Zeynep Tekin Tas Flashcards
(54 cards)
Standard Precautions
Hand hygiene Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) Respiratory hygiene Environmental controls (cleaning and disinfection); Waste management Packing and transporting of patient-care equipment, linen and laundry, and waste from
isolation areas Prevention of needle-stick or sharps injuries
Hands are not visibly soiled ->
using an alcohol-based hand rub, or by
washing hands with soap and water, and drying them using a single-use
towel
Hands are visibly dirty or soiled with blood or other body fluids
washed thoroughly with soap and water
5 moments for hand hygiene
1-before touching a patient
2-before clean/aseptic procedure
3-after body fluid exposure risk
4-after touching a patient
5-after touching patient surrounding
Putting on PPE
Ö M G E
-ÖNLÜK
-MASK
-GÖZLÜK YADA YÜZ KORUYUCU
-eldiven
Remove PPE
E G Ö M
-eldiven
-gözlük
-önlük
-maske
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
Droplet precautions are appropriate for protection against droplets larger than 5 μm in size,
which are spread through close respiratory or mucous membrane contact with respiratory
secretions
**• SARS-CoV
• Bordetella pertussisa
• Influenza virus
• Adenovirus
• Rhinovirus
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Group A Streptococcus
• Neisseria meningitidis
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Corynebacterium diphtheriae
• Mumps virüs
• Parvovirus B19
Gastroenteritis
the inflammation of the mucus membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and
is characterized by diarrhea or vomiting
**Which pathogens cause most of infectious gastroenteritis cases
And give example
Viral like:rotavirus(the most in young children ), norovirus(most common cause of medically attended), adenovirus, and astroviruses
**Which pathogen is responsible for severe cases of infectious diarrhea?
Bacterial :
Nontyphoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Shigella
Which organism associated with poultry and common cause of travelers diarrhea in asia with postinfectois arthritis and Guillain -barre syndrome
Campylobacter jejuni
Most common cause of travelers diarrhea
E.coli
Most common cause of dysentery
Shigella spp.
**Which organism is more presents persistent or cronic diarrehea
Parasitic:Giardia, cryptosporidium, and E. Histolytica
Diarrhea of small bowel origin
typically w ate ry, of large volume, and associated with abdominal cramping, bloating, and
gas.
Diarrhea of large intestinal origin
requent, regular, small volume, and often painful bowel movements. Fever and bloody
or mucoid stools are common, and red blood cells and inflammatory cells can be seen routinely on stool microscopy
bacterial causes of visibly bloody diarrhea
shigella, campylobacter, and
salmonella species.
E.coli
Stool test
-Antigen testing
-Enzyme immunoassay
-Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of stool (multipathogen molecular panels )
-Fecal lactoferrin
**Red flags of diarrhea
Severe volume depletion/dehydration Abnormal electrolytes or renal function Bloody stool/rectal bleeding Weight loss Severe abdominal pain Prolonged symptoms (more than one week) Hospitalization or antibiotic use in the past three to six months Age 65 or older Comorbidities (eg, diabetes mellitus, immunocompromised) Pregnancy
**empiric antibiotic therapy
Acute, nonbloody diarrhea (non-travel-associated), not administering empiric antibiotic therapy
Severe illness (fever ≥38.5°C [101.3°F], hypovolemia, ≥6 unformed stools per 24 hours, severe
abdominal pain)
Features of inflammatory diarrhea (bloody diarrhea, small volume mucous stools, fever)
High-risk host features (age ≥70 years, cardiac disease, immunocompromising condition, inflammatory
bowel disease, pregnancy)
** HIV can be transmitted by:
-sexual contact
-sharing needles
-mother to baby
**HIV not transmitted by
-air or water
-saliva,sweat,tears,or closed mouth kissing
-insects or pets
-sharing toilets,food,drinks
Chronic HIV infection
– Chronic infection, without AIDS – AIDS, characterized by a CD4 cell count <200 cells/microL or the presence of any
AIDS-defining condition – Advanced HIV infection, characterized by a CD4 cell count <50 cells/microL
Symptomatic acute HIV infection is
characterized by
fever, lymphadenopathy, sore
throat, rash, myalgia/arthralgia, diarrhea, and
headache (often described as a
mononucleosis-like illness)
Diagnosis :
Anti-HIV is negative p24 antigen test is positive (from day 14) If infection is strongly suspected and the p24 antigen test is negative, quantitative
HIV RNA should be measured by PCR (from day 10) Treatment should be started immediately; with treatment prognosis is better as a
consequence of increased number of CD4 cells and decreased viral load