q

List the major roles of prolactin in reproductive function.

A

Prolactin develops the breasts and helps with lactation in women.

Reproductive Physiology (3 decks)

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