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Decks in this class (21)
protein structure
concepts: summarise the concepts of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure
5
cards
protein structure
primary structure: summarise the reaction by which amino acids are joined together, sketch a trimeric peptide and identify the amino terminus, carboxyl terminus and side chains
20
cards
protein structure
secondary structure: distinguish between an α-helix and a β-pleated sheet and appreciate the bonds that stabilise their formation
7
cards
protein structure
tertiary structure: differentiate between the different types of bonds that combine to stabilise a particular protein conformation
7
cards
protein structure
protein analysis: explain the principles of electrophoresis, and why proteins with single mutations may be separated by electrophoresis depending on the individual mutations; explain the effects that post-translational modifications may have on protein analysis
3
cards
membrane trafficking
concepts: explain the terms “exocytosis” and “endocytosis”, define “constitutive” and “regulated” secretion
5
cards
membrane trafficking
exocytosis: summarise the pathway and cellular locations for synthesis, post-translational modification and exocytosis of a secreted protein
9
cards
membrane trafficking
endocytosis: summarise the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis and the roles played by endocytic vesicles, early endosomes, late endosomes and lysosomes
2
cards
membrane trafficking
molecular mechanisms: summarise the molecular mechanisms of vesicular transport within cells, and the mechanisms underlying diseases that affect membrane trafficking
10
cards
energetics and enzymes
free energy and ATP: explain the concept of free energy, how changes in free energy can be used to predict the outcome of a reaction and how ATP is used as a carrier of free energy to drive energetically unfavourable reactions
6
cards
energetics and enzymes
enzyme catalysis: explain how enzymes act as catalysts of reactions. Draw graphs to show the effects of substrate concentration, temperature and pH on reactions catalysed by enzymes
22
cards
energetics and enzymes
coenzymes: define the term “coenzyme”, and explain the role of the coenzyme NAD in reactions catalysed by dehydrogenases
4
cards
energetics and enzymes
enzyme kinetics: explain how enzyme activity may be measured using spectrophotometry and how experimental values of reaction velocity at different substrate concentrations can be used to derive Km and Vmax for an enzyme. Explain the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on Km and Vmax
8
cards
metabolic pathways and ATP production
metabolism overview: sketch a cartoon of the three stages of cellular metabolism that convert food to waste products, identify the cellular location of each stage; summarise the effects of eating and fasting on metabolism
6
cards
metabolic pathways and ATP production
glucose metabolism: explain the metabolism of glucose during glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, recall the key reactions in both pathways, and distinguish between the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose
50
cards
metabolic pathways and ATP production
fatty acid metabolism: summarise the pathways for the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids with respect to the substrates and products, coenzymes used, carrier molecules and their cellular locations; explain how inborn errors of fatty acid metabolism may cause disease
45
cards
metabolic pathways and ATP production
the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) (Krebs) cycle: summarise the processes by which glucose, fatty acids and amino acids lead to products that can enter the TCA cycle, and explain the oxidation of acetyl-CoA with the formation of NADH and FADH2 by the TCA cycle
30
cards
metabolic pathways and ATP production
shuttle mechanisms: summarise the glycerol phosphate shuttle and the malate-aspartate shuttle, and state why these mechanisms are required
12
cards
metabolic pathways and ATP production
electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation: summarise the electron transport chain in mitochondria, explain the chemiosmotic model, and explain how ATP synthase is able to either use or generate ATP with reference to its structure; explain the mechanisms of action of metabolic poisons
24
cards
metabolic pathways and ATP production
cholesterol: summarise the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA, and the synthesis of bile acids and steroid hormones from cholesterol; explain the mechanism of transport of cholesterol around the body and its uptake into cells, and the role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis
32
cards
metabolic pathways and ATP production
hormonal control of metabolism: recall four examples of blood-borne hormones which act as metabolic regulators, and explain their modes of action; explain the metabolic abnormalities in diabetes
17
cards
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mcd metabolism
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