Zoonoses

Question 1

what are zoonoses?

Answer 1

infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrae animals and humans

Question 2

name a parasitic zoonosis

Answer 2

toxoplasmosis

Question 3

name a fungal zoonosis

Answer 3

dermatophytes

Question 4

name a viral zoonosis

Answer 4

> rabies
yellow fever
ebola

Question 5

name a bacterial zoonosis

Answer 5

> brucella
> shigella
> salmonella
> campylobacter
> anthrax

Question 6

how is rabies transmitted?

Answer 6

bite from an infected animal

Question 7

what is the incubation period of rabies?

Answer 7

2 weeks to several months

Question 8

how does the rabies virus reach the brain?

Answer 8

through the peripheral nerves

Question 9

how may rabies present?

Answer 9

> fever
headache
unable to swallow
. overproduction of saliva and tears

Question 10

how may rabies present when it is progressing?

Answer 10

> mania
lethargy
coma

Question 11

how is rabies diagnosed?

Answer 11

> PCR of saliva of CSF

> (post mortem brain biopsy)

Question 12

how is rabies managed?

Answer 12

post exposure prophylaxis of human rabies immunoglobulin.

4+ doses of rabies vaccination in 4 days

Question 13

what is the brucellosis bacteria excreted in?

Answer 13

cow milk, placenta and aborted fetus

Question 14

why should you warn the lab if there is suspected brucellosis?

Answer 14

there is a risk of spread

Question 15

when are humans infected with brucellosis?

Answer 15

> during parturition
milking infected animals
handling carcasses of infected animals
consumption of unpasteurised dairy products

Question 16

true or false

the Brucella bacteria is gram positive coccobacilli

Answer 16

false

it is gram negative

Question 17

what is the incubation period for brucellosis?

Answer 17

5-30 days (up to 6 months)

Question 18

what is the acute presentation of Brucellosis?

Answer 18

> high undulant fever
> weakness
> drenching sweats
> headaches
> splenomegaly

Question 19

what is the subacute presentation brucellosis?

Answer 19

fever and joint pain

Question 20

what is the chronic presentation of brucellosis?

Answer 20

> splenomegaly
> epididymo-orchitis
> chronic arthritis
> depression
> malaise

Question 21

what is the management of brucellosis?

Answer 21

> long acting doxycycline 2-3months
rifampicin oral + IM gentamycin 1st week
cotrimaxoizole 2 weeks

Question 22

why may relapses of brucellosis occur?

Answer 22

due to intracellular organisms (only 5-10%)

Question 23

describe the leptospirosis organism

Answer 23

highly mobile spirochetes that can survive in the environment for weeks to months

Question 24

what is the incubation period of leptospirosis?

Answer 24

2-30 days

Question 25

what are the symptoms of a leptospirosis infection?

Answer 25

> undifferentiated fever > myalgia > headaches > abdominal pain

Question 26

describe severe disease in leptospirosis infection

Answer 26

weil's disease > AKI > triad jaundice > bleeding and pulmonary haemorrhaging

Question 27

how is leptospirosis diagnosed?

Answer 27

cultured in a special medium for at least 1 week

Question 28

what is the treatment for leptospirosis?

Answer 28

> prompt dialysis > IV penicillin if severe > doxycycline in mild disease

Question 29

in lyme borrellios when does the erythema migrans appear?

Answer 29

3-90 days after bite

Question 30

what is acrodermatitis chronica atroficans in lyme disease?

Answer 30

blush red discolouration in the extensor surfaces of distal extremities that progresses to an atrophic phase. peripheral neuropathy is common

Question 31

what is lymphocytoma in lyme disease?

Answer 31

bluish solitary painless nodule of the earlobe or areola | more common in children than adults

Question 32

what is the triad of symptoms in neuroborreliosis in lyme disease?

Answer 32

> facial nerve palsy > radicular pain (worse at night) > lymphocytic meningitis

Question 33

how is lyme borrellios diagnosed?

Answer 33

> paired blood CSF serology > CSF pleocytosis often lymphocytic > neuro symptoms consistent and other causes excluded > PCR of synovial fluid from arthritis

Question 34

what is the treatment for lyme borrllios?

Answer 34

IV ceftrinaxone oral doxycycline oral vancomycin