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Brain stories > 0% Matter of Mind : A Neurologist's View Kenneth M. Heilman Introductory Chapter 2 > Flashcards

0% Matter of Mind : A Neurologist's View Kenneth M. Heilman Introductory Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Aphasia

A

loss of speech or a disruption in using and/or understanding language following neurological injury or disease.

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2
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station deep in the brain, sensory information travels from a specialized organ such as the ear or eye to this part of the brain

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3
Q

Primary sensory areas

A

Recieving area of the cerebral cortex. Sensory information travels from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex to the primary sensory areas. Each sense has its own receiving area in the brain.

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4
Q

This primary sensory area is located in the upper part of the temporal lobe.

A

Primary auditory area

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5
Q

Wernicke’s model of how the left hemisphere mediates speech:

  1. Auditory information enters the primary auditory cortex. (AI)
  2. The auditory cortex is part of the superior highest temporal lobe.
  3. After an auditory analysis the information is sent to the part of the left association cortex that is Wernicke‘s area. (WA)
  4. Wernicke’s area is connected to Broca’s area by a pathway called the,
    ______________ ____________, that is curved and travels to the back of the Sylvia fissure.
A

Wernicke’s model of how the left hemisphere mediates speech:

  1. Auditory information enters the primary auditory cortex. (AI)
  2. The auditory cortex is part of the superior highest temporal lobe.
  3. After an auditory analysis the information is sent to the part of the left association cortex that is Wernicke‘s area. (WA)
  4. Wernicke’s area is connected to Broca’s area by a pathway called the,
    arcuate fasiculus that is curved and travels to the back of the Sylvia fissure.
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6
Q

Area that projects to the motor cortex that is important in programming the movements necessary to produce words.

A

Broca’s Area

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7
Q

Controls the nerves running to the muscles that move the mouth tongue lips palate and vocal chords.

A

Motor cortex

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8
Q

If the connections between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area were injured then it would make it so that their are speech errors. This is because..

A

The information about word sounds could not travel to the area that programs movement.

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9
Q

If the connections between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area were injured then it would make it so that their are speech errors.

The person would still comprehend speech with representation of word sound intact.

True or false
In this instance the person would not recognize that he or she had made errors or attempt to correct them.

A

If the connections between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area were injured then it would make it so that their are speech errors.

The person would still comprehend speech with representation of word sound intact.

In this instance the person would not recognize that he or she had made errors or attempt to correct them.
This is false.

The truth is in this instance the person would recognize that he or she had made errors and also attempt to correct them.

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10
Q

Type of Aphasia where the lesion is in the arcuate fasiculus.

A

Conduction Aphasia

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11
Q

Wernickes area stores information about…

A

Wernickes area stores information about how words sound(Phonological lexicon)

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12
Q

Broca’s area.programs ..

A

Broca’s area programs speech movements needed to make sounds.

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13
Q

Pure word deafness

A

Patients speak and name objects normally but cannot understand speech or repeat because speech sounds cannot access Wernicke’s area.

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14
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Patients cannot comprehend repeat or name but have fluent speech that contains neoligisms and words with phonological errors

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15
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Patients can understand but have trouble speaking because they cannot program their mouth, lips tongue, palate and vocal cords to make correct speech sounds

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16
Q

Voice and sound recognition are not verbal and can be mediated by the non dominant _____hemisphere.

A

Voice and sound recognition are not verbal and can be mediated by the non dominant right hemisphere.

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17
Q

Lesions of the primary auditory cortex on both sides causes__________ _________

A

Cortical deafness

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18
Q

Echolalia

A

Involuntary echoing of others speech in coversation.

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19
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Able to repeat words, fluent speech with good english words but wrong word selection, so spontaneous speech carries little meaning.

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20
Q

Primary auditory cortex function:

A

Analyze sounds entering the brain.

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21
Q

Memories of how words sound are stored in ______ area

A

Memories of how words sound are stored in Wernicke’s area

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22
Q

Phonological lexical representation

A

Familiar with the sounds and can recognize them

23
Q

Anomic Aphasia

A

Have a problem naming or finding words when speaking. Their speech is fluent, allowing them to descibe items which names they cant recall.

24
Q

Cause of Anomic Aphasia pg 28

A

An inability of the semantic conceptual field to access phonological lexicon

25
Q

Apraxia

A

the inability to carry out representational motor acts on instruction in the absence of difficulty comprehending the instruction or neuromuscular weakness or discoordination.

26
Q

Apraxia of speech:

A

difficulty volitionally planning, programming and positioning speech articulators for the production of speech sound sequences.

27
Q

Broca’s aphasia:

A

acquired language disorder characterized by nonfluent language output and relatively spared language comprehension.

28
Q

Conduction aphasia:

A

aphasia characterized by disproportionately significant expressive problems during repetition, but with relatively good comprehension, fluent spontaneous speech, and naming deficits.

29
Q

Fluency

A

in aphasia, refers to phrase length in the speech production of patients, as well as speech melody, articulatory agility, speech rate, and grammatical form

30
Q

Neologisms

A

in aphasia, the substitution of non-words for intended words.

31
Q

word substitutions constituting errors in naming in aphasia.

A

Paraphasias:

32
Q

speech prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech production.

A

Prosody:

33
Q

Telegraphic speech:

A

describes the agrammatic speech associated with nonfluent aphasia (e.g. in Broca’s aphasia).

34
Q

Due to injury in the primary auditory cortex located just anterior to Wernicke’s area

Patient is able to speak and recognize environmental noises and people’s voices, but cannot understand speech or repeat speech

A

Pure Word Deafness

35
Q

Due to injury in the primary auditory cortex located just anterior to Wernicke’s area

Auditory information cannot gain access to Wernicke’s area, which contains the memories of how words sound.

A

Pure Word Deafness

36
Q

Due to injury in the primary auditory cortex located just anterior to Wernicke’s area

Patient is still able to hear nonverbal sounds because the primary auditory cortex is still intact in right hemisphere

A

Pure Word Deafness

37
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia: Semantic Access and Egress Deficit

A

Characterized by echolalia (involuntary echoing or repeating of speech), and an inability to name or comprehend
Spontaneous speech has little or no meaning because patient selects the wrong words
According to Lichtheim semantic representations are disconnected from Wernicke’s area

38
Q

Patients are able to perform an auditory analysis, but are not able to perform a semantic analysis

Patients can activate memories of words sounds to repeat words but they cannot understand the meaning of these words.
Patients with Alzheimer’s disease may also exhibit this type of aphasia

According to Lichtheim semantic representations are disconnected from Wernicke’s area

A

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia: Semantic Access and Egress Deficit

39
Q

Patients have a problem naming or finding words when speaking

A

Anomic Aphasia: Inability to Access the Memories for Word Sound

40
Q

Their speech is otherwise fluent and they are able to repeat and comprehend

Inability of semantic field to access the phonological lexicon

A

Anomic Aphasia: Inability to Access the Memories for Word Sound

41
Q

Transcortical Aphasia with Intact Speech: Inability of Word Memories to Access Semantics
What is intact?

A

Repetition is completely intact

Semantic-conceptual field is able to access phonological lexicon which allows naming and intact spontaneous speech

42
Q

Transcortical Aphasia with Intact Speech: Inability of Word Memories to Access Semantics

What does a person with Transcortical Aphasia have trouble with?

A

Phonological lexicon has trouble accessing the semantic-conceptual field which impairs comprehension

43
Q

Difficulty initiating speech but able to comprehend speech, similar to Broca’s aphasia

Excellent repetition and naming ability, unlike Broca’s aphasia

Frontal lobes important in initiating behavior

A

Transcortical Motor Aphasia: Inability to Activate Semantics

44
Q

Patients with Transcortical motor aphasia usually have lesions in …

A

Patients with Transcortical motor aphasia usually have lesions in left frontal lobe superior to Broca’s area

45
Q

Patients with _________ _________ aphasia usually have lesions in left frontal lobe superior to Broca’s area

Injury in this frontal lobe region creates a deficit of intention keeping patients from spontaneously activating the semantic-conceptual field

A

Patients with Transcortical motor aphasia usually have lesions in left frontal lobe superior to Broca’s area

Injury in this frontal lobe region creates a deficit of intention keeping patients from spontaneously activating the semantic-conceptual field

46
Q

Callosal Agraphia

A

An Interhemispheric Disconnection Disorder

47
Q

Must learn two things in order to write:

A

(1) the movements used to form letters (2) how to spell

48
Q

Must learn two things in order to write. In most right handers this information is stored in the _____ __________ which controls the motor function of the right hand

A

In most right handers this information is stored in the left hemisphere which controls the motor function of the right hand

49
Q

If the right hander attempted to use his left hand this information would have to cross the _______ ________ (connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain) to reach the right hemisphere

A

If the right hander attempted to use his left hand this information would have to cross the corpus callosum (connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain) to reach the right hemisphere

50
Q

If the corpus callosum is damaged, for example by alcohol abuse, then information can still cross between the two hemispheres (True or false)

A

False

51
Q

If the corpus callosum is damaged ________then motor knowledge for the movement to form letters would be impaired

A

If the corpus callosum is damaged anteriorly then motor knowledge for the movement to form letters would be impaired

52
Q

If the corpus callosum is damaged ________then spelling knowledge will be impaired

A

If the corpus callosum is damaged posteriorly then spelling knowledge will be impaired

53
Q

If the corpus callosum is damaged posteriorly then spelling knowledge will be impaired

This results in two major types of Agraphia: apraxic (which is_______) and linguistic (loss of spelling knowledge)

A

If the corpus callosum is damaged posteriorly then spelling knowledge will be impaired
This results in two major types of Agraphia: apraxic (loss of motor skill) and linguistic (loss of spelling knowledge)

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