Zoonoses

Question 1

What are zoonoses?

Answer 1

Infections that can pass between living animals and humans

Question 2

What is the source of zoonoses?

Answer 2

The animal

Question 3

What is anthroponosis?

Answer 3

A reverse of zoonoses - human infects animal

Question 4

What are examples of bacterial zoonoses?

Answer 4

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Anthrax
Brucella
Ecoli
Leptospirosis
Plague

Question 5

What are examples of viral zoonoses?

Answer 5

Rabies
Bird flu
Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever
Ebola
Rift valley fever
West nile fever
Yellow fever

Question 6

What are examples of parasitic zoonoses?

Answer 6

Cysticerosis
Echinococcosis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinellosis
Visceral larva migrans

Question 7

What are examples of fungal zoonoses?

Answer 7

Dermatophytoses

Sporotrichosis

Question 8

How is rabies transmitted?

Answer 8

Bite of an infected animal

Question 9

What are the most common animals for rabies to be transmitted from?

Answer 9

Dogs and bats

Question 10

What are features of rabies?

Answer 10

Malaise
Headache
Fever
Over production of saliva and tears
Unable to swallow
Mania
Death by respiratory failure

Question 11

How is rabies diagnosed?

Answer 11

PCR of saliva or CSF, but difficult and often is confirmed in post mortem

Question 12

Is rabies fatal if untreated?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

How is rabies managed?

Answer 13

Immediate prophylaxis after bite - human rabies immunoglobulin
4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days

Question 14

How is brucellosis spread?

Answer 14

Milking infected animals
During parturition
Handling carcasses of infected animals
Consumption of unpasteurised milk

Question 15

What are the three types of brucella?

Answer 15

Melitensis
Suis
Abortus

Question 16

What animals can spread brucella to humans?

Answer 16

Goats
Sheep
Camels
Pigs
Cattle
Buffalo

Question 17

How does acute brucellosis present?

Answer 17

High undulant fever
Weakness
Headaches
Drenching sweats
Splenomegaly
Lasts 1-3 weeks

Question 18

How does subacute brucellosis present?

Answer 18

Fever and joint pains

Lasts over 1 month

Question 19

How does chronic brucellosis present?

Answer 19

Flu-like symptoms
Malaise
Depression
Chronic arthritis
Endocarditis
Epididymo-orchitis
Meningism
Splenomegaly

Question 20

How is brucellosis treated?

Answer 20

Long acting doxyxycline for 2-3 months
Rifampicin
IM gemtamycin for first week

Question 21

How can humans acquire leptospirosis?

Answer 21

Direct contact with the animal

Contact with environment

Question 22

What are features of leptospirosis?

Answer 22

Undifferentiated fever, myalgia, headaches, abdominal pain

Question 23

What are features of severe leptospirosis?

Answer 23

Weil’s disease

Pulmonary haemorrhage

Question 24

What is Weil’s disease?

Answer 24

Triad of jaundice, acute kidney injury, bleeding

Question 25

How is leptospirosis diagnosed?

Answer 25

Consider history - cattle farmer or exposure to water or rats Culture ELISA - not ideal

Question 26

How is leptospirosis treated?

Answer 26

Doxycycline for mild disease, IV penicillin if severe | Dialysis and ventilation if required

Question 27

What is Lyme Borrelios transmitted by?

Answer 27

Ticks - ixodes ricinus in Europe

Question 28

What is erythema migrans?

Answer 28

Lesions of redness on the body

Question 29

How long after initial tick bite does erythema migrans present?

Answer 29

3-90 days

Question 30

What is acrodermatitis chronica atroficans?

Answer 30

Extensor surfaces become blueish-red, peripheral neuropathy is common

Question 31

What are features of Lyme's?

Answer 31

``` Erythema migrans Acrodermatitis chronica atroficans Lymphocytoma Neuroborreliosis Carditis Arthritis ```

Question 32

What is neuroborreliosis?

Answer 32

Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain, and lymphocytic meningitis

Question 33

How is Lyme's diagnosed?

Answer 33

Erythema migrans Serology if anthrodermatitis chronica atroficans Neuro symptoms, blood and CSF serology for neuroborreliosis

Question 34

How is Lyme's treated?

Answer 34

Oral doxycycline Oral amoxicillin IV ceftriaxone

Question 35

How long is treatment taken for Lyme's?

Answer 35

21 days