Zoonoses Quiz Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Definition of Zoonoses
(2)
A
- infectious dz. naturally transmitted btwn non-human vertebrates & humans
- non-human vertebrate = main reservior
- infectious agents maintained in animal or “reservior hosts”
- these are asymptomatic
2
Q
What is the WHO’s definition of Zoonoses?
A
dz & infection naturally transmitted
btwn vertebrate animal reserviors & humans
3
Q
What is the definition of Zooanthroponoses?
A
- zoonosis normally maintained in humans that can be transmitted to other vertebrates
- H1N1
- M. tuberculosis
4
Q
What is the definition of reservoir?
A
where the infectious agent is maintained in nature→ lives & mulitples there
5
Q
What does it mean if a dz. is reportable?
A
must tell State PH officials
6
Q
What does it mean if a dz. if Notifiable?
A
Must tell Federal PH officials
7
Q
What is the Vet’s role in Zoonoses according to WHO?
(4)
A
- ID & evaluate zoonotic hazards
- Develop policies & control measures for zoonotic & foodborne dz.
- Stregthen global surveillance
- Educate public on prevention of zoonoses
8
Q
How can we classify Zoonoses?
(broad, 3)
A
By:
- infectious agent
- vertebrate reservoir host
- maintenance in nature
9
Q
What are the categories of
Infectious Agent Zoonoses?
(7)
A
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Mycoses
- Protozoa
- Nematodes
- Cestodes
- Arthropods
10
Q
What are the 5 zoonoses that fall under
the Bacteria category?
A
- Anthrax
- Brucellosis
- Cat scratch dz.
- Leptospirosis
- Q fever
11
Q
4 zoonoses that fit into the Virus category?
A
- WNV
- Influenza
- Monkey pox
- Rabies
12
Q
What are the 3 Mycotic Zoonoses?
A
- Dermatophytosis → not all species
- Sporotrichosis
- Coccidioidomycoses
13
Q
List the 3 Protozoal Zoonoses.
A
- Crytosporidiosis
- Giardiasis
- Toxoplasmosis
14
Q
List the Nematode Zoonosis.
A
Trichinellosis
15
Q
List the 2 Cestode Zoonoses.
A
- Taenia spp.
- Echinocossus spp.
16
Q
List the Arthropod Zoonosis.
A
Scabies mange
17
Q
Cats are the reservoir hosts of what 3 zoonoses?
A
- Toxoplasmosis
- Ring worm
- Rabies
18
Q
Dogs are the reservoir host of what zoonosis?
A
- Rabies
19
Q
Cows are the reservoir hosts of what 2 zoonoses?
A
- M. bovis → bovine TB
- B. abortus → Brucellosis
20
Q
Swine are the reservoir hosts of what 3 zoonoses?
A
- B. suis → Brucellosis
- Cysticercosis
- Trichinellosis
21
Q
Which species are we concerned about for xenotransplants?
A
Swine
22
Q
Horses are the amplifier hosts of what zoonosis?
A
VEE
23
Q
Horses are the dead-end host for what zoonosis?
A
WNV
24
Q
What are the 4 classifications of zoonoses by their maintenance in nature?
A
- Direct zoonoses
- Cyclozoonoses
- Metazoonoses
- Saprozoonoses
25
What is the most useful way to classify zoonosis as it allows PH officials to design appropriate prevention & control strategies?
by their maintenance in nature
26
What are the characteristics of **Direct Zoonoses**?
* agent requires only 1 vertebrate host to maintain itself
* agent is transmitted via direct or indirect contact
27
List 4 examples of **Direct Zoonoses**.
* **Viral**
* Rabies
* **Bacterial**
* Bovine TB
* Leptospirosis
* **Chlamydial**
* Psittacosis
28
What are the **reservoir hosts** for **Bovine TB**?
**_USA:_**
* Cattle
* Elk, deer, bison→ concerns about establishing itself in wild populations
**_UK:_**
* Badgers i
29
What is the most common mode of transimssion of Bovine TB in cattle/bison/badgers?
What does this mean for humans?
* aerosolization/inhalation
* humans can become infected if share a common airspace w/ cattle/bison/badger or their carcass
30
What is the most common source of **human** infection w/ Bovine TB?
* consuming raw milk or raw milk products
* no pasteurization
31
How can immunocompromised persons get
Bovine TB?
through the BCG vax
| (live-attenuated *M. bovis* strain)
32
When can you give an HIV person the BCG vax?
if they have a negative skin test, are asymptomatic & have not yet developed AIDS
33
The BCG vax is contraindicated in what individuals?
AIDS patients
34
What is the procedure if an HIV patient has potentially been exposed to *M. bovis*?
* skin test the individual
* start prophylactic TX
* DO NOT VAX if skin test is (+)
35
Where are tubercules (granulomas) of bovine TB located @ Postmortem?
* head & thoracic lymph nodes of cattle
* lung, spleen, liver & surface of body cavities
36
Why is bovine TB a problem for humans?
causes an indistinguishable dz from that caused by
## Footnote
*M. tuberculosis*
37
How do we screen cattle, bison & goats for *M. bovis*?
1. Caudal Fold Test (CFT)
2. Comparative Cervical Test (CCT)
3. Gamma Interferon Test
38
Describe the **Caudal Fold Test** (CFT).
* 1st step in screening for *M. bovis*
* inject 0.1 mL of purified tuberculin intradermally & wait 72 hrs to read
* Cattle - tail fold
* Camels - axillary region
* Cervids - single cervical region
* (+) = "responders" = myobacterial EXPOSURE only
* inform feds/state agencies
* retest either 10 days or after 60 days
39
Describe the **Comparative Cerivcal Test** (CCT) for
## Footnote
*M. bovis.*
* done by state/fed agents
* to distinguish btwn *M. bovis* & *M. avium*
* (+) *M. bovis* animal = "reactor"
* if have a "reactor"
* entire herd is quarantined & tested, along w/ any other animals exposed to herd
* Any reactors → culled
* **herd re-tested until each animal has 2 (-) test results**
40
Describe the **Gamma Interferon Test** for *M. bovis*.
* Blood test for CATTLE only
* Accredited or regulatory vets only
* Used as a comparative cervical test for "responders" to the CFT.
* Differentiated *M. bovis* from *M. avium*
41
What is the purpose of the
**Cervid Dual Path Platform Test** (CDPPT)?
serologic test availble for screening cervids for
*M. bovis* before interstate/international movement.
42
Definition of **Cyclozoonosis**.
requires **2** vertebrate hosts to maintain agent
(humans may be one)
43
List the 3 **Cyclozoonoses**.
* Echinococcus
* Taeniasis
* Cysticercosis
44
Echinococcus causes what dz. in humans?
Hydatid dz.
45
Hosts of ***T. saginata*** (Taeniasis).
Big problem for humans?
* **DH** = human
* **IH** = cattle
* No, relatively innocuous → we are the DH
46
Hosts of ***T. solium* (Cysticercosis)**.
Problem for humans?
* **DH**- human
* **IH**- swine OR human
* only when get **neurocysticercosis**→ aberrant migration of *T. solium* aquired via F/O route → humans acting as an IH
47
L.C of **Taeniasis/Cysticercosis**?
pig/cow ingests food contaminated w/ human feces conataining *Taenia* spp. eggs → cysticerci form in animal's mm. tissue → humans eat undercooked meat infected w/ cysticeri
48
How do we prevent **Taeniasis/Cysticercosis**?
* avoid raw/undercooked beef/pork
* Meat inspection
* Avoid the use of "night water" for pasture/soil irrigation
* Avoid contamination of soil, food, & water w/ human feces containing *Taenia* eggs.
49
How do you TX **Taeniasis** in **cattle**?
| (4)
* Praziquantel
* Mebendazole
* Febantel
* Fenbendazole
50
How do you TX **Cysticercosis** in **Swine**?
* Valuable animals undergo SX to remove cysts
51
Definition of **Metazoonoses**.
Requires:
* a biological vector for maintenance of the organism
* non-human vertebrate reservoir host
52
Give examples of **Metazoonoses**.
* **Arboviral**
* WNV, VEE, WEE
* **Bacterial**
* Lyme borreliosis, Plague, Q fever
* **Ehrlichiosis**
* **RMSF**
* *R. richettsii*
53
What are the 2 classifications of **Q fever**?
* Direct
* Metazoonosis
54
What is the obligate intracellular bacterium seen in dogs & humans throughout the US?
*Rickettsia rickettsii*
55
Where do 60% of the RMSF cases occur in the US?
(5 states)
* NC
* OK
* TN
* MO
* AR
56
What are the vertebrate & invertebrate hosts of
*R. rickettsii*?
* **Vertebrate** → wild rodents & lagomorphs
* **Invertebrate** → *Ixodidae*/ hard ticks
57
What are the 3 accidental dead end host of RMSF?
* dogs
* opossums
* humans
58
Do **dogs** transmit **RMSF**?
* NO
* may act as a sentinel for dz in their owners
59
What is the dz status of **RMSF** in humans?
Where do most cases occur?
* Reportable
* 2/3 of cases from SE states
60
TX of **RMSF** in dogs & humans?
| (3)
* Tetracycline
* Chloramphenicol
* Doxycycline
(only shortens course of the dz)
61
Prevention & Control of **RMSF**?
* Vector control & decrease tick exposure
* No vax for RMSF
* Lyme vax for dogs --\> not people
62
What is the PH role of Private Vets
in the prevention of **RMSF**.
* if DX in a dog → encourage owner to see MD
* Educate owner about tick exposure, proper tick removal & tick control methods
63
Definition of **Saprozoonoses**?
2 examples?
* requires soil (evironmental) stage to produce an infective stage of the parasite
* requires vertebrate reservoir host to shed eggs into environment
* Visceral & Cutaneous Larval migrans
64
What 2 agents cause **extraintestinal** infections in humans leading to **Visceral Larval migrans**?
* Toxocara canis*
* Toxocara cati* (lesser extent)
65
Host of **Visceral Larval Migrans (VLM)**?
* Dogs
* Cats
* Humans
66
How are **VLM** transmitted to **Humans**?
* unembroynated eggs in dog feces must remain in environment for 1-3 wks → become infective
* Kids eat dirt/people don't wash hands → injest infective eggs
* Contaminated food/water
67
Can **VLM** be transmitted vertically in humans?
NO!!!
68
What dz does **VLM** cause in humans?
* visceral larval migrans
* ocular larval migrans
69
How do you **TX VLM** in animals & humans?
* **Animals**
* Deworm
* **Humans**
* supportive care only
70
How do you prevent **VLM**?
* **Appropriate deworming** **regimine**
* puppies → 3 wks. to 3 mo.
* kittens → 2 - 6 mo.
* **Good hygiene & public education**
* wash hands
* pick up dog poop
71
List the 2 agents that cause
**Cutaneous Larval migrans (CLM)**.
* Ancylostoma braziliense*
* Ancylostoma caninum*
72
Definition of **Species Jumping**?
Example?
* organisms jumps from one species to another & is maintained in the new species
* HIV
73
What does **Shared Infection** mean?
there is no requirement for a vertebrate host
but can still infect animals
74
Give some examples of **shared infections**.
(4)
* *Histoplasma capsulatum*
* *Cossidioides immitis*
* *Sporothrix schenkii*
* Ringworm → *M. canis* & *Trichophyton* spp.
75
How can humans get infected with *S. schenkii*?
* abrasions in skin
* inhalation of spores (rare)
* via contact with cats
76
What are C/S of ***S. schenkii*** in **cats**?
* nodular, ulcerative pyogranulomatous dermatitis
* face, nasal planum & legs
* some lymphatic involvement
* adults more resistant than kittens
77
TX of **Sporotrichosis** in Humans & cats?
**Itraconazole**
(lifelong may be required if an AIDS patient)
78
Prevention of **Sporotrichosis**?
* inform clients of potentional for transmissino from skin lesions of cats
* wear gloves & wash hands w/ an antifungal after handling cats.
79
**Pre-pubescent children** are more susceptible
to which agent of Ringworm?
*M. canis*
80
All ages are susceptible to which agent of Ringworm?
*Trichophyton* spp.
81
What happens if there is long term human-human spread of a zoonosis?
Give examples.
no longer called a "zoonosis"
* pneumonic plague
* Salmonellosis
* *E. coli* O157:H7
82
List the 5 **zoonotic** species of **Brucellosis**
& the animals they occur in.
* *B. melitensis* → sheep & goats
* *B. abortus* → cattle
* *B. suis* → pig
* *B. canis* → dog
* *B. maris* → marine mammals
83
What type of dz. is **Brucellosis**?
Reportable, direct zoonosis
84
Reserviors hosts of ***B. abortus***?
* Cattle
* Bison
* Elk
* other cervids
85
Do bison/elk/other cervids have a role in Brucellosis of ruminants & humans?
No, do not maintain the dz.
86
How do **humans** become infected w/ Brucellosis?
* Consuming raw milk/raw milk products from infected cattle, sheep, goats & camels
* rare in US b/c of pasteurization
* often get while abroad
* Occupational contact → abbattoir, farmer, vet, hunter
87
List the 2 vaxs used against ***B. abortus***.
* **RB51** → field conditions → 65% effective → herd immunity protects
* **MLV/Rifampin resistant strain** → eradication programs
88
List the 4 biovars of **B. suis** & the species they infect.
* Biovars 1-3 → swine
* Biovar 4 → reindeer & caribou (Inuits)
89
What is different about ***B. suis***?
* NO ABORTION
* can localize in bones & joints
* can infect non-pregnant uterus
* causes infertility
* broader host specificity
90
Where is ***B. suis*** a problem in the US?
in feral pig population
91
List the 5 **zoonotic** dz's transmitted by **swine**!
* Brucellosis
* Swine flu
* Toxoplasmosis
* Tularemia
* Trichinellosis
92
Who most often gets infected w/ ***B. suis***?
hunters due to direct contact w/ feral pigs
93
What is the **most pathogenic form**
of **Brucellosis** in **humans**?
***B. melitensis***
| (sheep, goats & camels)
94
What 2 other species can ***B. melitensis*** infect?
(besides humans & S/G/C)
* Cattle
* Iranian sheepdogs
95
Is the *B. abortus* vax protective against *B. melitensis*?
NOPE
96
How do people get ***B. canis***?
most cases from lab exposure due to culturing
97
What is the least pathogenic strain of Brucellosis in animals?
*B. ovis*
98
Methods of transmission of **Brucellosis** in animals?
* Aerosol
* Oral
* In utero
* Veneral → *B. suis* & *B. canis* more
99
Methods of transmission of **Brucellosis** in Humans?
* **Ingestion of unpasteurized milk/milk products**
* Inhalation → most common route in U.S.
* Skin/Conjunctiva → due to autoinoculation
* In utero → not proven
* Veneral → not proven
* Human-human → extremely rare
100
C/S of ***B. abortus*** in cattle, dogs & horses.
* Cattle
* abortion, infertility, epididymitis, orchitis
* bulls more resistant
* Bang's dz.
* Dog → abortion
* Horse
* Bursitis
* Arthritis
* Fistulous withers
101
C/S of ***B. melitensis*** in sheep, goats & camels?
abortion
102
C/S of ***B. suis*** in swine & reindeer?
* Swine
* Abortion, epididymitits
* boars & sows equally susceptible
* Reindeer
* Bursitis
* Abortion
103
Does ***B. ovis*** cause abortion in sheep?
rarely
104
List the top 3 worse species of Brucellosis for humans.
1. *B. melitensis*
2. *B. suis*
3. *B. abortus*
105
C/S of **Acute Brucellosis** in Humans
* Flu-like symptoms
* undulant fever
* chills
* night sweats
* aches
* nausea
* weakness
(symptoms subside then reoccur d's to wk's later)
106
Does Brucellosis cause abortion in Humans.
NO
107
Brucellosis **Serology** tells us what about an animal?
whether or not the animal has been **exposed**
(NOT if animal is infected/diseased)
108
Why do we use **Brucellosis culture**?
What tissues can you collect samples from?
* used to confirm (+) serology in cattle & bison
* stomach & lung tissue of aborted fetus
* Uterine discharge
* milk
109
Labs must report any findings of what 3 species of Brucellosis?
* *B. melitensis*
* *B. suis*
* *B. abortus*
110
How do we DX Brucellosis in humans?
* (+) blood culture → takes wks
* rising titer in non-endemic areas
* PCR → in the works for chronic cases
(a reportable dz, but often goes unDX)
111
How do we TX **animals** for Brucellosis?
* Cattle, bison, elk or swine → cull
* Dogs & horses → TX
112
How does WHO suggest to TX Brucellosis in humans?
* 6 wk course of Doxy & Rifampin
* Don't take Rifampin if autoinoculated self with RB51 (or MLV) → most MDs won't know this
113
Is there a good human vax available for Brucellosis?
Not currently
114
Where is Brucellosis currently located in the US?
in wild reserviors
115
Discuss the **Cooperative State/Fed**
## Footnote
**Brucellosis Eradication Program**
* Vaccination → RB51
* (can tell vax from wild type exposure)
* Official Calf-hood Vaccinates (OCV)
* all beef & dairy heifers vx'd btwn 4-12 mo. of age & get ear tag & tattoo ID
* Limitations → vax only 65% effective → rely on herd immunity
* Test & Slaughter
* only intact adults
116
Who heads up the
## Footnote
**National Bovine Brucellosis Surveillance?**
APHIS
117
Purpose of the National Bovine Brucellosis Surveillance program?
* to dectect brucellosis in domestic cattle & bison to qualify for OIE Dz-Free status
* maintain regulatory compliance by farmers
118
What is the primary surveillance technique currently being used to survey for Brucellosis?
slaughter surveillance
## Footnote
(collect blood from all slaughtered cattle capable of repro.)
119
How is **targeted surveillance**
for Brucellosis performed?
* **Milk**
* Brucellosis ring tests 2-4 x's/yr of a pooled milk sample
* **Market Cattle Testing**
* test only intact bulls & cows \> 2 years old
* (+) test → reactor cattle→ sent to slaughter if healthy & farm of origin in notified
* reactor goats → condem carcass
120
How can quarantine be lifted from a herd w/ a Brucellosis reactor?
after every individual in the herd has 2 negative tests 180 d. apart
