𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒔

Question 1

What is hypospadias?

Answer 1

A congenital condition where the urethral opening is on the underside (ventral) of the penis rather than the top of the glans.

Question 2

Where is the urethral opening located in hypospadias?

Answer 2

On the ventral (underside) of the penis.

Question 3

What is the incidence rate of hypospadias in boys?

Answer 3

1 in 300 boys.

Question 4

During which weeks of gestation does the urethral groove form?

Answer 4

5th to 16th week.

Question 5

What causes hypospadias?

Answer 5

Incomplete fusion of the ventral folds or failure of urethral development.

Question 6

What are the three main types of hypospadias classification?

Answer 6

Anterior (distal), middle, and posterior (proximal).

Question 7

What percentage of hypospadias cases are anterior (distal) hypospadias?

Answer 7

70% of cases.

Question 8

Name three subtypes of anterior (distal) hypospadias.

Answer 8

Glandular, coronal, sub-coronal.

Question 9

What percentage of hypospadias cases are middle hypospadias?

Answer 9

20-25% of cases.

Question 10

Where is the meatus located in middle hypospadias?

Answer 10

Anywhere along the penile shaft.

Question 11

What is another name for posterior hypospadias?

Answer 11

Proximal hypospadias.

Question 12

Name the three subtypes of posterior (proximal) hypospadias.

Answer 12

Penoscrotal, scrotal, perineal.

Question 13

What are some genetic risk factors for hypospadias?

Answer 13

Family history and genetic mutations.

Question 14

How can environmental factors contribute to hypospadias?

Answer 14

Maternal exposure to endocrine disruptors (e.g., Bisphenol).

Question 15

What is chordee in the context of hypospadias?

Answer 15

Ventral curvature of the penis.

Question 16

Name two anatomical abnormalities associated with hypospadias.

Answer 16

Ectopic urethral opening, ventral curvature (chordee).

Question 17

What is the significance of an undescended testis in hypospadias?

Answer 17

It may indicate disorders of sexual development.

Question 18

What is micropenis, and how is it related to hypospadias?

Answer 18

A rare condition where hypospadias coexists with a small penis.

Question 19

How can urethral diverticula or fistulas develop in hypospadias?

Answer 19

Due to abnormal urethral development.

Question 20

What are the key physical examination findings in hypospadias?

Answer 20

Abnormally placed meatus, chordee, hooded foreskin, penile torsion or scarring.

Question 21

How does hypospadias affect urine flow?

Answer 21

Causes abnormal urine stream (spraying or deflecting).

Question 22

What are the psychosocial concerns for children with hypospadias?

Answer 22

Body image concerns and social stigma.

Question 23

How is hypospadias diagnosed?

Answer 23

Clinical diagnosis during newborn examination.

Question 24

Why is karyotyping and endocrine testing performed in severe hypospadias cases?

Answer 24

To rule out disorders of sexual development.

Question 25

What role does ultrasound imaging play in diagnosing hypospadias?

Answer 25

Evaluates urinary tract and checks for associated anomalies like cryptorchidism.

Question 26

What are the three main goals of hypospadias treatment?

Answer 26

Restore normal urine function, achieve a cosmetically acceptable penis, enable normal sexual function.

Question 27

At what age is surgical correction of hypospadias usually performed?

Answer 27

Between 6-18 months of age.

Question 28

Why is early surgical correction preferred in hypospadias?

Answer 28

Minimizes psychological impact and allows better healing.

Question 29

What is the most common surgical technique for distal hypospadias?

Answer 29

Snodgrass (TIP) repair.

Question 30

What is the primary technique used in Snodgrass (TIP) repair?

Answer 30

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty.

Question 31

When are two-stage repairs needed for hypospadias?

Answer 31

In severe proximal hypospadias cases.

Question 32

Name two techniques used in staged urethroplasty.

Answer 32

Onlay island flap, staged urethroplasty using grafts.

Question 33

What does chordee correction involve?

Answer 33

Degloving the penis and excising fibrotic bands causing curvature.

Question 34

What is the role of a Foley catheter or stent in post-operative care?

Answer 34

Allows proper healing after surgery.

Question 35

What medications are given post-operatively in hypospadias surgery?

Answer 35

Antibiotics and pain management.

Question 36

What are common post-operative complications of hypospadias surgery?

Answer 36

Bleeding, infection, edema, hematoma.

Question 37

What is a long-term complication of hypospadias surgery?

Answer 37

Urethrocutaneous fistula (10-20% of cases).

Question 38

Why is monitoring necessary after hypospadias surgery?

Answer 38

To check for complications like fistula formation and urethral strictures.

Question 39

What is a urethrocutaneous fistula?

Answer 39

An abnormal connection between the urethra and skin post-surgery.

Question 40

How can hypospadias surgery failure impact a patient?

Answer 40

May require revision surgeries and cause psychosocial distress.