心實選擇題 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
以下何種組合決定sample size
A.
effect size, alpha level, power
B.
effect size, alpha level, significance level
C.
alpha level, power, beta level
D.
Beta level, effect size, significance level
A
A
2
Q
在正式資料收集步驟之前，以較少的受試者，將整個實驗過程預試過一次，這是
A.
為實驗程序採樣
B.
進行pilot study
C.
進行實驗後的debriefing
D.
浪費受試者
A
B
3
Q
debriefing的目的與功能為
A.
倫理
B.
教育
C.
方法學
D.
以上皆是
A
D
4
Q
quasi-experimental design與隨機分組的實驗設計間最主要的差異為
A.
前者可以於一般非實驗室的情境中進行研究
B.
可以操弄的獨變項數目不同
C.
研究設計控制潛在內在效度威脅的能力不同
D.
後者之外在效度較低
A
C
5
Q
下列哪一種非等組前後測類實驗設計的結果，在做推論treatment之效果時，rival hypotheses較少
A.
first increasing treatment effect
B.
second increasing treatment effect
C.
crossover effect
D.
以上皆是
A
C
6
Q
非等組的比較研究設計最主要受到以下哪一種類型的內在效度威脅
A.
history
B.
selection
C.
testing
D.
instrumentation
A
B
7
Q
time-series design能排除多數內在效度的威脅，在於
A.
結果顯示出regression line的不連續
B.
結果顯示出與treatment介入有相關性的依變項水準變化
C.
多次前測
D.
多次前測與多次後測
A
D
8
Q
某督學欲了解某減少退學率的計畫是否有績效，選取前一學年度曠課率每周平均兩次的學生做為實驗組，以該計畫介入。而控制組則選取曠課率每周平均低於兩次的學生。如果該名督學問你，需要甚麼樣的研究設計才能檢驗介入的效果，你最可能建議他們採取的是以下哪一種研究設計？
A.
randomized experimental design
B.
regression discontinuity design
C.
nonequivalent comparison group design
D.
time-series design
A
B
9
Q
以下何者不屬於單一個案研究法(single-case research design)？
A.
A-B-B-A design
B.
interaction design
C.
multiple-baseline design
D.
changing-criterion design
A
A
10
Q
A-B-A design的介入效果需要___來展現
A.
撤銷介入時回到初始baseline
B.
由A進入B時有立即效果產生
C.
個案在第二個A階段中有較理想的目標行為表現
D.
最後加上B階段
A
A
11
Q
interaction design
A.
測試個體對於不同介入反應的不同
B.
測試個體對於不同介入之聯合效果
C.
屬於single-case research design，只需要一個受試者
D.
若是兩種介入其中之一效果非常強，一定可以在聯合另一介入方案時看到更佳的介入效果
A
B
12
Q
multiple-baseline design
A.
適用於介入取消後，目標行為仍然持續介入期之狀態的情況
B.
幾條基準線的測量開始時間不需要同步
C.
可以跨個案，不可以跨情境
D.
可以跨行為，但要確保行為間互不獨立
A
A
13
Q
若是目標行為是可以逐步塑造的，則較適合採用哪一種single-case design？
A.
A-B-A design
B.
interaction design
C.
multiple-baseline design
D.
changing-criterion design
A
D
14
Q
以下何者不是單一受試研究法在方法學上的考量？
A.
baseline要平穩
B.
一次改變一個變項
C.
每一個階段都要持續越長越好
D.
要考慮cyclic variations
A
C
15
Q
therapeutic criterion
A.
比experimental criterion難評估
B.
使用social validation進行
C.
包含social comparison與subjective evaluation
D.
以上皆對
A
D
16
Q
白博士的研究生編製了一份問卷。問卷中包含了以下的題項：”請問你同意人民的血汗錢應該給顢頇的政府用在公務員加薪或是增加大眾就業機會嗎？
A.
使用的語言用法對庶民而言不夠親切，而且語句有雙重否定的問題
B.
包含了double-barreled question
C.
使用了”leading” question
D.
B. 與 C.都是問題
A
D
17
Q
以下哪一個close-ended response categories 具有mutually exlusive categories?
A.
0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60
B.
0-19, 20-39, 40-59, 60-79
C.
0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15 以上
D.
0, 1-3, 3-6, 6-9, 10以上
A
B
18
Q
以下哪一種調查技術在測量研究參與者加諸於特定客體或概念的意義？
A.
the semantic differential technique
B.
the checklist
C.
the think-aloud technique
D.
the mutually exlusive response list
A
A
19
Q
根據教科書，編製量表使用幾個點做為選項比較常見？
A.
2
B.
15
C.
4-11
D.
3
A
C
20
Q
如果研究者想要讓參與者以自己的話語做反應，他會使用哪一種問題形式？
A.
雙否定
B.
引導
C.
開放式
D.
封閉式
A
C
21
Q
以下何者為質性研究的特徵之一？
A.
對構念採取操作性定義加以測量
B.
對情境脈絡保持高度敏感
C.
看重能否將結論概化到母群
D.
事前的假設檢驗
A
B
22
Q
林老師很想了解使用名牌包的人在選擇與使用名牌包時的第一手經驗。所以他找了一位時尚貴婦，請他談一談選擇與使用名牌包的經驗，並根據其所闡述的語句加以詮釋這個現象的意涵。請問這是哪一種研究法？
A.
intensive case study
B.
phenomenological study
C.
ethnographic study
D.
survey
A
B
23
Q
林老師最後決定投入名牌包使用文化的研究。所以他申請一筆研究經費，利用這筆經費改頭換面，並開始參加時尚派對，與各界時尚名媛為友，觀察記錄其言行，試圖找出其行為的模式，並撰寫敘說式報告，輔以照片與服飾資料。請問這種研究法稱為？
A.
phenomenological study
B.
ethnographic study
C.
survey
D.
instrumental case study
A
B
24
Q
使用grounded theory研究法目的在
A.
歸納出理論
B.
描述文化差異
C.
描述一人或數人對於現象的經驗
D.
對於個案做深入描述
A
A
25
以下何者為真？
A.
使用質性研究與使用量化研究是不相容的
B.
可以同時使用質性研究與使用量化研究
C.
質性研究相較於量化研究在方法學上較弱
D.
統計學不好就使用質性研究
B
26
描述統計與推論統計
A.
前者描述樣本觀察值的樣貌
B.
後者由樣本觀察值推論母群樣貌
C.
後者可以分為估計與假設檢定
D.
以上皆對
D
27
如果你有一組不同大學心理相關科系考上臨床心理學組碩士班人數的資料，請問你會選擇以下何種統計圖來整理這組數據？
A.
line graphs
B.
histograms
C.
bar graphs
D.
pie graphs
C
28
range, variance, standard deviation
A.
都是用以描述樣本統計量中央趨勢的指標
B.
都是用以描述母群變異的指標
C.
以range表示樣本數值的變異需考慮最大與最小值，是三個當中最週全的變異指標
D.
知道某樣本的variance就可以知道其standard deviation
D
29
One-way analysis of variance
A.
在有兩個或兩個以上獨變項時使用
B.
是檢驗組間差異的方式
C.
僅限於比較兩組之間差異
D.
可以檢定獨變項間的交互作用
B
30
假設你使用了SPSS進行t檢定，分析結果是以雙尾檢定呈現，但是你其實要進行單尾檢定。若是報表中t檢定之p值為0.07，而該實驗採用0.05的顯著水準。請問該檢定的分析是否達顯著水準？
A.
有
B.
沒有
C.
條件不足，無法判斷
D.
5%的機率有
A
31
當你的實驗採取了隨機分組，且兩組受試者皆接受了Z變項的後測，你若欲檢定此二組間在Z變項的差異是否在統計上達顯著，你會使用
A.
Two-way anova
B.
one-way anova
C.
independent t-test
D.
B. 與C. 皆可
D
32
承上題，若是每一組有30人，則該t-test與F-test兩檢定之d. f. 值分為
A.
60, (1, 60)
B.
58, (1, 58)
C.
30, (2, 30)
D.
29, (2, 29)
B
33
進行推論統計的假設檢定時，假設中提及的是___間的關係
A.
樣本統計量
B.
母群參數
C.
樣本參數
D.
以上皆非
B
34
進行 2 * 2 ANOVA須進行___條假設檢定
A.
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4
C
35
One-group posttest-only design
Descriptive and correlational statistics
36
One-group pretest–posttest design
Paired t test or one-way repeated measures ANOVA
37
Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups (with two groups)
Independent t test or one-way ANOVA
38
Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups (with more than two groups)
One-way ANOVA (with follow-up tests as needed)
39
Posttest-only control group design (with two groups)
Independent samples t test or one-way ANOVA
40
Posttest-only control group design (with more than two groups)
One-way ANOVA (with post hoc tests as needed)
41
Pretest–posttest control group design (with two groups)
One-way ANCOVA or mixed model ANOVA
42
Pretest–posttest control group design (with more than two groups)
One-way ANCOVA (with post hoc tests as needed) or mixed model ANOVA (with post hoc tests as needed)
43
Between participants factorial design (with two independent variables and no pretest)
Two-way ANOVA (with post hoc tests as needed)
44
Between participants factorial design (with two independent variables and pretest)
Two-way ANCOVA (with post hoc tests as needed)
45
The numerical index such as mean or correlation coefficient calculated from a sample data is known as the
a. Parameter
b. Statistic
c. Proportion
d. Alpha level
B
46
Chapter 15
You want to test the hypothesis that male and female children in India are treated differently once they attain adolescence. You have a verbal ____________ hypothesis and will state it symbolically as ____________.
a. Null, Ho : μM = μF
b. Null, Ho : μM ≠ μF
c. Alternate, H1 : μM ≠ μF
d. Alternate, H1 : μM = μF
e. Alternate, Ho : μM ≠ μF
C
47
Chapter 15
If the researcher stated a hypothesis that the population mean is greater than the control group mean, it is:
a. A null hypothesis
b. An alternate hypothesis
c. A directional alternative hypothesis
d. A non-directional hypothesis
C
48
Chapter 15
The use of a directional alternative hypothesis increases the statistical power of a hypothesis test by making it more likely to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. Yet it has a major disadvantage because of the following reason:
a. A large difference in the opposite direction is still considered inconclusive.
b. It is a negative way of approaching.
c. It is an assumption on the part of the researcher.
d. Only the null hypothesis is neutral.
A
49
Chapter 15
The second rule in hypothesis testing is that if the p value is greater than the alpha level, then the researcher will
a. Accept the null hypothesis
b. Reject the null hypothesis
c. Accept the alternate hypothesis
d. Conclude that the finding is statistically significant
e. Conclude that the finding is not statistically significant
E
50
Chapter 15
If you want to study the relationship between two or more categorical variables, you will use the ______________.
a. t test
b. Contingency table
c. Regression coefficient
d. Chi-square test
B
51
Chapter 14
1. The goal of inferential statistics is to
a. Summarize the research data
b. Go beyond the immediate set of data
c. Summarize key numerical characteristics of the data set
d. Calculate the averages of the experimental and control groups.
B
52
Chapter 14
2. The depiction of a continuous frequency distribution in bar format is called
a. Histogram
b. Bar graph
c. Line graph
d. Scatterplots
A
53
Chapter 14
```
3. Mode is not a very good indicator of the central tendency for which of the following
sets of data?
a. 0, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8
b. 1, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9
c. 1, 2, 2, 5, 7, 10, 10, 10
d. 2, 4, 6, 6, 8, 10, 12
```
C
54
Chapter 14
4. Variance can be measured as the
a. Square of standard deviation
b. Highest minus lowest number in a set
c. Center point in a set of ascending numbers
d. Average distance from the mean
A
55
Chapter 14
5. A correlation coefficient is a numerical index
a. That is represented by the square root of variance
b. Ranging from –1.00 to +1.00
c. Of cases falling within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations from the mean on a
normal distribution
d. That falls within one standard deviation from the mean on a bell curve
B
56
Chapter 14
6. The difference between the two means using natural units of data is
a. Unstandardized difference between means
b. Standardized difference between means
A
57
Chapter 14
7. A regression coefficient is defined as
a. The point where the regression line crosses the Y axis
b. The predicted change in the dependent variable Y for every one-unit change in
the independent variable X
c. A single independent or predictor variable
d. A linear relationship in a set of data
B
58
Chapter 13
```
1. Which of the following is most likely to use social “construction” of reality as the research
objective?
a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Mixed methods research
d. Generalizable research
```
B
59
Chapter 13
2. What type of information is primarily expected from a quantitative research report?
a. Statistical and correlation
b. Narrative and contextual
c. Mixture of statistics and qualitative data
d. Particularistic findings and claims
A
60
Chapter 13
3. Which characteristic of qualitative research encourages understanding without judgment?
a. Naturalistic inquiry
b. Personal experience and engagement
c. Empathic neutrality and mindfulness
d. Context sensitivity
C
61
Chapter 13
4. The use of multiple research methods to study a phenomenon is called:
a. Theory triangulation
b. Data triangulation
c. Investigator triangulation
d. Methods triangulation
D
62
Chapter 13
5. In ethnography, the objective outsider’s perspective of culture is called:
a. Emic perspective
b. Etic perspective
c. Macro perspective
d. Holism
B
63
Chapter 13
6. What among the following is not true about a case study?
a. It is an intensive and detailed description.
b. It emphasizes the environment in which it exists.
c. It tries to access the participant’s life world.
d. It is common in clinical and counseling psychology.
C
64
Chapter 12
1. Which of the following is different from both cross-sectional and longitudinal re-
search, taking independent samples from a general population over time?
a. Parallel study
b. Panel study
c. Trend study
d. Prospective study
C
65
Chapter 12
2. What is the main difference between a questionnaire and an interview?
a. Questionnaires are paper-pencil instruments.
b. Interviews don’t require trained administrators.
c. Participants can complete a questionnaire on their own.
d. Questionnaires can be used for follow-up questionnaires.
C
66
Chapter 12
```
3. “What is your opinion on the progressive views of the actor?” is an example of a
_____________ question:
a. Leading
b. Loaded
c. Double-barreled
d. Close-ended
```
B
67
Chapter 12
```
4. You must ensure that your response categories are both _____________ and
_____________:
a. Mutually exclusive and exhaustive
b. Close-ended and exhaustive
c. Mutually exclusive and open-ended
d. Close-ended and exploratory
```
A
68
Chapter 12
5. In order to avoid social desirability, you should
a. Tell participants that their responses will be anonymous.
b. Use equally desirable binary forced-choice responses.
c. Tell participants to be open and honest.
d. All of the above
D
69
Chapter 11
1. Single-case research designs can be used with
a. A single participant
b. A group of participants
c. Both A and B
d. Multiple groups
e. Single treatment
C
70
Chapter 11
2. A single-case design is experimental because it permits us to introduce a planned inter-
vention into the research program. The design includes
a. A before-after comparison
b. Evaluation of the effect of the independent variable
c. Use of multiple pre- and posttreatment measures
d. Uninterrupted time-series design
e. All of the above
E
71
Chapter 11
```
3. If we want to avoid the carryover effect where the treatment resulted in relatively
permanent changes, we should
a. Reverse the changes
b. Withdraw treatment condition
c. Use multiple-baseline design
d. Control the type of change
e. Measure immediate change only
```
C
72
Chapter 11
4. When using the changing-criterion design in an experiment, you would expect to do
the following:
a. Introduce a change in one participant and engineer it to produce a change in the
remaining targets.
b. Administer a single treatment method successively to several participants after
collecting the baseline data.
c. Apply the criterion to an alternate but incompatible behavior.
d. Shape behavior gradually by changing the criterion for success in successive
treatment periods.
e. Employ and measure multiple variables with one participant.
D
73
Chapter 11
5. A therapeutic condition occurs when
a. The treatment has eliminated a disorder.
b. The treatment has improved everyday life for the participant.
c. A clinical significance is included and the experiment is taken beyond just a
chance administration of a placebo.
d. All of the above take place.
D
74
Chapter 10
1. Which among the following is not true for making a causal inference from a quasi-
experimental design?
a. Cause and effect must be related.
b. Cause must precede the effect.
c. There should be no influence of an extraneous variable.
d. The participants are randomly assigned to groups.
D
75
Chapter 10
2. Stating how multiple dependent variables will change after the intervention is known
as control by ___________________________.
a. Identification of plausible threats
b. Design
c. Coherent pattern matching
d. Manipulation of independent variable
C
76
Chapter 10
```
3. In a selection group, when the two groups are from different populations, what is the
possible threat to internal validity?
a. Selection-maturation bias
b. Selection-instrumentation bias
c. Selection-regression bias
d. Selection-history bias
```
C
77
Chapter 10
4. What occurs in a crossover effect that is not readily explained by a rival hypothesis?
a. The control group performs better at pretesting, but the experimental group per-
forms better at posttesting.
b. The control group shows no change.
c. The experimental group starts higher.
d. The experimental group increases at a faster rate.
A
78
Chapter 10
5. For a group of long-distance runners who have been assigned to a program, a
researcher wants to study whether there has been any significant improvement in
endurance. The program uses creative coaching methods simulating real-life situa-
tions to increase the endurance ability of the athletes. The researcher plans to use
the regression discontinuity design as the samples already fulfill the criteria of being
long-distance runners. Which among the following criteria violates the requirement
of the design?
a. Assignment to the comparison group is based on the distance run.
b. The cut-off score should not be close to the longest distance.
c. The sample must be a mix of long- and short-distance runners.
d. The experimenter must have control over the assignment.
C
79
Chapter 9
1. The advantage of using the Internet for selecting participants is:
a. Reaching out to individuals in other cultures
b. Finding people of different types; for e.g., people with special disabilities
c. Having access to a larger population
d. You can investigate aspects of unique populations
e. All of the above
E
80
Chapter 9
2. The magnitude of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable is:
a. Power
b. Effect size
c. Alpha level
d. Significance level
e. Beta level
B
81
Chapter 9
3. When scheduling animal studies with rats, the researcher must be aware of the impli-
cations of scheduling because:
a. Rats show a preference for activity when they are not watched.
b. Rats are more active in the dark phase or night.
c. Rats are too fast to be observed accurately.
d. Rats may refuse to cooperate.
e. Rats may fall sick often and have to be replaced.
B
82
Chapter 9
4. When giving consent to participate in a study, the consent form should be in simple,
first-person layperson’s language, but the following is not true:
a. Participants could receive monetary compensation.
b. Participants can refuse to answer any uncomfortable questions later.
c. The participants’ records can be used for other studies.
d. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.
e. Alternate procedures beneficial to the participant should be identified.
C
83
Chapter 9
5. One way to ensure that participants understand an instruction is to:
a. Include “warm-up” trials
b. Have terse and succinct instructions
c. Ask participants to relax and enjoy the test
d. Provide a choice of operations
e. Tell participants to guess when they do not have the answer
A
