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Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the WHO definition of a zoonoses?

A

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans

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2
Q

Where is source of disease in zoonoses?

A

Animals

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3
Q

What are NOT zoonoses and why?

A

Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Oncoceriasis
Elephantiasis

Transmitted by animals, but depend on the human host for part of their life-cycle

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4
Q

What are anthroponosis?

A

An infectious disease in which a disease causing agent carried by humans is transferred to other animals

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5
Q

What are examples of anthroponosis?

A

Influenza
Strep throat
Leishmaniasis
Chytridiomycosis

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6
Q

What can zoonoses by caused by?

A

Virus, bacteria, parasites or fungi

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7
Q

What are examples of bacterial zoonoses?

A 
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Anthrax
Brucella
E.coli
Leptospirosis
Plague
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8
Q

What are examples of zoonotic viruses?

A 
Rabies
Avian flu
Crimean-Congo haemorrhage fever (CCHF
Ebola
Laa fever
West Nile fever
Yellow fever
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9
Q

What are examples of parasitic zoonoses?

A 
Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinellosis
Visceral larva migrans
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10
Q

What are examples of fungal zoonoses?

A

Dermatophytoses

Sporotichosis

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11
Q

What are the most common zoonoses in the UK?

A

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Toxoplasma
Ringworm/dermatophytosis

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12
Q

What are rare zoonoses for the UK?

A

Anthrax
Rabies
Bubonic plague

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13
Q

What are emerging zoonoses?

A

A zoonosis that is newly recognised or newly evolved, or that has occurred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range

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14
Q

What is rabies?

A

A viral infection transmitted from bite of infected animal

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15
Q

What are the main transmitters of rabies?

A

Dogs, bats, monkeys

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16
Q

What is the incubation period in humans for rabies?

A

2 weeks to several months

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17
Q

What does rabies do once in the body?

A

Travels to the brain via peripheral nerves and causes acute encephalitis

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18
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of rabies?

A 
Malaise, headache, fever
Progressing to mania, lethargy & coma
Over production of salvia & tears
Unable to swallow & hydrophobia
Death by respiratory failure
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19
Q

How is diagnosis of rabies made?

A

PCR of saliva or CSF

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20
Q

What is the prognosis of rabies if untreated?

A

Fatal

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21
Q

What is the management for rabies?

A

Post-exposure prophylaxis
Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRI)
+4 doses rabies vaccine over 14 days

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22
Q

What is brucellosis?

A

Highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions

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23
Q

What did brucellosis used to be an occupational hazard of?

A

Farmers, vets, slaughterhouses

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24
Q

How are the organisms excreted in brucellosis?

A

In milk, placenta and aborted foetus

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25
How are humans infected by brucellosis?
During milking During parturition Handing carcasses Consumption unpasteurised dairy products
26
What are the 3 species of brucella?
Melitensis Suis Abortus
27
What is the incubation period for brucellosis?
5-30 days (up to 6mo)
28
What are the 4 types of symptoms of brucellosis?
Acute Subacute Chronic Subclincal (commonest)
29
What is the acute presentation of brucellosis and how does it typically last?
``` High undulant fever Weakness, headaches Drenching sweats Splenomegaly Lasts 1-3wks ```
30
What is the subacute presentation of brucellosis and how does it typically last?
Fever and joint pains | Lasts over 1mo
31
What is the chronic presentation of brucellosis and how does it typically last?
``` Flu-lie symptoms Malaise Depression Chronic arthritis Endocarditis Splenomegaly Epididymo-orchitis Lasts for months-years ```
32
What is the most common form of symptom presentation in brucellosis?
Subclinical
33
What is the treatment for brucellosis?
Long acing doxycycline for 2-3mo + rifampicin + IM gentamicin for 1st week
34
If CNS disease in brucellosis, what treatment should you add?
Cotrimoxazole for 2wks
35
What bacteria used to cause leptospirosis in fisherman and miners?
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica
36
What is the common form of leptospirosis now?
Leptospira hardjo
37
What is leptospirosis caused by today?
Cattle
38
What are the signs/symptoms of leptospirosis today?
Fever Meningism: headaches Myalgia Abdo pain
39
How does leptospirosis penetrate host?
Abraded skin or mucous membranes and cause systemic illness
40
What type of bacteria are leptospirosis?
Spirochaetes
41
What is the incubation period for leptospirosis?
2-30 days
42
How is leptospirosis transmitted to human host?
Direct contact with animal | Contact with environment (water) contaminated with urine
43
What happens in severe leptospirosis?
Weil's disease: triad jaundice, AKI, bleeding | Pulmonary haemorrhage
44
What is Weil's disease?
Severe form of leptospirosis
45
What are the investigations for leptospirosis?
Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) ELISA serology PCR Culture
46
What is the treatment for leptospirosis?
``` Antibiotics Doxycline: mild IV penicillin: severe Dialysis Mechanical ventilation ```
47
How is lyme borrelios transmitted?
Ticks: I.ricinus
48
When are ticks most active (Lyme disease)?
>4'C | Humidity
49
What is a sign of Lyme disease in 80-90% cases?
Erythema migrans
50
What is the diagnosis for Lyme disease?
Clinical diagnosis Erythema migrans Single or multiple lesions
51
How soon after the bike does erythema migrans usually present in Lyme disease?
3-90 days
52
What are presentations of Lyme disease?
``` Erythema migrans Acrodermatitis chronica atroficans Lymphocytoma Neuroborreliosis Cardiac disorders: carditis, heart block Arthritis ```
53
How does acrodermatitis chronica atroficans (ACA) present in Lyme disease?
Bluish-red discolouration on extensor surfaces of distal extremities Progresses over months to years to atrophic phase
54
What is common in acrodermatitis chronica atroficans (ACA)?
Peripheral neuropathy
55
How does lymphocytoma present in Lyme disease?
Bluish solitary painless nodule | Usually earlobe or areola
56
How does neuroborreliosis present in Lyme disease?
Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain & lymphocytic meningitis
57
What is the triad that presents in neuroborreliosis?
Facial nerve palsy Radicular pain Lymphocytic meningitis
58
When does the onset of neuroborreliosis symptoms present in Lyme disease?
2-6 wks after bite
59
What are more common presentations in Lyme disease in the US?
Cardiac disorders: carditis/heart block | Arthritis
60
How is Lyme disease diagnosed?
EM = clinical diagnosis ACA & lymphocytoma = clinical and serology Arthritis = serology/PCR from synovial fluid NB = clinical and lab
61
What is the treatment for Lyme disease?
Antibiotics: | Oral doxycycline or amoxicillin or IV ceftriaxone for 21 days
62
What is Q-fever?
Bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. The bacteria are most commonly found in cattle, sheep, and goats around the world. Humans typically get Q fever when they breathe in dust that was contaminated by infected animals
63
What are the clinical features of Q-fever?
``` Q fever does not always cause symptoms. Some people get flu-like symptoms within 2 to 3 weeks of being infected, such as: a high temperature (fever) aching muscles tiredness feeling sick a sore throat swollen glands Symptoms of Q fever usually last up to 2 weeks. ```
64
What is the management for Q-fever?
Antibiotics
65
What is toxoplasmosis?
A disease from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, one of the world's most common parasites. Infection usually occurs by eating undercooked contaminated meat, exposure from infected cat feces, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy.
66
What are the signs/symptoms of toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasmosis doesn't usually cause any symptoms and most people don't realise they have had it. Some people get flu-like symptoms, such as: high temperature (fever) aching muscles tiredness feeling sick sore throat swollen glands If you do have symptoms, they normally get better on their own within about 6 weeks.
67
What is psittacosis?
A zoonotic infectious disease in humans caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia psittaci and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and from pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds.
68
What are the signs/symptoms of psittacosis?
Acute respiratory disease Flu-like symptoms Severe pneumonia
69
What is the treatment for psittacosis?
Antibiotics

Infection (13 decks)

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