發展選擇題 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
CH06
1.At what age do infants first show specific bonds?
單選題 (0 分)
A.
at birth
B.
1–2 months
C.
3–4 months
D.
6–7 months
A
D
2
Q
CH06
Which of the following statements is true?
A.
Young infants are unobservant of the behaviors of others.
B.
Young infants are observant of others’ behaviors but cannot yet anticipate their social partners’ reactions.
C.
Young infants can anticipate the behavior of their interaction partners but cannot yet react when these expectations are violated.
D.
Young infants anticipate the behavior of their interaction partners and may be upset when these expectations are violated.
A
D
3
Q
CH06
Thomas, a 10-month-old, is in a new environment and not quite sure how to respond. He looks at his father’s facial expression to learn more. This is an example of:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
gaze following
B.
joint attention
C.
social referencing
D.
specific bonds
A
C
4
Q
CH06
Martin and his father are looking at a pencil in a reciprocal fashion, which lets the other know they are both referencing this object. This illustrates:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
joint attention
B.
social referencing
C.
social viewing
D.
visual triangulation
A
A
5
Q
CH06
________ refers both to the strong and enduring emotional bond between a child and a significant other, and the processes that create and maintain this long-lasting social relationship.
單選題 (0 分)
A.
Association
B.
Attachment
C.
Connection
D.
Linkage
A
B
6
Q
CH06 What is the dominant view in the field of attachment? 回答錯誤 單選題 (0 分) A. ethological perspective
B.
cognitive developmental
C.
learning perspective
D.
psychoanalytic perspective
A
A
7
Q
CH06 Niles is 8 months old and has just begun using his father as a secure base for exploration. According to Bowlby, Niles is in which phase? 回答錯誤 單選題 (0 分) A. preattachment phase
B.
attachment-in-the-making phase
C.
clear-cut attachment phase
D.
reciprocal relationships
A
C
8
Q
Grant, a 16-month-old, is participating in the Strange Situation with his mother. Grant melts down when his mother leaves and sobs uncontrollably. When his mother returns, CH06
Grant runs to be with her but appears quite angry. Grant would most likely be classified as demonstrating a(n):
單選題 (0 分)
A.
disorganized attachment
B.
insecure/avoidant attachment
C.
insecure/resistant attachment
D.
secure attachment
A
C
9
Q
CH06
________ refers to a mental representation of the self and others and how they might interact in different circumstances.
單選題 (0 分)
A.
Internal working models
B.
Relationship frameworks
C.
Self-schemas
D.
Specific bond representations
A
A
10
Q
All of the following statements about emotional expression are true EXCEPT:
A.different forms of happiness seem to fade gradually into each other in infants rather than being sharply defined
B.different forms of happiness seem to fade gradually into each other in adults rather than being sharply defined
C.negative emotions are often seen as more clearly distinct from each other in infants
D.negative emotions are often seen as more clearly distinct from each other in adults
A
C.negative emotions are often seen as more clearly distinct from each other in infants
11
Q
Donovan tries to conserve energy by disengaging and withdrawing. He is likely feeling: A.anger B.disgust C.fear D.sadness
A
D.sadness
12
Q
The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised describes temperamental differences between infants on all of the following dimensions EXCEPT: A.negative affectivity B.effortful control C.rhythmicity D.surgency/extroversion
A
C.rhythmicity
13
Q
Emotions can be thought of as ways of mobilizing ourselves to achieve certain goals. This idea represents the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ approach to emotion. A.basic B.complex C.functionalist D.structuralist
A
C.functionalist
14
Q
Emma is a 4-month-old infant. She will:
A.not yet be sensitive to others’ emotions
B.rely only on visual cues to emotions
C.rely only on auditory cues to emotions
D.rely on both visual and auditory cues to emotions
A
D.rely on both visual and auditory cues to emotions
15
Q
Sheila is very upset about something that happened at work. She tries to distract herself and focus on her friends. This illustrates: A.attentional deployment B.positivity bias C.response modification D.situation selection
A
A.attentional deployment
16
Q
Juan's parents have noticed that he has just started to express fear. He only recently has been frightened by new people and toys. How old is Juan likely to be? A.2 months B.4 months C.6 months D.12 months
A
C.6 months
17
Q
All of the following are considered basic emotions EXCEPT:
A.
disgust
B.
fear
C.
guilt
D.
joy
A
C
18
Q
All of the following are considered self-conscious emotions EXCEPT:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
anger
B.
envy
C.
empathy
D.
pride
A
A
19
Q
Matthew is 6 months old. He probably smiles most often in response to:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
internal cues
B.
interactive toys
C.
social stimulation
D.
seeing and recognizing his mother
A
D
20
Q
________ neurons may play a role in emotional contagion by linking action and perception such that the same neurons fire when a person either expresses an emotion or observes that emotion in others.
單選題 (0 分)
A.
Display
B.
Emotion
C.
Mirror
D.
Response
A
C
21
Q
All of the following are methods of emotional regulation highlighted in your textbook EXCEPT:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
attentional deployment
B.
response modification
C.
situation selection
D.
social referencing
A
D
22
Q
Researchers use the term ________ to refer to an infant’s tendency toward particular emotional and behavioral responses to specific situations.
單選題 (0 分)
A.
affective response style
B.
goodness of fit
C.
personality
D.
temperament
A
D
23
Q
Trait approaches to temperament focus on three fundamental trait-like categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these trait-like categories?
單選題 (0 分)
A.
activity level
B.
effortful control
C.
emotionality
D.
sociability
A
B
24
Q
Benicio usually responds to new environments in a negative fashion at first. However, he tends to adapt after being in the new situation for some time. Benicio would be classified into the category of: 回答錯誤 單選題 (0 分) A. adjustable
B.
difficult
C.
easy
D.
slow to warm up
A
D
25
Jamal isa toddler who is able to effectively shift his attention and focus on tasks.Jamal would be considered high on:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
affect modification
B.
effortful control
C.
rhythmicity
D.
surgency
B
26
All of the following statements about goodness of fit are true EXCEPT:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
the concept of goodness of fit helped launch a major shift in how we view infants and children
B.
the same environment is optimal for all children
C.
children can actively seek the best-fitting environment
D.
parents and teachers can alter the environment to better fit the child
B
27
Hillary gets socks and a pencil as a present from one of her friends at her birthday party.She responds politely and smiles, though she wished she received a toy. Her parents have taught her to respond positively to gifts no matter their content.This illustrates use of:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
attentional deployment
B.
display rules
C.
response guidelines
D.
situation cues
B
28
Jose is an infant who shifts his attention away from a frightening image. This is an illustration of:
emotional regulation
29
Gene's dog is very timid. He is afraid of dogs that are smaller than him. How would you describe the dog's temperament?
inhibited
30
A researcher is interested in whether his measure of temperament predicts the more naturalistic and intuitively compelling behaviors that are thought to underlie the temperamental measure. He is interested in the measure's:
Validity
31
Macie is an extremely inhibited child at age 2. How will Macie likely behave in elementary school if her parents fail to encourage social exploration?
She will show high levels of inhibition and shyness
32
Martina's friend is feeling very happy. Martina seems to "pick it up" and feel happy as well. This is an example of:
B. emotional contagion
33
Shame may result from sadness combined with anger. Shame represents a ________ emotion.
A. complex
34
Which of these emotions is the last to develop?
D. pride
35
Sibyl is a difficult baby who cries often and is rarely content. Her mother finds this behavior difficult to handle and becomes less patient, leading to even more difficult behavior from the infant. This illustrates a(n):
C. feedback loop
36
Researchers typically distinguish four common components of language. These include all the followingEXCEPT:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
prelinguistics
B.
pragmatics
C.
semantics
D.
syntax
A
37
```
Dr. Sparks is interested in sound patterns of a language and the rules for combining sounds into words. Dr.Sparks is focused on:
回答錯誤
單選題 (0 分)
A.
phonology
```
B.
pragmatics
C.
semantics
D.
syntax
A
38
```
A researcher wants to learn whether children understand the difference between two sentences: “Jack pushed Jill”and “Jill pushed Jack.” This researcher is focused on:
回答錯誤
單選題 (0 分)
A.
phonology
```
B.
pragmatics
C.
semantics
D.
syntax
D
39
```
“Dog,” “s,” and “pre” are all examples of:
回答錯誤
單選題 (0 分)
A.
holophrases
```
B.
morphemes
C.
phonemes
D.
telegraphic speech
B
40
All of the following statements about the overregularization of past tense verb endings are true EXCEPT:
回答錯誤
單選題 (0 分)
A.
children of all ages are hearing essentially the same distributions of verbs and tenses
B.
when they start to overregularize the past tense “-ed” rule, children are taking a pattern observed in a majority of instances and applying it to all cases
C.
parents frequently provide feedback to children about the incorrect nature of overregularized forms
D.
children usually have never heard these incorrect overregularizations in the speech of others
C
41
________ is learning based on the probability of events occurring both at the same time and in sequences over time.
單選題 (0 分)
A.
Computational modeling
B.
Fast mapping
C.
Imitation
D.
Statistical learning
D
42
Grace is in the car with her mother. They drive by a cow in a pasture, and Grace says“horse.” This is an example of:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
connectionism
B.
fast mapping
C.
overextension
D.
underextension
C
43
All the following are examples of critical-period effects EXCEPT:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
adults pick up vocabulary in a second language more quickly than do children due to their fast mapping skills
B.
adults learning a second language may speak with an accent, whereas children learning a second language may sound like a native
C.
those who learned English later in life show poorer grammatical abilities than those who learned English before their fifth birthday
D.
children who grow up without human communication struggle to learn the grammatical structure of any first language at a later age
A
44
All of the following are claims about language made by Vygotsky EXCEPT:
回答錯誤
單選題 (0 分)
A.
over the course of early development, the child internalizes her own language, making it the vehicle for thinking about the world
B.
before language is internalized, the child’s thoughts are entirely concrete and tied to the here and now
C.
language liberates the child’s thoughts by making them more abstract and therefore a more powerful way of understanding meanings and categories
D.
language may facilitate thought in children by providing additional memory and attention support, but language does not affect thought in adults
D
45
April, a toddler, is talking to her mother on the phone and points to a picture in her storybook and says “look at this.” This illustrates:
單選題 (0 分)
A.
egocentrism
B.
overextension
C.
telegraphic speech
D.
underextension
A
46
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Only a few fortunate infants form bonds with their primary caregiver
B. Bonds between infant and caregivers can be inferred through certain sets of behaviors
C. Disrupting the bond between infant and caregiver has little effect
D. The first meaningful bond is generally between sibling and infant
B
47
```
All of the following are considered critical influences on the initial development of attachment bonds EXCEPT:
A. Clinging and touch
B. Cuteness
C. Language acquisition
D. Smiling
```
C
48
Doreen is an uninhibited child, whereas Dawn is an inhibited child. Which of the following is most likely?
A. Doreen will tend to display more positive emotions than Dawn.
B, Doreen will tend to display more negative emotions than Dawn.
C. Doreen will display less exploratory behavior in new situations than Dawn.
D. Doreen and Dawn will display different levels of exploratory behaviors but will not differ in their display of emotion.
A. Doreen will tend to display more positive emotions than Dawn
49
```
All of the following are considered basic emotions except:
A. Disgust
B. Fear
C. Guilt
D. Joy
```
C
50
Jose is an infant who shifts his attention away from a frightening image. This is an illustration of:
Emotional regulation
51
Miles, a toddler, wants to stay close to his mother. He follows her into the kitchen. This illustrates:
Situation selection
52
Rachel, a preschooler, told her mother that she "runned" at school instead of saying that she "ran." This illustrates:
Overregularization
53
Miles is on vacation in Iceland. He sees a native say "kotlur" while pointing to a white, fluffy cat with a long tail. Miles will likely assume this novel word means:
Cat
54
Ernesto learns the word "ball." He recognizes this word applies to his ball at home as well as other balls at school and at friends' houses. This process of linking the sounds that form the word "ball" onto the concept of what a ball represents is referred to as:
Mapping
55
Which of the following would be considered a pragmatic constraint?
Mutual exclusivity
56
What is true about child-directed speech?
Infants in all cultures prefer to listen to speech that has the same characteristics of child-directed speech
57
All of the following are true of Freud's view of infant-parent bonds except:
A. Freud formulated his views based on careful observation of children
B. Freud claimed the mother-infant relationship was unique
C. Freud focused on the importance of breastfeeding as a source of oral gratification
D. Freud saw the mother-infant relation as the prototype around which all later close relationships revolve
A. Freud formulated his views based on careful observation of children
58
```
Marcela is considered an easy baby. Which of these characteristics is she UNLIKELY to demonstrate?
A. Happy
B. Adaptable
C. Intense reactions
D. Regular daily routines
```
C
59
Kenisha is helping her daughter put together a puzzle. She provides support in subtle ways, such as suggesting that they focus on the edges of the puzzle. This illustrates:
Scaffolding
60
```
Preoperational children lack all of the following abilities EXCEPT:
A. Compensation
B. Identity
C. Reversibility
D. Symbolic Representation
```
D
61
Preschoolers are much better at sorting objects into _____ level categories than they are at using other category levels.
Basic
62
Sophie does not know anything about kidneys. Her teacher tells her that people have kidneys and asks whether horses also have kidneys. Sophie believes that they do based on knowing people have kidneys. This illustrates:
Property Attribution
63
Madison comes to understand the principles of cause and effect and applies these to many areas of life from physics to social interactions. This illustrates:
Domain-general development
64
A researcher presents a child with two identical glasses of water. She then pours one of the glasses into a tall glass beaker and asks the child if the amount of water has changed. This illustrates a _____ task.
Conservation
65
The ability to think systematically about different possibilities that might depart from the current reality is referred to as:
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
66
```
All of the following are examples of prelinguistic vocalizations EXCEPT:
A. Babbling
B. Cooing
C. Lip smacking
D. Squealing
```
C
67
When 6-year-old chess "experts" perform memory tasks, researchers find all of the following except:
A. The experts are better than novice peers at remembering a wide range of thing
B. The experts are better than novice peers at remembering meaningful arrangements of chess pieces
C. The experts are the same as novice peers at remembering random arrangements of chess pieces
D. The experts are better than novice adults at remembering meaningful arrangements of chess pieces
A. The experts are better than novice peers at remembering a wide range of things
68
When Jason is read a list of words, he has a better memory for the last few words in the list. This is consistent with a:
Recency effect
69
All of the following are hypotheses about infantile amnesia EXCEPT:
A, The formatting of memory changes over time, making infantile memory inaccessible
B. The early immature state of brain structures prevents the adequate storage of memories
C. The traumatic experiences of infancy lead to repression of those painful memories
D. The early memories are encoded in such a way that specific cues are needed to access them
C
70
Carolina, a young child, originally sees two equal rows of coins. Carolina thinks this row gets longer but does not realize that the increase of length is due to an increase in the space between coins. This illustrates Carolina lacks the logical operator of:
Compensation
71
Dr. Alvarez is conducting an evaluation on Angela to see what her IQ and academic abilities are. Dr. Alvarez should be concerned about all of the following on the medical history form EXCEPT:
A. Angela was exposed to lead based paint when she was much younger
B. Angela's family is struggling to make enough money to put food on the table
C. Her mother drank alcohol during pregnancy
D. Her mother took periodic doses of vitamins during pregnancy
D
72
_____ emotions are meant to influence others and not simply reflect an internal state
Machiavellian
73
Most theorists see the newborn as having:
Undifferentiated emotions
74
_____ is a way of representing networks of associations based on computer stimulations with multiple levels of associations.
Connectionism
75
Using a relatively small number of basic linguistic components and rules, we can create a boundless variety of unique expressions. This characteristic of language is known as:
Generativity
76
```
All of the following are three common types of constraints on word meaning EXCEPT:
A. Conceptual
B. Perceptual
C. Pragmatic
D. Semantic
```
D
77
Dr. Ladd is a linguist. She tells her class that in all languages all sentences must have a verb. This supports which principle of language development?
Principles and parameters approach
78
_____ are used to mentally represent the spatial layout of the environment and infer distance, direction, and ways of navigation.
Cognitive maps
79
A researcher believes that as young children start to understand how solid objects collide with one another and cause movement, this understanding is largely guided by intuitions about physical mechanics that are present in infancy. This illustrates _____ constraints.
Foundational
80
```
All of the following are examples of prelinguistic vocalizations EXCEPT:
A. Babbling
B. Cooing
C. Holophrases
D. Lip Smacking
```
C
81
```
Which of the following would be considered a pragmatic constraint?
A. Mutual exclusivity
B. Poverty of the stimulus
C. Shape bias
D. Whole-object bias
```
A
82
```
Which of the following would be considered a conceptual constraint?
A, Mutual exclusivity
B. Shape bias
C. Speaker's gaze
D. Whole-object bias
```
D
83
All of the following are claims about language made by Vygotsky EXCEPT:
A. Over the course of early development, the child internalizes her own language, making it the vehicle for thinking about the world
B. Before language is internalized, the child's thoughts are entirely concrete and tied to the here and now
C. Language liberates the child's thoughts by making them more abstract and therefore a more powerful way of understanding meanings and categories
D. Language may facilitate thought in children by providing additional memory and attention support, but language does not affect thought in adults
D
84
```
All of the following are characteristics of child-directed speech EXCEPT:
A. Speaking at a higher pitch
B. Speaking more slowly
C. Speaking more quietly
D. Using fewer words per sentence
```
C
85
_____ constraints take the form of consistent rule patterns across all languages, which results in specific structural features all languages share.
Universal
86
A team of researchers is looking closely at neural dissociations between brain functions that support language and those involved in other areas of cognition. This will enable them to learn about:
Domain specificity
87
The _____ hypothesis holds that language we speak actually controls the nature of our thoughts.
Linguistic determinism
88
All of the following statements about numerical understanding are true EXCEPT:
A. Infants seem to have some sense of numerosity of small displays and some intuitive arithmetic skills
B. Infants' understanding of a number is similar to preschoolers' understanding of number
C. Young children do not usually understand - sometimes until age 10 - that a count can proceed in any order
D. Children's increasing understanding of number words and plural forms may help them see more numerical relations
B
89
Allie, a 7-year-old, sees two rows of pennies of equal length. The experimenter spreads out one row and asks Allie if they have the same number. Allie says they do have the same number and one row just has more space between pennies. What stage is Allie in?
Concrete operational period
90
Danica is a preschooler who is only able to focus on one aspect of a problem and is unable to attend to multiple aspects simultaneously. According to Piaget, Danica would be in which stage of cognitive development?
Preoperational
91
The development and testing of hypothesis is characterized as:
Scientific reasoning
92
All of the following are true about the concrete operational period EXCEPT:
A. Most children enter the concrete operational period around 7 years of age and move to the next stage by age 12
B. The concrete operational child has acquired the mental operator of reversibility
C. Upon entering concrete operations, the child is able to smoothly use identity and compensation across all tasks.
D. The concrete operational child starts to respond correctly to conversation and classification tasks.
C
93
All of the following are characteristics of the preoperational child EXCEPT:
A. The ability to mentally represent ideas
B. The ability to think about the relations between concrete properties
C. The ability to use symbols such as words
D. The ability to use language to communicate
B
94
```
All of the following are examples of environmental influences on children's intelligence test scores EXCEPT:
A. Sensitive parenting
B. Heritability
C. Birth order
D. Parental education
```
B
95
All of the following statements are true except:
A. Most early attachment relationships involve the infant's high level of dependency on the parents
B. Dependency is not necessary for a strong attachment
C. All dependencies lead to attachment
D. Dependency implies passivity on the part of the infant
C
96
All of the following statements about temperament are true EXCEPT:
A. An individual's temperament emerges early in life
B. There is a high degree of heritability in many temperamental attributes
C. Temperament is not very stable over time
D. Temperament can involve individual differences in self-regulation
C
97
All of the following statements are true of Jerome Kagan's research findings EXCEPT:
A. Infant's inhibited behaviors have different biological bases than uninhibited behaviors
B. The tendency to be inhibited or uninhibited can affect other aspects of temperament
C. The tendency to be inhibited or uninhibited interacts with the degree to which certain kinds of emotions are expressed
D. Uninhibited infants are more likely to express negative emotions
D
98
Which of the following statements is true about deaf infants exposed to sign language:
A. Deaf infants cannot babble aloud or with their hands
B. Dead infants can only babble aloud, not with their hands
C, Deaf infants can only babble with their hands
D. Deaf infants can babble aloud and with their hands
D
99
Baby Summer says "gagaga." This illustrates:
Babbling
100
What is the order of Piaget's developmental stages?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
101
_____ proposed the theory of sociocultural development
Vygotsky
102
All of the following are true of vocabulary growth for most children EXCEPT:
A. The child's vocabulary initially grows at a slow rate
B. The actual vocabulary size can vary considerably across children
C. There are usually sharp spurts in vocabulary growth rather than gradual increases
D. By age five, many children have vocabularies as large as 10,000 words
C
103
Darius is a toddler who knows 200 words. These words he knows are referred to as his:
Lexicon
104
What best describes Piaget's theory?
Infants are born with built in sensorimotor reflexes, which are modified and transformed into schemes with experience
105
All of the following statements about the overregularization of past tense verb endings are true EXCEPT:
A. Children of all ages are hearing essentially the same distributions of verbs and tenses
B. When they start to overregularize the past tense "-ed" rule, children are taking a pattern observed in a majority of instances and applying it to all cases
C. Parents frequently provide feedback to children about the incorrect nature of overregularized forms
D. Children usually have never heard these incorrect overregularizations in the speech of others
C
106
Ashwin is able to reason logically without reference to his immediate surroundings. What stage of development best describes Ashwin?
Formal operational period
107
```
Preoperational children lack all of the following abilities EXCEPT:
A. Compensation
B. Identity
C. Reversibility
D. Symbolic representation
```
D
