0004 Plant Genetics, Reproduction and Propagation

Question 1

Define Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

Asexual Reproduction occurs through budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation and no spore formation, no flower is required

Question 2

What are the natural methods of asexual reproduction (Self-propagation)?

Answer 2

1. Budding - a new plant is developed from an outgrowth known as a bud
2. Vegetative propagation - new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the plants
3. Fragmentation
4. Spore Formation

Question 3

Explain Fragmentation (natural method)

Answer 3

A new plant is produced from a a portion of the parent plant. Each section of a part of the plants develop into a mature, fully grown individual plant

Question 4

Explain Spore Formation (natural Method)

Answer 4

many plants and algae form spores in their life cycle. A spore is an asexual reproductive body, surrounded by a hard protective cover to withstand unfavorable conditions. The spores germinate and grow into new plants.

Question 5

What are the artificial methods of Asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

Cutting, Graphing, Layering and micropropagation

Question 6

Explain Cutting

Answer 6

a part of the plant is cut along with the node and is buried in the soil

Question 7

Explain Graphing

Answer 7

the parts of two different plants are joined together such that they continue to grow as a single plant. The root is known as the stock while the other part of the plant is known as the graft

Question 8

Explain Layering

Answer 8

a stem attached to a plant is lowered in the ground and covered in soil. The stem grows roots while attached to the parent plant and then detaches and becomes independent

Question 9

Explain Micropropagation

Answer 9

method or producing a large number of plants from an explant under laboratory conditions within a short time interval

Question 10

Explain sexual reproduction

Answer 10

Sexual reproduction depends on a complex series of basic cellular events that involve chromosomes and their genes

Question 11

Define Cellular basis

Answer 11

the union of sex cells and their nuclei, with concomitant association of their chromosomes, which contain their genes and the nuclear division called meiosis

Question 12

What are gametes?

Answer 12

Sex cells

Question 13

What is a Zygote?

Answer 13

production of the union of two gametes

Question 14

haploid

Answer 14

most gametes, 1 single set of chromosomes

Question 15

Diploid

Answer 15

most zygotes, souble set of chromosomes

Question 16

Bisexual Plant

Answer 16

produces both female and male gametes

Question 17

Unisexual Plant

Answer 17

Only produces either a male or female gametes

Question 18

What is the process of sexual reproduction called?

Answer 18

Pollination

Question 19

What are the male sex organs?

Answer 19

Stamens and anther (pollen)

Question 20

What are the female sex organs?

Answer 20

Pistils

Question 21

What contains the male gamete

Answer 21

the pollen

Question 22

Explain pollination

Answer 22

Pollen must be moved to a part of the pistal, called the stigma

Question 23

What are the three areas of the pistal?

Answer 23

Stigma, Style and the Ovary

Question 24

What are the three areas of the Stamen?

Answer 24

The anther, Pollen (in the anther) and the Filament

Question 25

Explain self pollination

Answer 25

happens when a plant's own pollen fertilizes its own ovules

Question 26

Explain cross-pollination

Answer 26

happens when the wind or an animal moves the pollen

Question 27

Explain plant genetics and how are they influneced?

Answer 27

genetics are formed from the DNA in chromosomes. Environmental factors such as soil nutrition, temperature, water availability and light intensity influence these genetics

Question 28

Explain selective breeding, provide a few examples

Answer 28

Choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offsprings with more desirable traits. For example, broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage were all derived from the wild mustard plant through selective breeding.

Question 29

What is the difference between selective breeding and GMOs

Answer 29

GMO's involve the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits, where as selective breeding relies on natural genetic diversity

Question 30

Explain Hybridization and provide an example

Answer 30

the process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid. Frequently results in polyploid offspring. For example the hybridization of an orange and a grapefruit is a tangelo.

Question 31

Explain the process of hybridization

Answer 31

pollen is exchanged between 2 varieties, hybridized seeds are created that you can harvest, plant and grow

Question 32

Define the plant propagation: Division

Answer 32

Note: Must have multiple stems growing from the ground. You divide the clumps, both roots and stems. A larger plant is then divided into two smaller clumps

Question 33

Explain the characteristics of tillage