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Epi > Zoonoses: Aerosol & Respiratory Transmission > Flashcards

Zoonoses: Aerosol & Respiratory Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Enzootic bacterial “Category A” Agents

A

Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis

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2
Q

Francisella tularensis affects

A

humans
domestic cats
sheep

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3
Q

Francisella tularensis reservoir

A

rodents and lagomorphs

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4
Q

Francisella tularensis transmission

A
  • tick-born (sheep)
  • eating infected rodents (cats)
  • tick, direct contact with animal carcasses, aerosol (humans)
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5
Q

Yersinia pestis reservior

A

rodent-flea-rodent cycle

  • host include: squirrels, prairie dogs, mice, wood rats, chipmunks, rats, mice
  • 31 species of flea are vectors
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6
Q

Yersinia pestis transmission

A
  • flea bite
  • aerosol from pneumonic cases
  • directly from infected animal blood or abscesses
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7
Q

Cats foraging outside allow exposure to what?

A

Yersinia pestis & tularemia

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8
Q

Plague & tularemia clinical signs in cats

A
  • plague many cause necrotic eschar at skin entry site
  • fever, lethargy, anorexia, sepsis
  • lymphadenopathy often in cervical region
  • rapid progression
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9
Q

Plague & tularemia in people

A
  • plague eschars

- high fever & fatality seen in septic/pneumonic cases

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10
Q

Plague & tularemia risk reductions

A
  • lymph node aspirates are highly infectious
  • isolation
  • PPE, gloves & mask. Mucous membrane protection
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11
Q

Bacillus anthracis transmission

A
  • Vets: aerosol or percutaneous exposure to blood
  • herbivores: ingests spores in soil
  • carnivores: eat infected herbivores
  • all species: inhalation of spores in aerosolized soil or other fomites (wool sorter’s disease)
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12
Q

Process of anthrax

A
  • spores enter host
  • spores germinate & cause sepsis
  • Exotoxins create massive edema, shock, & death
  • death often follows DIC
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13
Q

Hantavirus: where & what reservoir?

A
  • distributed world-wide

- rodents, typically asymptomatic. Usually sylvatic cycle, but pet rodents can be infected too.

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14
Q

Hantavirus transmission

A
  • Primarily aerosol: inhalation of viruses in urine & feces. Can be direct or indirect
  • Secondary through bites
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15
Q

Hantavirus clinical signs in humans

A

-severity depends on species of virus
-New world strains= Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: fever, chills, myalgia, headache—> inc. vascular permeability in lungs.
Fatal up to 40%

-Old world strains= Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: petechial hemorrhage, renal damage, & cardiovascular shock
Fatal up to 15%

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16
Q

Hantavirus risk factors

A

-Rodent contact

Prevention= reduce exposure- face mask and gloves when appropriate.

17
Q

Organisms that can cause infections from spores in the environment that become aerosolized and are inhaled

A
  • Blastomyces & Coccidiodes
  • Saprophytic soil fungi

Humans & animal exposure via spores

18
Q

Organisms from fecal excretion/soil contamination from birds & bats

A

-Histoplasma & Cryptococcus (opportunistic)

spores in soil or bird bedding/feces

19
Q

Are humans & pets infectious from fungal organisms?

A

No, body temp is too high for sporulation… post-mortem may be a risk?

20
Q

Coccidioides immitis

A
  • reservoir is soil
  • infects and amplifies in mammals
  • signs range from asymptomatic to disseminated
21
Q

Histoplasmosis

A
  • found in soil or buildings with bird or bat poo
  • affects people, dogs, cats
  • ~90% asymptomatic
22
Q

Blastomyses dermatitidis

A
  • soil fungus (also bird/bat poo)
  • affects people, dogs, cats, horses, etc.
  • in people ~50% are asymptomatic
23
Q

Influenza transmission

A
  • animal to human transmission only documented for bird & swine flu
  • animal-to-human: contaminated surfaces, manure, dust
24
Q

Influenza control & prevention

A
  • avian flu is reportable
  • wear PPE
  • test & isolate sick animals
  • educate owners of zoonotic risk
  • vaccines for pets & at risk workers
25
Q

Q-fever transmission

A
  • windborne in dust
  • parturient cats
  • shed in birth products (esp. sheep) and milk
  • tick borne (animal to animal)
26
Q

Q-fever control

A
  • seek medical attention if suspected
  • segregate parturient animals & burn placentas
  • proper bio-safety
  • vaccinate livestock
27
Q

Chlamydophylia

A

mostly in psittacine birds: parrots, cackatiels, etc. Also in domestic poultry

28
Q

Chlamydophylia transmission

A

Birds: fecal-oral route
Humans: direct handling of infected bird

29
Q

Chamydophylia control

A
  • educate owners on signs of illness
  • consider as cause in any ill bird
  • biosafety measures in handling infected birds

Epi (11 decks)

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