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PUBLIC HEALTH > Zoonoses in Exotic Species > Flashcards

Zoonoses in Exotic Species Flashcards

1
Q

approximately ___% of emerging pathogens come from animals

A

75%
large amount come from exotic pets and wildlife

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2
Q

characteristics of salmonellosis

A

Salmonella spp.
gram - rod
facultative anaerobe

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3
Q

2 species of Salmonella spp.

A

S. enterica
S. bongori

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4
Q

one of the most common infectious FBIs

A

Salmonellosis

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5
Q

most common exotic animal reservoirs of Salmonellosis

A

Reptiles, birds, sugar gliders, hedgehogs, rodents

shed intermittently in feces, may be present in oral cavity

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6
Q

T/F clinical signs of Salmonellosis is rare

A

T

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7
Q

Diagnosis of Salmonellosis

A
  • culture (feces/blood)
  • PCR
  • serology
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8
Q

should prophylactic txt of exotic pets with Salmonellosis be performed

A

no, only treat IF they have clinical disease, treat based on culture and sensitivity, provide supportive care

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9
Q

infectious agent of Chlamydiosis

A

Chlamydia psittaci (obligate intracellular bacteria, gram negative)

in mammals/reptiles: C. abortus, C. pneumoniae

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10
Q

life cycle of Chlamydiosis

A

infectious elementary body invades cells and transforms into a reticulate body (non infectious), replicates, then goes back to elementary body

good at immune evasion

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11
Q

Exposure of Chlamydiosis

A

direct or indirectly by birds, mainly chicken, raptors, pigeons, seabirds

Contaminated bedding, dust, dander, feces

Aerosolized and ingested

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12
Q

clinical signs of Chlamydiosis in animals

A

range greatly from asymptomatic to acute or chronic

respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, lethargy, anorexia main ones

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13
Q

Chlamydiosis clinical signs in humans

A

usually mild
flu-like symptoms, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, fever

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14
Q

Diagnosis of Chlamydiosis

A

identification of cytoplasmic elementary body
PCR (choanal/conjunctival/cloacal swabs)
culture
serology

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15
Q

Treatment of C. psittaci (Chlamydiosis) in birds

A

doxycycline for 45 days (b/c of lifecycle)

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16
Q

is C.psittaci reportable in AZ

A

yes

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17
Q

Chlamydiosis prevention

A

PPE, quarantine testing, good hygiene, performing necropsies in flow hood or wear PPE

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18
Q

Mycobacteriosis cause…

A

granulomas

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19
Q

non-tuberculous mycobacteria that is NOT usually spread b/w people

A

M. manrinum (fish handler’s disease)

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20
Q

is M. tuberculosis a reportable disease

A

yes

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21
Q

characteristics of mycobacterial spp.

A

aerobic
acid-fast rod
widespread in env
cause of systemic granulomatous disease

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22
Q

Methods of exposure to M. marinum (mycobacteriosis)

A
  • direct contact w/ contaminated water sources or infected fish
  • enters by skin injury or ext. parasites
  • viable in env for 2+ years
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23
Q

Methods of exposure to M. tuberculosis (mycobacteriosis)

A
  • aerosol of infectious material
  • worldwide
  • most common exotic species (elephants+primates)
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24
Q

Clinical signs of M. marinum in fish

A

variable from no signs to chronic
weight loss, anorexia, lethargy
cutaneous and or systemic granulomas

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25
Q

clinical signs of M. tuberculosis in exotic species

A
  • variable
  • chronic weight loss
  • excessive discharge from trunk/resp

Primates: rough coat, cough, lethargy, lymphadenopathy

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26
Q

signs of M. marinum in humans

A

typically cutaneous (ulcer, abscess, granuloma)

systemic dz is rare

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27
Q

signs of M. tuberculosis in humans

A

typically pulmonary disease
weight loss, weakness, fever

28
Q

Diagnosis of M.marinum

A

PCR
Biopsy
Culture (takes long time, needs special conditions),

29
Q

Diagnosis of M. tuberculosis in elephants and primates

A

routine testing for captive elephants
trunk wash for culture, acid fast stain, PCR

Intradermal tuberculin skin testing for primates (usually done in upper eyelid)

30
Q

M. marinum txt in people

A
  • slowly resolved over 1-6 yrs
  • surgery may be needed
  • prolonged combination antibiotic therapy to prevent progression
31
Q

M. tuberculosis txt in people

A

drug resistance big concern
combination of drugs, txt course is long

32
Q

Rat bit fever comes from what organism

A

Streptobacilus moniliformis

super rare can reside in nasal region / oropharynx in rats

33
Q

clinical signs of rat bite fever in rats

A

typically asymptomatic but can have otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia

mice > rats to become sick

34
Q

clinical signs of rat bit fever in people

A

fever, malaise, headache, V+, rash

35
Q

rat bite fever diagnosis

A

Screening PCR for pet rats
culture (hard)

36
Q

avian influenza transmission
(occurs worldwide, wide host range)

A

mainly fecal-oral and fecal-cloacal

dz in humans mainly after close contact w/ infected animals or contaminated areas

37
Q

clinical signs of avian flu

A

respiratory, GI, NS

Low pathogenic & highly pathogenic

38
Q

T/F: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is reportable

A

T

39
Q

Avian flu diagnosis

A

serology
PCR
viral isolation

40
Q

Avian flu preventative measures

A

prevent contact w/ birds
good biosecurity + hygiene

41
Q

T/F: ferrets are susceptible to human influenza type A and B viruses

A

T: human to ferret transmission

42
Q

clinical signs of ferret flu and txt

A

upper respiratory disease, +/- fever
may cause anorexia, lethargy
7-14 days clinical course
treated supportively, typically self-limiting

43
Q

zoo anthroponotic

A

reverse zoonosis

44
Q

SARS-CoV-2 is reported in many exotic species and reverse zoonosis is possible

A
45
Q

T/F: human herpesvirus type I + 2 is a reverse zoonosis disease

A

T

46
Q

clinical signs of herpesvirus in people

A

blisters/ulcers around mouth, genitalia, hands

47
Q

clinical signs of herpesvirus in apes

A

oral and pharyngeal vesicles and ulcers, conjunctival lesions, pustules

GI signs

48
Q

Diagnosis of human herpesvirus

A

sample vesicles or other lesions, serum, blood

serology, PCR, histopathology, virus isolation

49
Q

Txt of human herpesvirus

A

antivirals

50
Q

prevention of herpesvirus

A

don’t have pet ape
avoid direct contact w/ apes
use PPE

51
Q

definitive host

A

final host, parasite becomes sexually mature

52
Q

a necessary host in which parasite passes one or more of its asexual stages

A

intermediate

53
Q

parasitic host

A

potential intermediate host that serves until definitive host reached, no development occurs, may or may not be needed to complete life cycle

54
Q

rat lungworm comes from what species

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Nematode (roundworm)

55
Q

organism found in tropical / subtropical regions and is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in people

A

Rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis)

56
Q

species affected by rat lungworm

A

primates, marsupials, horses, dogs, tawny frogmouths, armadillo

57
Q

what is the definitive, intermediate and paratenic host in A. cantonesis (rat lungworm)

A

Definitive - rat
Intermediate - snails, slugs
Paratenic - crabs, ships, amphibians

58
Q

clinical signs of A. cantonesis

A

primarily neurologic
- can cause meningoencephalitis/death
headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea

59
Q

A. cantonesis diagnosis

A

can be hard, history helps
eosinophilia in blood/CSF
PCR

60
Q

Prevention of A. cantonesis

A

avoid ingestion of contaminated items
no raw snails/slugs
rat and snail/slug control measures

61
Q

Encephalitozoonosis comes from

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi
obligate intracellular gram + microsporidial parasite

62
Q

Encephalitozoonosis most found in what animals

A

RABBITS, rodents, carnivores, primates, birds

*commonly shed in rabbit urine

63
Q

clinical signs of Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and people

A

rabbits - usually dormant but can cause neurological signs (mostly vestibular) CATARACTS, renal disease, granulomatous inflammation

people- neurological signs, D+, hepatitis

64
Q

Encephalitozoonosis diagnosis in rabbits

A
  • serologic testing (most reliable, indicates previous exposure)
    urine antibody levels
    CSF analysis
65
Q

Encephalitozoonosis treatment in rabbits

A

no curative txt
Benzimidazoles (Fenbendazole, albendazole) help decrease clinical signs

66
Q

Encephalitozoonosis prevention

A

env sanitation
proper hygiene when washing cages/handling rabbits

67
Q

Steps to follow in managing zoonotic outbreak

A

notify stakeholders
isolate animal
waste management
report to authorities (if appropriate)
treatment / animal management

PUBLIC HEALTH (18 decks)

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