What type of parasite is toxoplasma gondii?
Apicoplexan protozoan parasite
When are cats usually infected with toxoplasma gondii? How long to they secrete it?
Early life
“Immature” oocyts are secreted for 1-3wks
The initial infection of toxoplasma gondi is in the __________ which is the tachyzoite stage
Macrophages
When immunity develops against toxoplasma gondii, the protozoa localized in ____________ as bradyzoites
Muscular tissue/neurological tissue
How can humans be exposed to toxoplasma ?
Oocyst in soil
Ingestion of tissue bradyzoites in undercooked meat
In what people do toxoplasma infections usually cause disease?
Poor immunity - AIDS
Pregnancy
How can you minimize the risk of toxoplasma in people
No control in cats
Pregnant women can be tested for Ab
Buy cats that are less likely to shed
Prevent oocyst sporulation
Reduce exposure
T/F: parasitic nematodes are almost always migratory during the larval stages
True
What is the term for diseases caused by migrating larvae in paratenic hosts?
Larval migrans
What roundworms can cause visceral larval migrans, and rarely ocular or neurologic larval migrans?
Toxocara
T. Canis
T. Cati
T. Vitularum
How can toxocariasis be prevented?
Reduce the reservoir: regular antihelminthic of cats and dogs
What roundworm has a raccoon reservoir and causes visceral or ocular larval migrans
Baylisascaris procyonis
What causes hydatid cyst disease?
Echinococcus granulosus
> larvae fluid filled cyst in multiple tissue, often liver, sometimes brain
What causes alveolar cyst disease?
Echinococcus multioculris
Multilocular, small, solid cysts in tissues, often liver
What is the reservoir and intermediate hosts for echinococcus sp?
Reservoir: Canids
Intermediate host: prey animals
How do humans usually get infected by echinococcus granulosus?
Ingestion of eggs (on dog fur or soil)
How can cystic echinococcus be prevented?
Prevent infection in dogs-> treatment with praziquantel
Stray dog control
Condemnation/disposal of infected offal
Hygiene
The natural cycle of alveolar echinococcus is between?
Fox and rodents
Found in northern hemisphere
How can alveolar ecchinococcus be prevented?
Routine antihelminthic treatment in dog Reduce exposure to rodent Treat fox Education Stray dog control
What is the main control for milk borne disease?
Pasteurization
What are the milk borne diseases?
Mycobacterium bovis
Brucellosis
Coxiella burnetii
What are signs of M. Bovis infection in animals?
Weakness, anorexia, low grade fever
Pneumonia with chronic cough
What are signs of human infection with mycobacterium bovis?
Percutaneous: nodules and ulcers
Pulmonary: classic TB
Ingestion: gingivitis, mesenteric adenopathy
T/F: the human TB vaccine is partially effective against M. Bovis
True
Depends on the strain
What are signs of brucella in animals
Abortion
Infertility
Mastitis (goat)
What are signs of brucella in humans?
Septicemic form: fever, headache, back pain
Visceral: orchiepidiymite, osteo articularie
Chronic: joint pain
What are ways humans can be exposed to brucella?
Unpastureized milk
Blood exposure
Contact inhalation
Hunting feral swine
How can humans contact coxiella burnetii?
Inhale aerosol
Ingestion
Percutaneous
What milk borne disease in humans can range form asymptomatic to flu-like, to pulmonary disease?
Coxiella burnetii
How do we prevent coxiella burnetii?
Individual protection
Disinfect enviro
Destroy placenta
Pasteurize milk
What are common water borne diseases?
Leptospirosis Cryptosporidium Giardia Schistosoma Fasciola
What waterborne protozoan parasite usually causes a mild diarrhea in humans and animals
Cryptosporidium
More severe disease in immunocompromised
What water borne protozoa is associated with diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and malabsorption in humans?
Giardia
Dogs-> vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss
How can giardia and cryptosporidium be prevented?
Filtration of drinking water
Reduce exposure to recreational water
Resistant to disinfection
How do human infections with Fasciola spp occur?
Consume contaminated vegetables
T/F: accidental hosts of trematodes can be infected perutaenously
True
What causes “swimmer itch”? Who is the reservoir?
Schistoma spp
Mammal hosts -> percutaneous infection
What is the transmission of leptospira spp?
Excreted in urine -> water-> ingestion or through broken skin contact
Water borne disease that causes renal insufficiency
In acute disease…Fever, drepresion, lethargy
In chronic disease… abortion, stillbirth
Leptospirosis
How do we prevent leptospirosis ?
Reduce reservoir
- rodent control
- treat infected animals
- vaccines
Reduce human exposure
- clean/treated water supply
- gloves