藥理學 Flashcards

(88 cards)

1
Q

下列支氣管擴張藥中,何者是屬於抗膽鹼性藥物?
(A) ipratropium
(B) metaproterenol
(C) isoetharine
(D) theophylline

A

(A)ipratropium:抗膽鹼類,抑制副交感神經,使支氣管擴張。同類藥物另有atropine, glycopyrrolate也可用於支氣管擴張。

(B)metaproterenol:為選擇性beta 2 致效劑(β2 adrenergic receptor agonists),同類藥物有terbutaline, albuterol

(C)isoetharine :為選擇性beta 2 致效劑

(D)theophylline:茶鹼。為phosphodiesterase抑制劑,誘導cAMP濃度上升,近一步使平滑肌放鬆。

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2
Q

何者和diphenoxylate併用,以減少diphenoxylate濫用的可能性?

A

Atropine

鴉片類止瀉劑最為有效,其中diphenoxylate因為會通過BBB因此會有成癮性的問題。

lomotil=diphenoxylate+atropine,可以減緩成癮性問題,因為atropine的副作用會造成眼乾、散瞳 (視力模糊)、便秘。

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3
Q

動物如果先給予 phentolamine 處理,再給予 epinephrine,則其生理變化主要為:
(A) 血壓下降
(B) 血壓上升
(C) 心跳減慢
(D) 心輸出量減少

A

A
要先知道epinephrine對beta的作用比alpha強,但簡單來說就是都可作用

那今天先給phentolamine(這是alpha 1 阻斷劑)

那麼epinephrine就只能對於beta作用啦~

所以刺激beta 2 使骨骼肌大血管舒張→ 血壓下降

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4
Q

Catecholamine 苯環上所含之-OH 基數目若減少,則對其藥理作用之影響主要為:
(A) 增加對中樞神經之興奮性
(B) 增加β腎上腺素性接受體之活性
(C) 減弱β腎上腺素性接受體之作用
(D) 對周圍神經之作用增強

A

C

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5
Q

交感神經末梢細胞質內之 dopamine 被攝入儲存顆粒後,進一步被氧化成為下列何種產物?
(A) L-dopa
(B) norepinephrine
(C) epinephrine
(D) methyldopamine

A

(B) norepinephrine

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6
Q

metaraminol

A

Mainly α1 agonist,血管收縮、血壓上升。
對β效應較低,對心臟、血管作用少。

會攝入儲存泡,而後促進NE釋放。本身也會作用在突觸後受體,但效果沒有NE好。為mixed-type。
***不能突然停藥,不然NE釋放會不足而造成低血壓,必須慢慢停藥讓身體慢慢適應。

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7
Q

當動物給予chlorpromazine 之後再注射epinephrine,則其所出現的臨床副作用主要為:
(A) 興奮狂躁
(B) 呼吸抑制
(C) 肌肉痙攣
(D) 血壓下降

A

D
像是Phenothiazines類的安神藥,

一定要記得它還有一個作用:阻斷腎上腺素性apha1受體

會怎樣?導致血管不收縮,就降血壓阿~

好啦,再給epinephrine呢?

這個很好玩,它是非選擇性的,但在治療劑量下,主要是活化alpha 1

但很因為alpha1已經被上面那個藥阻斷掉了,所以還是低血壓~

好啦,如果是低劑量給epinephrine,反而是活化beta2

能幹嘛?讓骨骼肌的大血管擴張啊!那血壓變更低~

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8
Q

下列何者可以通過blood-brain barrier 而興奮中樞神經系統?
(A) epinephrine
(B) dopamine
(C) phenylephrine
(D) ephedrine

A

Ephedrine 具有較高脂溶性,容易通過BBB~

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9
Q

投藥後,初期能抑制norepinephrine(NE)由交感神經終末端釋出,其後則類似reserpine 的效果,能使NE 貯藏顆粒球內的NE 耗竭的藥物是:
(A) guanethidine
(B) bretylium
(C) methyldopa
(D) dopamine

A

(A) guanethidine

為節後神經元阻斷劑,初期能抑制norepinephrine(NE)由交感神經終末端釋出之後能使NE儲藏顆粒球內的NE耗竭

(B) bretylium

抗心律不整藥物,第三類,鉀離子通道阻斷劑

可抑制NE釋放,延長心臟APD的有效不反應期

(C) methyldopa

降血壓藥物,中樞神經阻斷劑
使NE作用在中樞的效力降低

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10
Q

下列何者不是β2-selective 氣管擴張劑?
(A) metaproterenol
(B) terbutaline
(C) isoetharine
(D) timolol

A

D timolol
Propanolol, Sotalol, Timolol是非選擇性Beta blocker

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11
Q

下列有關lidocaine 藥理作用的敘述中,何者錯誤?
(A) 口服吸收不良,故需靜脈注射
(B) 在肝臟中代謝快速
(C) 對心房心律不整效果不好
(D) 對心室心律不整效果很好

A

lidocaine 的首度效應明顯,應使用IV較佳

縮短蒲金氏纖維的動作電位時間

心室效果>心房

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12
Q

下列何者為適合口服使用於預防血栓增大的抗凝血劑?
(A) heparin
(B) coumarin
(C) sodium oxalate
(D) Na EDTA

A

(B) coumarin香豆素,即為Warfarin,是一種抗凝血劑,抑制Vit K相關酵素,可延長血液凝固時間,及預防血栓的產生。
B=coumarin=warfarin 可PO

heparin不可PO只能injection
記法:哇(warfarin)!可以吃

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13
Q

較適宜預防手術後之黏連為下列何者?
(A) aspirin
(B) urokinase
(C) pepsin
(D) diastase

A

Urokinase能直接使 纖維蛋白和纖維蛋白原分解

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14
Q

下列何者不宜靜脈注射給藥?
(A) heparin
(B) dicoumarol
(C) streptokinase
(D) urokinase

A

Dicoumarol干擾維生素K所以達到抗凝血的功效

重點來了這種干擾維生素K(warfarin、coumarin)的都只能口服
因為作用很慢,3-7天才有用
需要知道的還有懷孕的毋湯用
用這種藥最好監控PT

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15
Q

dipyridamole

A

Dipyridamole is a nucleoside transport inhibitor and a PDE3 inhibitor medication that inhibits blood clot formation when given chronically
causes blood vessel dilation when given at high doses over a short time. (coronary a)

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16
Q

phylloquione

A

vit K1

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17
Q

phytonadione

A

vit K1

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18
Q

dipyrone

A

NSAID (similar to acetaminophen)

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19
Q

tepoxalin

A

NSAID, COX and 5-LOX dual inhibitor

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20
Q

Levallorphan

A

treatment of respiratory depression due to narcotic overdoses

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21
Q

meperidine

A

Opioid
may induce histamine release
但因為所有 opioid 中它對子宮收縮抑制最小,所以非常適合用於人類和動物(牛)的分娩止痛。
、Collie family is sensitive to this and may cause seizure

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22
Q

pethidine

A

meperidine

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23
Q

selegilline

A

MAOI, inhibit pituitary gland –> ACTH

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24
Q

fluoxetine

A

SSRI
increase insuline R sensitivity

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25
metaraminol
alpha 1 agonist
26
picrotoxin
GABAa antagonist ivermectin 解藥,效果不佳
27
strychnine
glycine R antagonist, increase reflex 角弓反張 (glycine is inhibitory)
28
glipzide
sulfonylureas, increase insulin secretion
29
metformin
target Type II DM
30
diazoxide
inhibit insulin secretion used to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) caused by hyperinsulinism
31
otreotide
somatostatin合成劑
32
Raloxifene
selective estrogen receptor modulator
33
toremifene
新的selective estrogen receptor modulator
34
clomiphene
selective estrogen receptor modulator
35
fluconazole
-azole cross BBB, treat serious fungal or yeast
36
benzathine
long-acting penicillin (BENZ!!)
37
grey baby syndrome
G6PD lack + chloramphenicaol injection cause hemolysis
38
Mezlocillin
抗pseudomonas penicillin, act on both + & -
39
piperacillin
抗pseudomonas
40
lindane
GABA inhibitor cause excitation
41
amitraz
MAO I alpha2 agonist --> antidote: yohimbine 毛囊蟲藥 不可以用在馬,會造成fetal colonic obstruction
42
selamectin
GABA agonist 死啦沒聽GABA 樂團 same class as ivermectin
43
dichlorphene
絛蟲藥 減少ATP by decreasing oxidation-phosphorylation
44
Robenidine
球蟲預防藥
45
certain safety margin
LD1/ED99
46
tripple drip
ketamine, xylazine, guaifenosime
47
治療Cushings 用藥
死KMT selegiline, ketoconazole, mitotane, trilostane
48
clearance formula
0.693Vd/half life
49
beractant
exogenous surfactant 新生牛resp distress "B" surf"actant"
50
isosorbide
vein dilation (NO)
51
misoprostol
prostaglandin E1 analog, decrease gastric acid wound healing by decreasing cAMP
52
methyl cellulose
bulk luxative 吸水
53
ketoprofen
non selective NSAID inhibit LTB4
54
salmeterol
beta 2 agonist,longer DOA ps formoterol too 收沒?放沒?太久了!
55
terbinafine
topical antifungal used occasionally to treat skin fungal infections in dogs.
56
Pralidoxime
=2PAM 有機磷中毒解藥
57
dipyridamol
PDE-inhibitor anti-coagulant但是coronary dilation作用比較好
58
抗pseudomonas
3rd/4th cephalospprin ticarcillin, carbenocillin, peperacillin AG: genta-, tobra-, amikacin
59
probeneacid
increase urate acid excretion
60
propantheline
M blocker
61
loading dose cal
target concentration * Vd
62
maintainence dose
(Cmax-Cmin) * Vd / F(bioavailability)
63
insulin effect by SNS
alpha2 decrease beta 1 increase
64
clomipramine
TCA -pramine / - tryptylline --> TCA
65
guanethidine
inhibit NE release
66
isoethane
beta2 agonist
67
Methoxycholor
殺蟲藥 比起有機磷安全,inhibit Na+ channel closure, continuous depolarizing!
68
therapeutic index
TD50/ED50
69
methocarbamol
CNS muscle relaxant, unknow MOA
70
baclofen
GABA beta agonist Muscle relaxant
71
imipramine
inhibit NE reuptake
72
isopropamide
anticholinergic
73
aminopentamide
anticholinergic
74
boldenone
androgen agonist (Tx immue medicated 血小板減少症)
75
dirlotapide
減肥藥
76
felbamate
NMDA anticonvulsant
77
carbapenems
beta-lactamese inhibitor GABA inhibitor --> excitation --> spasm
78
aztreonam
similar to penicillin G 分佈 monobactam, targe on G (-)
79
Pyrrolizidine
植物毒素 肝毒性 alkalidosis
80
carvediol
alpha, beta blocker CHF
81
phenoxybenzamine
alpha1, alpha2 blocker diagnosis of pehochromocytoma
82
cabergolin
D2 agonist, inhibit prolactin, 抑制奶分泌
83
ergonovine
子宮血管平滑肌持續收縮 "No" 冇事既
84
Ergotamine
針對腦部的血管,治療偏頭痛、血管性頭痛
85
Ergovaline
內生植物的毒素,對牛有毒,收縮血管 "V" 有毒
86
flunixin
only NSAID effective at internal organ 止痛
87
Etodolac
NSAID, bound to glucuronic acid 膽汁排出,腸肝循環,long half life
88
mafenide
磺胺劑 外用