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vet liscence exam > 藥理學 > Flashcards

藥理學 Flashcards

1
Q

下列支氣管擴張藥中，何者是屬於抗膽鹼性藥物？
(A) ipratropium
(B) metaproterenol
(C) isoetharine
(D) theophylline

A

(A)ipratropium：抗膽鹼類，抑制副交感神經，使支氣管擴張。同類藥物另有atropine, glycopyrrolate也可用於支氣管擴張。

(B)metaproterenol：為選擇性beta 2 致效劑（β2 adrenergic receptor agonists），同類藥物有terbutaline, albuterol

(C)isoetharine ：為選擇性beta 2 致效劑

(D)theophylline：茶鹼。為phosphodiesterase抑制劑，誘導cAMP濃度上升，近一步使平滑肌放鬆。

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2
Q

何者和diphenoxylate併用，以減少diphenoxylate濫用的可能性？

A

Atropine

鴉片類止瀉劑最為有效，其中diphenoxylate因為會通過BBB因此會有成癮性的問題。

lomotil=diphenoxylate+atropine，可以減緩成癮性問題，因為atropine的副作用會造成眼乾、散瞳 (視力模糊)、便秘。

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3
Q

動物如果先給予 phentolamine 處理，再給予 epinephrine，則其生理變化主要為：
(A) 血壓下降
(B) 血壓上升
(C) 心跳減慢
(D) 心輸出量減少

A

A
要先知道epinephrine對beta的作用比alpha強，但簡單來說就是都可作用

那今天先給phentolamine(這是alpha 1 阻斷劑)

那麼epinephrine就只能對於beta作用啦~

所以刺激beta 2 使骨骼肌大血管舒張→ 血壓下降

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4
Q

Catecholamine 苯環上所含之-OH 基數目若減少，則對其藥理作用之影響主要為：
(A) 增加對中樞神經之興奮性
(B) 增加β腎上腺素性接受體之活性
(C) 減弱β腎上腺素性接受體之作用
(D) 對周圍神經之作用增強

A

C

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5
Q

交感神經末梢細胞質內之 dopamine 被攝入儲存顆粒後，進一步被氧化成為下列何種產物？
(A) L-dopa
(B) norepinephrine
(C) epinephrine
(D) methyldopamine

A

(B) norepinephrine

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6
Q

metaraminol

A

Mainly α1 agonist，血管收縮、血壓上升。
對β效應較低，對心臟、血管作用少。

會攝入儲存泡，而後促進NE釋放。本身也會作用在突觸後受體，但效果沒有NE好。為mixed-type。
***不能突然停藥，不然NE釋放會不足而造成低血壓，必須慢慢停藥讓身體慢慢適應。

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7
Q

當動物給予chlorpromazine 之後再注射epinephrine，則其所出現的臨床副作用主要為：
(A) 興奮狂躁
(B) 呼吸抑制
(C) 肌肉痙攣
(D) 血壓下降

A

D
像是Phenothiazines類的安神藥，

一定要記得它還有一個作用：阻斷腎上腺素性apha1受體

會怎樣？導致血管不收縮，就降血壓阿~

好啦，再給epinephrine呢？

這個很好玩，它是非選擇性的，但在治療劑量下，主要是活化alpha 1

但很因為alpha1已經被上面那個藥阻斷掉了，所以還是低血壓~

好啦，如果是低劑量給epinephrine，反而是活化beta2

能幹嘛？讓骨骼肌的大血管擴張啊！那血壓變更低～

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8
Q

下列何者可以通過blood-brain barrier 而興奮中樞神經系統？
(A) epinephrine
(B) dopamine
(C) phenylephrine
(D) ephedrine

A

Ephedrine 具有較高脂溶性，容易通過BBB~

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9
Q

投藥後，初期能抑制norepinephrine（NE）由交感神經終末端釋出，其後則類似reserpine 的效果，能使NE 貯藏顆粒球內的NE 耗竭的藥物是：
(A) guanethidine
(B) bretylium
(C) methyldopa
(D) dopamine

A

(A) guanethidine

為節後神經元阻斷劑，初期能抑制norepinephrine（NE）由交感神經終末端釋出之後能使NE儲藏顆粒球內的NE耗竭

(B) bretylium

抗心律不整藥物，第三類，鉀離子通道阻斷劑

可抑制NE釋放，延長心臟APD的有效不反應期

(C) methyldopa

降血壓藥物，中樞神經阻斷劑
使NE作用在中樞的效力降低

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10
Q

下列何者不是β2-selective 氣管擴張劑？
(A) metaproterenol
(B) terbutaline
(C) isoetharine
(D) timolol

A

D timolol
Propanolol, Sotalol, Timolol是非選擇性Beta blocker

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11
Q

下列有關lidocaine 藥理作用的敘述中，何者錯誤？
(A) 口服吸收不良，故需靜脈注射
(B) 在肝臟中代謝快速
(C) 對心房心律不整效果不好
(D) 對心室心律不整效果很好

A

lidocaine 的首度效應明顯，應使用IV較佳

縮短蒲金氏纖維的動作電位時間

心室效果>心房

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12
Q

下列何者為適合口服使用於預防血栓增大的抗凝血劑？
(A) heparin
(B) coumarin
(C) sodium oxalate
(D) Na EDTA

A

(B) coumarin香豆素，即為Warfarin，是一種抗凝血劑，抑制Vit K相關酵素，可延長血液凝固時間，及預防血栓的產生。
B=coumarin=warfarin 可PO

heparin不可PO只能injection
記法：哇(warfarin)！可以吃

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13
Q

較適宜預防手術後之黏連為下列何者？
(A) aspirin
(B) urokinase
(C) pepsin
(D) diastase

A

Urokinase能直接使 纖維蛋白和纖維蛋白原分解

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14
Q

下列何者不宜靜脈注射給藥？
(A) heparin
(B) dicoumarol
(C) streptokinase
(D) urokinase

A

Dicoumarol干擾維生素K所以達到抗凝血的功效

重點來了這種干擾維生素K（warfarin、coumarin）的都只能口服
因為作用很慢，3-7天才有用
需要知道的還有懷孕的毋湯用
用這種藥最好監控PT

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15
Q

dipyridamole

A

Dipyridamole is a nucleoside transport inhibitor and a PDE3 inhibitor medication that inhibits blood clot formation when given chronically
causes blood vessel dilation when given at high doses over a short time. (coronary a)

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16
Q

phylloquione

A

vit K1

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17
Q

phytonadione

A

vit K1

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18
Q

dipyrone

A

NSAID (similar to acetaminophen)

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19
Q

tepoxalin

A

NSAID, COX and 5-LOX dual inhibitor

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20
Q

Levallorphan

A

treatment of respiratory depression due to narcotic overdoses

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21
Q

meperidine

A

Opioid
may induce histamine release
但因為所有 opioid 中它對子宮收縮抑制最小,所以非常適合用於人類和動物(牛）的分娩止痛。
、Collie family is sensitive to this and may cause seizure

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22
Q

pethidine

A

meperidine

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23
Q

selegilline

A

MAOI, inhibit pituitary gland –> ACTH

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24
Q

fluoxetine

A

SSRI
increase insuline R sensitivity

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25
Q

metaraminol

A

alpha 1 agonist

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26
Q

picrotoxin

A

GABAa antagonist
ivermectin 解藥，效果不佳

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27
Q

strychnine

A

glycine R antagonist, increase reflex 角弓反張 (glycine is inhibitory)

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28
Q

glipzide

A

sulfonylureas, increase insulin secretion

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29
Q

metformin

A

target Type II DM

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30
Q

diazoxide

A

inhibit insulin secretion
used to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) caused by hyperinsulinism

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31
Q

otreotide

A

somatostatin合成劑

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32
Q

Raloxifene

A

selective estrogen receptor modulator

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33
Q

toremifene

A

新的selective estrogen receptor modulator

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34
Q

clomiphene

A

selective estrogen receptor modulator

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35
Q

fluconazole

A

-azole
cross BBB, treat serious fungal or yeast

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36
Q

benzathine

A

long-acting penicillin (BENZ!!)

37
Q

grey baby syndrome

A

G6PD lack + chloramphenicaol injection
cause hemolysis

38
Q

Mezlocillin

A

抗pseudomonas
penicillin, act on both + & -

39
Q

piperacillin

A

抗pseudomonas

40
Q

lindane

A

GABA inhibitor
cause excitation

41
Q

amitraz

A

MAO I
alpha2 agonist –> antidote: yohimbine
毛囊蟲藥
不可以用在馬，會造成fetal colonic obstruction

42
Q

selamectin

A

GABA agonist
死啦沒聽GABA 樂團
same class as ivermectin

43
Q

dichlorphene

A

絛蟲藥 減少ATP by decreasing oxidation-phosphorylation

44
Q

Robenidine

A

球蟲預防藥

45
Q

certain safety margin

A

LD1/ED99

46
Q

tripple drip

A

ketamine, xylazine, guaifenosime

47
Q

治療Cushings 用藥

A

死KMT
selegiline, ketoconazole, mitotane, trilostane

48
Q

clearance formula

A

0.693Vd/half life

49
Q

beractant

A

exogenous surfactant
新生牛resp distress
“B” surf”actant”

50
Q

isosorbide

A

vein dilation (NO)

51
Q

misoprostol

A

prostaglandin E1 analog, decrease gastric acid
wound healing by decreasing cAMP

52
Q

methyl cellulose

A

bulk luxative 吸水

53
Q

ketoprofen

A

non selective NSAID
inhibit LTB4

54
Q

salmeterol

A

beta 2 agonist，longer DOA
ps formoterol too
收沒？放沒？太久了！

55
Q

terbinafine

A

topical antifungal used occasionally to treat skin fungal infections in dogs.

56
Q

Pralidoxime

A

=2PAM 有機磷中毒解藥

57
Q

dipyridamol

A

PDE-inhibitor
anti-coagulant但是coronary dilation作用比較好

58
Q

抗pseudomonas

A

3rd/4th cephalospprin
ticarcillin, carbenocillin, peperacillin
AG: genta-, tobra-, amikacin

59
Q

probeneacid

A

increase urate acid excretion

60
Q

propantheline

A

M blocker

61
Q

loading dose cal

A

target concentration * Vd

62
Q

maintainence dose

A

(Cmax-Cmin) * Vd / F(bioavailability)

63
Q

insulin effect by SNS

A

alpha2 decrease
beta 1 increase

64
Q

clomipramine

A

TCA
-pramine / - tryptylline –> TCA

65
Q

guanethidine

A

inhibit NE release

66
Q

isoethane

A

beta2 agonist

67
Q

Methoxycholor

A

殺蟲藥
比起有機磷安全，inhibit Na+ channel closure, continuous depolarizing!

68
Q

therapeutic index

A

TD50/ED50

69
Q

methocarbamol

A

CNS muscle relaxant, unknow MOA

70
Q

baclofen

A

GABA beta agonist
Muscle relaxant

71
Q

imipramine

A

inhibit NE reuptake

72
Q

isopropamide

A

anticholinergic

73
Q

aminopentamide

A

anticholinergic

74
Q

boldenone

A

androgen agonist (Tx immue medicated 血小板減少症)

75
Q

dirlotapide

A

減肥藥

76
Q

felbamate

A

NMDA
anticonvulsant

77
Q

carbapenems

A

beta-lactamese inhibitor
GABA inhibitor –> excitation –> spasm

78
Q

aztreonam

A

similar to penicillin G 分佈
monobactam, targe on G (-)

79
Q

Pyrrolizidine

A

植物毒素
肝毒性
alkalidosis

80
Q

carvediol

A

alpha, beta blocker
CHF

81
Q

phenoxybenzamine

A

alpha1, alpha2 blocker
diagnosis of pehochromocytoma

82
Q

cabergolin

A

D2 agonist, inhibit prolactin, 抑制奶分泌

83
Q

ergonovine

A

子宮血管平滑肌持續收縮
“No” 冇事既

84
Q

Ergotamine

A

針對腦部的血管，治療偏頭痛、血管性頭痛

85
Q

Ergovaline

A

內生植物的毒素，對牛有毒，收縮血管
“V” 有毒

86
Q

flunixin

A

only NSAID effective at internal organ 止痛

87
Q

Etodolac

A

NSAID, bound to glucuronic acid
膽汁排出，腸肝循環，long half life

88
Q

mafenide

A

磺胺劑
外用

vet liscence exam (6 decks)

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