01 Flashcards

Question

SPACE/SITE PLANNING HIERARCHY

Answer 1

1 / TOTAL BLDG GROUP -- all bldgs in a complex 2 / COMPONENT BLDG -- individual bldg in the group 3 / ACTIVITY CENTER -- spaces related by function 4 / SPACE UNIT -- individual space within a center e.g. / Medical Campus > Acute Care Hospital > Surgery Dept. >Pre-Op Suite

Answer 2

1 / site-structure relationship 2 / response to site conditions (sun/veg/wind/sound) 3 / maintain human scale 4 / serve its purpose economically and thoughtfully 5 / utilize technologies 6 / local materials and bldg techniques 7 / hierarchy of parts that is interesting to look at 8 / interior-exterior relationship 9 / express human spirit and encourage human interaction

Answer 3

1 / MATRIX CHART -- numerical values of req relationships (1=adj, 2=no, 3=separate) 2 / BUBBLE DIAGRAM --loose dwg of circles that indicates req adjacencies, priorities or relationships and relative sizes 3 / BLOCK DIAGRAM --more accurate layout of spatial org based on bubble diagram w/ more accurate sizing

Answer 4

2 major streets in a Roman town, perpendicular

Answer 5

1 / LOCAL -- low capacity roads w/ direct access to a site 2 / COLLECTOR -- connection roads between local and arterial streets 3 / ARTERIAL -- wide high capacity streets usually connecting to expressways 4 / EXPRESSWAY -- limited access roads w/ high speed, high volume circulation 5 / LOOP -- a collector/distributor road into a shopping center

Answer 6

FLAT AREA = < 4% - good MODERATE = 4 - 10% STEEP - UNUSABLE = 10-50% V STEEP, EROSION = +50%

Answer 7

``` STORM DRAINS = 0.3% min SANITARY SEWERS = 0.4 - 1.4% STREET SURF. DRAINAGE = 0.5% min PLANTED OR L PAVERS = 1% min LAWNS = 25% max PLANTED BANKS = 50% max PARKING LOT = 5% max CAR RAMPS = 8% max SIDEWALKS = 10% max PAVED DRIVEWAYS = 10% max ```

Answer 8

``` greatest angle at which soil will lay w/o sliding LOOSE WET CLAY/SILT = 30% COMPACT DRY CLAY = 100% WET SAND = 80% DRY SAND = 65% ```

Answer 9

the quality of a physical environment that evokes a strong image in the mind of a given observer concept by Kevin Lynch

Answer 10

``` 1 / PATHS 2 / EDGES 3 / DISTRICTS 4 / NODES 5 / LANDMARKS ```

Answer 11

each large parcel of land is designed to have a mix of uses: residential, commercial, recreational, and open space - and designed w/ variety in lot sizes and density PUDs must conform to certain standards as communicated by the local planning agency and must be approved by the planning agency

Answer 12

takes place in areas surrounding transit stops; it usually includes a relatively high density of living units, commercial development, and other support services. allows residents to live, work, eat, and take care of day-to-day needs w/o a car

Answer 13

SOCIOPETAL / tend to bring people together | SOCIOFUGAL / tend to discourage interaction or social contact

Answer 14

used to study human behavior and serve as a guide for designing environments - the distances always vary with cultural/social variances 1 / INTIMATE, 6-18" 2 / PERSONAL, 1.5-2.5 ft 3 / SOCIAL, 4 ft - 12 ft, business 4 / PUBLIC, 12 ft onward

Answer 15

1972 book that describes a range of design elements that use the basic elements of surveillance, territoriality, and real and symbolic barriers to reduce crime. CPTED concept / CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

Answer 16

the geographical region that a population resides within that affects a development area - a developer studies their catchment areas to determine economic feasibility boundaries: highways, rivers. artificial political boundaries, school districts or more nebulous such as division btwn two ethnic neighborhoods - depends on transportation census data and local planning agencies' data is useful

Answer 17

concept first developed by Clarence Perry in 1929 as a way to bring ppl together and involved in planning process relatively small area in which a number of people live and share similar needs and desires in housing, social activities, and other aspects of day-to-day living

Answer 18

include schools, shops, fire stations, places of worship, post offices, and recreational centers their availability, location and relative importance in a neighborhood can affect how a site is developed.

Answer 19

term coined by Edward T Hall the interrelated observations and theories of man's use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture. issues of spacing btwn ppl, territoriality, organization of space, and positioning of ppl in the space, as related to the culture of which they are a part

Answer 20

place w/ defined boundaries in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time; the place may contain objects that support the behavior for ex. the weekly mtg of board of dir in a particular conference rm - the mtg follows certain procedures

Answer 21

refers to the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own related to the desire to express self-identity and freedom of choice - applies to groups and individuals (study club, street gang, etc)

Answer 22

one way territoriality manifests - the need for ppl to arrange the environment to reflect their presence and uniqueness

Answer 23

keeps topographical information on all parts of the US, including the location of floodplains

Answer 24

access for truck loading, moving vans, daily delivery services - usually separate from car and pedestrian access local zoning ordinances typ specify -- gen 10 ft - 12 ft wide, 40 ft long, 14 ft vert clearance, 60 ft turning radius

Answer 25

based on latitude, elevation, water proximity. water reduces temp extremes ISLANDS/COASTAL - constant and moderate temps ARID/DESERT - low humidity, great temp variation MOUNTAINOUS REGION - winds are forced to rise

Answer 26

based on solar radiation, angle btwn the ground and altitude Greatest Sun -- perp to ground Winter Solstice -- least hours of sun, low angle Summer Solstice -- most hours of sun, high angle Vernal/Autumnal Equinox -- equal hours of sun/dark

Answer 27

when moving air encounters a bldg perpendicular to a broad face it flows both over roof and down the facade. Air collects at the base of bldg which results in high velocity swirl of wind.

Answer 28

solar reflectance expressed 0.0 - 1.0, ratio of radiant flux reflected by a surface to incident flux 0 -- flat black surface that absorbs all energy striking it (vegetation) 1 -- mirror that reflects all energy striking it and absorbs none (snow) inversely related to emissivity

Answer 29

ability of a surface to emit stored energy, similar to emittance inverse of albedo, the albedo plus emissivity equal 1

Answer 30

a measure of a roof's ability to reject solar heat, defined so that a standard black surface has SRI 0 and a standard white surface has an SRI 100 a perfectly reflective surface would have SRI of 122 LEED uses SRI of roof and SR of non-roof for heat island reduction credit.

Answer 31

used to analyze and predict how development will affect the environment, including the air, water, land, and wildlife. This requirement instituted by National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and enforced by EPA

Answer 32

defined by EPA as "an area whose soil in inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater frequently enough that it can support plants that are adapted to living in saturated soil" Wetlands are protected by the Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA) - states and local jurisdictions may also regulate wetlands.

Answer 33

1 / portions of site that cannot be developed -- wetlands w.in 100ft, elevs lower than 5ft abv 100 yr flood plain, habitats for endangered species, historic sites, prime farmland 2 / determine historical cultural qualities 3 / future development adjacencies 4 / analyze air quality 5 /

Answer 34

1 / LOCATION 2 / LOCAL MARKET 3 / POTENTIAL FOR PROFIT

Answer 35

Surrounding neighborhood or region investigated to find similar properties that have recently sold. Often based on value per sq ft, acre, or other unit

Answer 36

When value of land is calculated on the potential the property has to yield a profit. Potential Gross Income is est then various expenses deducted - because potential net income is usually figured out on a yearly basis, this est must be capitalized

Answer 37

Value of land is estimated at its highest and best use - then the cost to replace the bldg or add improvements is calculated estimated accrued depreciation is figured and subtracted from the replacement cost or cost of improvements this adjusted amount is then added to land value to give total value of property

Answer 38

1 / PROJECT COMPARISON METHOD 2 / AREA METHOD 3 / SYSTEM METHOD

Answer 39

15% - 25% Accurate the cost of the new project is estimated using the costs of past projects of similar scope and function. Some companies develop rules of thumb for est cost per hospital bed, student, hotel room, etc... requires information on projects of similar scope/function

Answer 40

5% - 15% Accurate when preliminary bldg and site design is completed estimation of an average cost per unit of area or volume - can be considered as separate parts w/ diff costs per unit of area or volume such as class space, lab space, shop space, etc

Answer 41

~10% Accurate During SD when more is known about a project Historical cost information on each type of subsystem can be applied to the design - can be useful to look at alternate systems a break down of low-, average-, high-quality

Answer 42

Tax based on the value of the property

Answer 43

Valuation of property for the purposes of taxes

Answer 44

used to fund public space improvements the intention that it will enhance area appeal all business owners in the district who would benefit pay increased taxes

Answer 45

Method cities use to issue bonds to pay for civic improvements (sewers/streets) with the intention that it will stimulate development in that area. During redev. taxes are based on pre-improved assessed value of property - After redev. taxes increase due to improvements - the difference in tax increment is used to repay bonds

Answer 46

Used to fund a civic project (library, police station) and require voter approval. All taxpayers in jurisdiction help pay off bond through property tax.

Answer 47

Used to fund infrastructure to support new developments

Answer 48

an additional long term cost to the owner to pay off the construction loan for a project TYP not included in original project cost.

Answer 49

decreasing or accounting for an amount over a period of time.

Answer 50

issued by local govt to pay for a facility or improvement backed by the revenue that will come from customers who use the services that the bonds funded Construction, renovation, and expansion of city water and sewer facilities are often funded with revenue bonds.

Answer 51

issued by cities or counties to finance facilities for revenue-producing public enterprises bonds paid off from revenues generated by the facilities through the charges they impose Airports, parking garages, hospitals, are examples of facilities that may use this method of financing

Answer 52

puts the burden on the developer requirements that dedicate some land for public use or contribute cash for the purchase of land and facilities by local govt

Answer 53

``` 1 / MORTGAGE LOAN 2 / BLANKET LOAN 3 / BOND 4 / BRIDGE LOAN 5 / CONSTRUCTION LOAN 6 / HARD MONEY LOAN 7 / MEZZANINE LOAN ```

Answer 54

A statement or model of all the expected expenses (both initial and long-term) of a developing project compares the expected income and increase in value of the project - determines whether a project is viable Pro forma, Latin -- as a matter of form

Answer 55

used to purchase a property in exchange for the loan, the borrower grants the lender a lien on the property until the loan is repaid. Most common method by which individuals purchase homes.

Answer 56

used to fund the purchase of a large piece of real estate that the borrower intends to subdivide and resell as smaller parcels. each time a parcel is sold a portion of the mortgage is paid back and retired, but the remainder of mortgage is still in force.

Answer 57

Debt security issued by govt entity (school board, city council) to raise money for a construction project. Issuer of bond receives money from buyer and in exchange the issuer promises to repay the principal with interest on a later date. Bonds are TYP sold to individual investors and investment companies.

Answer 58

short-term loan to purchase property or finance a project quickly, before long-term financing can be arranged.

Answer 59

used to finance the construction of a project and is in effect only for the duration of construction. Once construction is complete, the loan must be converted into a long-term, permanent loan whereby the lender is repaid monthly.

Answer 60

Short-term Loan, High Interest Rates Distressed financial situation such as foreclosure, bankruptcy, or nonpayment of a previous loan. Based on quick-sale value (sig less than market) of an asset such as a parcel of property or other real estate

Answer 61

used by a developer to pay a variable amount of interest during project development (starts low and gets really high rate at end) Considered a gamble, the stock in the company is collateral if revenue isn't produced by sale or lease at the end to repay the loan.

Answer 62

Naturally occurring mineral found throughout the world common types: CHRYSOTILE / white asbestos, 95% of asbestos found AMOSITE / brown asbestos CROCIDOLITE / blue asbestos Asbestos originally used for spray fireproofing, sound proofing, pipe insulation, floor/ceiling tiles, mastic, etc. EPA bans spray application 1973 Lab analysis only way to ID it Owner responsible for cost to ID and remove Diseases: ASBESTOSIS / non cancerous chronic respiratory disease caused by accumulation of asbestos fibers in lungs CANCER OF LUNG, STOMACH, COLON MESOTHELIOMA / rare cancer in the thin membrane lining the chest and abdomen

Answer 63

methods to minimize/contain asbestos fibers during removal ``` WET METHODS HEPA VACUUMING AREA ISOLATION Use Personal Protective Equipment Avoid Sawing, Sanding and Drilling ```

Answer 64

Dispersed activities likely with no center or core Growth happens in any and all directions, and is flexible efficient and economical

Answer 65

``` 55% -- HOSPITAL 60% -- COLLEGE, STUDEN UNION; COURT HOUSE; RETAIL 65% -- APARTMENTS; College Classrooms 70% -- AUDITORIUMS; BANKS; RESTAURANTS 75% -- JAILS/PRISONS; OFFICE 80% -- DEPARTMENT STORE 85% -- GARAGE, SERVICE ```

Answer 66

Separate public/private spaces - service/back of house Service spaces available on each floor Unit of measure is the bed size, rooms should be sized accordingly TYP US room size = 12'6" x 20'-0"

Answer 67

Convenient and easy access by car and public transit Street Mall = 800' long, stores = 20-30' and 120-140' depth mix of tenants, shopping, food, and services Allow 2x parking per bldg size (100sf bldg = 2000 sf parking)

Answer 68

Separate noisy spaces (gym, cafeteria) from quiet spaces Design to mimic surrounding neighborhood character Address visibility, acoustics, temp, human scale, comfort stimulation and security Design for eaching type Standard classrooms = 800 - 1000 sf

Answer 69

Form determind by ritual, standards, and history Address sight lines, acoustics, procession, seating, existing congregation size and projected growth

Answer 70

Stage dimensions, seating and site lines vary with theater type and performance Types of stages include proscenium, Theater in the round (audience on all sides), Thrust stage (audience on three sides) Optimum depth of seating is 4-5x the stage width Maintain a 30 degree viewing angle from the front row to the stage

Answer 71

Highly specialized and complex building type STandard single patient rooms are 150 sf and double rooms are 200 sf (sharing of lavatory) Nurse stations should monitor 25-35 beds and be centrally located

Answer 72

ARCHITECT / late 1800s / Chicago "Father of the American Skyscraper" Designed the HOME INSURANCE BUILDING, first fully metal framed bldg, considered firsts skyscraper (8 stories) Daniel Burnham studied under Jenney

Answer 73

ARCHITECT URBAN PLANNER / early 1900s Major proponent of Garden City Movement Collabed w/ Henry Wright to design Rayburn NJ a garden suburb noted for its superblock layout

Answer 74

Writer and Parliment Recordkeeper / 1910s / UK Wrote Garden Cities of To-morrow Garden City Movment / "Three Magnets" pull a ppl are town, country, town-country - balancing desire for city and country

Answer 75

HISTORIAN / 1950s-1980s / NYC what sets humans apart from animals is not use of tools but our use of language/symbols Critical of urban sprawl and argued that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for social problems seen in western society Medieval city should be basis of ideal city

Answer 76

ARCHITECT and PLANNER / 1920s / Lyon, France Wrote 'Une Cite Industrial' - brought idea of zoning categories - leisure, industry, work, and transport - response to industrial revolution Pioneered use of reinforced concrete trees incorporated into important streets

Answer 77

PLANNER and WRITER / 1920-30s / NYC strong advocate of the neighborhood community and recreation center Wrote 'The Neighborhood Theory' which served as a framework to design functional, self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities

Answer 78

BIOLOGIST and PLANNER / late 1800s Introduced concept of REGION to architecture Believed changing spatial form would be possible to change social structure as well Emphasised the preservation of human life and energy rather than superficial beautification - happiness, health, and comfort of all residents

Answer 79

ARCHITECT and PLANNER / 1920-50s / Germany and Chicago Taught at the BAUHAUS Wrote 'CITY PLAN' - emphasized street hierarchy including safety for children to walk to school Developed studies for the new town center which was a dissolution of major cities and a complete penetration of landscape and settlement

Answer 80

900s - 1100s / Medieval Europe Round headed arches, arcades, symbolism, sometimes squished elements to fit into tight spaces

Answer 81

1100s - 1300s pointed arch, buttressing, ribbed vaults allowed thinner walls, larger glass windows and vaults to be constructed over bays

Answer 82

Late 1760s - 1790s / England and America Gernal bldgs were 5 bays with 2 stories and central door, double gambrel roof, quoining, heavy detaling, thick chimney, 12 over 12 windows that were small compared to bldg mass, mutule blocks

Answer 83

1790s - 1820s / USA Style that originated from Pompeii Delicate detail and Ornamentation, 12 over 12 windows, circulate window in pediment, pilasters that create arcade splayed/point lintel, finely carved moldings, fan/transom lights around doorway

Answer 84

1840s - 1860s / USA Looks like a temple with chunky details, arched colmns with correct proportions, full pediment, correct entablature (cornice, freize, architrace), 6 over 6 windows, squared lintel, earlier examples have lower pitched roof Facades were in antis (two columns and two pilasters on facade)

Answer 85

1850s - 1860s / mostly UK Sought to revive medieval forms in contrast to the neoclassical beaux arts styles prevalent at the time. Assoc w/ churches steep pitch roof painted arches, verge board, wall dormers, irregular L shaped plan, flat buttressing

Answer 86

1865 - 1880 / US England Europe Modeled on 16th century Italian renaissance architecture with picturesque aesthetics Very tall/elongated feeling w/ irregular or symm plan, 2 over2 long narr windows, paired bracket, cupola, corner quoining, squared columns w/ chamfered corners, cast iron details, heavy hood moldings, mult story bay windows, shallow dormers and narrow double leaf doors "SECOND EMPIRE / 1870s-80s" -- similar but with mansard roofs

Answer 87

1 / FUNCTION, relates to people and activities w/in the space 2 / FORM, relates to the site, physical and psych environment, quality of construction 3 / ECONOMY, concerns money, initial, operating, and life-cycle costs 4 / TIME, concerns the past, present, future as they affect the three other considerations

Answer 88

Partitions that separate adjacent tenant spaces

Answer 89

The minimum path on a multi-occupant floor necessary for access to and egress from occupant areas, elevators, stairs, restrooms, janitorial closets, and similar areas

Answer 90

Late 1880s / USA New England Closley related to masonry, mimics the shape of stone, has shingles used as membrane, cavernous openings in gable are emphasized, as well as the overall volume of the bldg instead of dtls, gambrel roofs have curve edges and shingles curve around corners and protrustions "RICHARDSONIAN" 1880s -- similar to shingle but a masonry version

Answer 91

1880s - 1900s / USA Hypbrid Shingle Style that emphases many wild colors, scalloped shingles, gable screens, turrets, irregular floor plan, clapboard siding, starburst motifs, weathervanes/finials, 1 over 1 windows typical, cube/pyramid roof, slate, chamfered bays, oriel windows, big windows with little on top revival influenced by the English Baroque of Queen Anne's era (1702-1714ish)

Answer 92

1980s - present / USA Reform all aspects of development and urban planning from urban remodels to suburban infill to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs and be walkable AHWAHNEE PRINCIPLES were developed by Duany, Platter Zybeck, Calthorpe, and others as a set of community principles

Answer 93

width = 11-12' heavy traffic streets = 6" conc curb and gutter minor streets = 4" roll curb or gravel Min curb radii @ minor streets = 12" Min curb radii @ major streets = 50" Landscape Strips = 7' w/trees 4' w/o trees

Answer 94

``` 9' x 18-20' typ space ~290 sf / car Clearnce btwn cars = 20' Circulation Aisle = 12' 90 degree parking most efficient - 11cars/100 lineal ft Max slope 5% ramps at 15% w/ 8' transition ``` Accessible spaces 8'w, 5' access cars, 8' access vans

Answer 95

Collective Transit Sys needs at least a pop density of 30 ppl / acre Max distance to walk to a stop 1/4 - 1/2 mile Local Bust = 15-30mph Express Bus = 40-60mph Rail = 40-70 mph

Answer 96

TYP common path of travel = 75' max TYP dist to an exit = 250' max ``` Exits cannot pass through: kitchens storerooms closets rooms that can be locked or prevent egress ``` Fire Tower required in bldgs over 75' Doors swing in direction of travel exit number based on # of occ TYP 50+ occ must have 2 exits

Answer 97

Required w/ 3 or more stories WET STANDPIPE: cont pressurized w/ water from a public supply. Hose cabinets are located at fixed distances and hoses can be operated by occ DRY STANDPIPE: not connected to a constant water supply, the firemen connect to an outside hose connection point. Cabinets are located in smoke proof stair towers and hoses are used by firemen. COMBINATION DRY AND WET STANDPIPE both wet and dry. Must deliver 35 gallons/minute from each of two outlets simultaneously

Answer 98

Install both local alarms and alarms connected to Fire Dept. The Fire Dept alarm can be manual or activated w/ sensors SENSOR TYPES: Fixed Temperature Smoke Detector Product of Combustion

Answer 99

Rentable area includes a share of common restrooms and corridors No deductions are made for columns or projection necessary to the bldg When measuring from an exterior wall which is more than 50% glass, measure from the inside face of glass Measure to the centerline of demising walls Measure to the inside face of walls

Answer 100

PRE PLANNING / based on unit costs (cost per person, bed, sf, etc) PROGRAMMING / based on unit cost system (cost per sf) based on similar bldg types and/or functions of spaces SCHEMATIC DESIGN / based on the major elements of each bldg system (mechanical, electrical, plumbing, structure) DESIGN DEVELOPMENT / based on detailed components (curtain walls, storefronts, lay-in ceilings, etc) CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS / based on unit rates for construction competes, assemblies and systems. This estimate is what pre-bid cost checks and cost breakdowns are based on

Answer 101

``` SD = 15% 1-2 mos DD = 15% 2-6 mos CD = 35% 3-7 mos B/N = 5% 3-6 weeks (contracor bid, 2 weeks) CA = 30% 25-50% of length of project ``` ProjCloseout = 2-5%

Answer 102

``` SMALL CAR = 16-19 ft STANRD CAR = 19-23 ft LARGE CAR = 23-25 ft AMBULANCE = 25-30 ft BUSS/TRUCK = 43-50 ft ```

Answer 103

least amount of work done to the bldg and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible bldgs that are specifically significant - TYP on National Register of Historic Places

Answer 104

retain and repair historic materials, but some replacement of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values occurs to bldgs in a significant historic district but aren't individually significant and are more likely to able to take on a new use.

Answer 105

remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with the restoration period

Answer 106

new construction to look like how something existed at an earlier time

Answer 107

1 / PRESERVATION 2 / REHABILITATION 3 / RESTORATION 4 / RECONSTRUCTION

Answer 108

allow for new additions/alterations to be diff from the older structure but must be complementary in massing, size, scale, and architectural features Criteria must be met if Federal Tax Credits will be used Takes precedence over state/local regulations Clients may discover historical significance during site analysis. Archaeological activity and proper handling of structures/artifacts must take place

Answer 109

calculated by the use that yields the highest return for the site COMPARISON METHOD - compared to other similar parcels DEVELOPMENT METHOD - when comparisons not available, use estimates to determine the selling price of lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price RESIDUAL INCOME APPROACH - used in highly developed areas by estimating potential income from improvements that yield the highest return ALLOCATION METHOD - used to determine the value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of land

Answer 110

GRAVEL: well drained and able to bear loads (+2mm) SAND: well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5-2mm) SILT: stable when dry swells when frozen, do not use when wet (0.002-0.05mm) CLAY: must be removed, too stiff when dry and too plastic when wet (<0.002mm) LOAM: rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt and clay

Answer 111

soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water

Answer 112

soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity

Answer 113

a mixture of sand, clay, and silt particles. It has high water retention, calcium, and aeration. This is the ideal soil for most crops and vegetables. It is soft and very easy to cultivate. A gardener's best friend

Answer 114

A LEVEL = topsoil (organic/mineral material) B LEVEL = Minerals C LEVEL = Partially weathered/fractured rock D LEVEL = Bedrock

Answer 115

BEDROCK = 10,000 PSF WELL GRADED GRAVEL/SAND = 3,000-12,000 PSF COMPACTED SAND/FILL = 2,000-3,000 PSF SILT/CLAY - 1,000 - 4,000 PSF

Answer 116

the classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. uses a two-letter system: C -- Clay Soils M -- Silts S -- Sands G -- Gravels O -- Organic Soils H -- High Liquid Limit -- water content >50%, high plasticity (very cohesive or sticky clay) L -- Low Liquid Limit -- Water content <50%, low plasticity W -- Well-graded Soils -- particles of all sizes P -- Poorly graded soils -- grain distribution affects consolidation and settlement

Answer 117

poorly graded soil is a soil that does not have a good representation of all sizes of particles from the No. 4 to No. 200 sieve. Poorly graded soils are more susceptible to soil liquefaction than well graded soils. Poorly graded soils are often further divided into unifromly-graded or gap-graded soils

Answer 118

a soil that contains partiles of a wide range of sizes and has a good representation of all sizes from the No. 4 to No. 200 sieves.

Answer 119

a practice or procedure used in civil engineering and chemical engineering to assess teh particle size distribution (gradation) of granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

Answer 120

granular material of a size between sand and clay, whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar range between 0.0039mm and 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity prone to being washed away by rain formed by dust, organic matter, and debris, are carried by water and tehn deposited

Answer 121

consist of very fine grains of sand less air space in the soil and drainage of water is very low most of the time there is water logging and harms the roots of the plants heavey and sticky when wet - if growing crops takes place in this soil it needs a lot of organic fertilizers for the plant to grow

Answer 122

basic measure of the critical water contents of a fine-grained soil: - shrinkage limit - plastic limit - liquid limit these tests are mainly used on clayey or silty soils since these are the soils that expand and shrink when the moisture content varies. Clays and silts interact with water and thus change sizes and have varying shear strengths.

Answer 123

refers to the weight per volume of any unit of soil. a rule of thumb: the higher the bulk denisty of a soil, the greater the support it can provide for a foundation.

Answer 124

the moisture content at which a soil tends to flow and will not retain its shape.

Answer 125

the mositure content at which a soil deforms plastically. the soil is rolled into long threads until they just begin to rumble at a diameter of amout 3 mm. If soil can be rolled into finer threads w/o cracking it containsmore moisture than its plastic limits

Answer 126

modeling, which predicts energy use and energy savings measured against a baseline of performance the best way to estimate how a building and its systems will perform during the design could be performed by the architect or by a third-party

Answer 127

The International Green Construction Code, provides comprehensive guidelines for the design and construction industry to deliver sustainable, resilient, high-performance buildings

Answer 128

International Energy Conservation Code comprehensive energy conservation code that establishes minimum regulations for energy-efficient buildings using prescriptive and performance-related provisions

Answer 129

a label certifying high-performance appliances and fixtures a govt program run by US EPA and US Dept of Energy that promotes energy efficiency provides information on the energy consumption of products and devices using different standardized methods

Answer 130

measures the density of granular soils and consistency of some clays at the bottom of a borehole records the number of blows req by a hammer to advance a standard soil sample

Answer 131

term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract.

Answer 132

process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features.

Answer 133

low lying area that is designed to temporatily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause a flash flooding if not dealt with properly.

Answer 134

designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity.

Answer 135

elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport things like logs and fish

Answer 136

embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert water flow.

Answer 137

1 / COMPARISON METHOD -- compare similar parcels 2 / DEVELOPMENT METHOD -- est selling price of lot, cost to develop and time to develop 3 / RESIDUAL/INCOME APPROACH METHOD -- highest and best use 4 / ALLOCATION METHOD -- deduct improvements to get land value