OLIN GLOSSARY Flashcards

Question

ALCLAD SHEET

Answer 1

A clad product with an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating having high resistance to corrosion. The coating is anodic to the core alloy it covers, thus protecting it physically and electrolytically against corrosion. See also clad alloy.

Answer 2

A soluble mineral salt present in some soils. Alkalis are chemical substances characterized by their ability to combine with acids to form neutral salts. They are damaging to many coatings, paints, and transparent finishes.

Answer 3

The material formed when two or more metals, or metals and nonmetallic substances, are joined by being dissolved into one another while molten. See also brazing alloy and clad alloy.

Answer 4

A numerical system used in designating the various alloys of aluminum.

Answer 5

Element added in steelmaking to achieve desired properties.

Answer 6

A hydrated form of aluminum oxide found in bauxite and in ordinary clays.

Answer 7

A continuous background sound that is a composite of individual sounds coming from exterior sources, such as street traffic, and interior sources, such as ventilating equipment and appliances, none of which can be identified individually by a listener. Also called background noise.

Answer 8

Able to walk without assistance or difficulty.

Answer 9

Electrical rate of flow, measured in amperes (amps) and comparable to gallons per minute (gpm) in a fluid medium. The strength of a current of electricity.

Answer 10

A unit of electrical current equivalent to that produced by 1 volt applied across a resistance of 1 ohm. One coulomb of electricity in every second.

Answer 11

A piece or assemblage, usually metal, used to attach parts (e.g., plates, joists, trusses, studs, sills, masonry, windows, doors, and other building elements) to wood, concrete, or masonry.

Answer 12

A surface coating applied to an aluminum alloy by anodizing.

Answer 13

Applying an electrolytic oxide coating to an aluminum alloy by building up the natural surface film using an electrical current (usually dc) through an oxygen-yielding electrolyte with the alloy serving as the anode.

Answer 14

A compound added to other substances to retard oxidation, which deteriorates plastics.

Answer 15

A finish usually applied to furniture or woodwork to give the appearance of age.

Answer 16

span greater than 6ft that carries a load equal to a uniform load greater than 1,000 psf typically known as a tudor arch, semicircular arch, gothic arch, parabolic arch rise to span ratio greater than .15

Answer 17

max span of 6ft carrying a load that does not exceed 1,000 psf typ known as, jack arch, segmented arch, or multi-centered arch a rise-to-span less than or equal to .15

Answer 18

A physical condition in a building or facility that creates unsafe or confusing conditions or prevents accessibility and free mobility.

Answer 19

Group of organic compounds derived from coal or petroleum, such as benzene and toluene.

Answer 20

Masonry composed of rectangular units usually larger in size than brick with sawed, dressed, or square beds bonded with mortar. Ashlar masonry is also described according to its pattern bond, which may be coursed, random, or patterned.

Answer 21

A simple mechanical device consisting essentially of a check valve in a supply line and a valve member (on the discharge side of the check valve) opening to the atmosphere when the pressure in a line drops to atmospheric. Also called a siphon breaker.

Answer 22

Reduction of the energy or intensity of sound.

Answer 23

The numerical average of the transmission loss values of an assembly measured at nine frequencies. It is a single-number rating for comparing the airborne sound transmission through walls and floors.

Answer 24

A single-ply gypsum board installation procedure for reinforcing butt-end or edge joints to minimize surface imperfections such as cracking and ridging.

Answer 25

The unintentional flow of water into the supply pipes of a plumbing system from a nonsupply source.

Answer 26

Recessing or sloping a wall back in successive courses; the opposite of corbel.

Answer 27

A raw ore of aluminum consisting of 45 to 60% aluminum oxide, 3 to 25% iron oxide, 2.5 to 18% silicon oxide, 2 to 5% titanium oxide, other impurities, and 12 to 30% water. This ore varies greatly in the proportions of its constituents, color, and consistency.

Answer 28

The process generally employed to refi ne alumina from bauxite.

Answer 29

Long-fi ber fuzz occurring on some loop pile fabrics, caused by fibers snagging and loosening due to inadequate anchorage.

Answer 30

Concentrating process used to increase the iron content of ores prior to use. See also agglomeration.

Answer 31

(1) In paint and coatings, the vehicle ingredient with adhesive qualities (linseed oil, resins, etc.) that binds the pigment and other ingredients of a coating, paint, or transparent finish into a cohesive film and facilitates bonding with the underlying surfaces. (2) In terrazzo, a cementitious or resinous material that gives the matrix adhesive and other important physical properties.

Answer 32

(1) The process of lightening raw wood. | (2) The process of restoring discolored or stained wood to its normal color or making it lighter.

Answer 33

MASONRY / the loss of water from a masonry unit having low suction when it comes in contact with morrot OR the loss of water from mortar due to low water retention when it contacts a masonry unit. bleeding causes floating CONCRETE / appearance of excess water rising to the surface shortly after placing of concrete COATINGS / discoloration of a finish coat by coloring matter from the underlying surface or coat of finishing material PLASTICS / diffusion of a colorant out of a plastic part into adjacent materials

Answer 34

The meeting of two or more surfaces so that there is no abrupt rise or drop in the surface.

Answer 35

The formation of bubbles or pimples on a coated, painted, or transparent finished surface caused by moisture in the underlying material (wood, masonry, concrete, etc.); caused by adding a coat of coating, paint, or transparent finish before the previous coat has dried thoroughly or caused by excessive heat or grease under a coating, paint, or transparent finish.

Answer 36

Shaping thermoplastic materials into hollow form by air pressure and heat; usually performed on sheets or tubes.

Answer 37

Describes opaque lacquer that loses its gloss and becomes flat or clear lacquer that turns white or milky.

Answer 38

A measure of lumber. One board foot is the equivalent of a piece of lumber whose nominal dimensions are 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick, 12 in. (305 mm) wide, and 12 in. (305 mm) long.

Answer 39

Course or courses of a masonry wall grouted and usually reinforced in the horizontal direction. Alternatively, maybe made of reinforced concrete. Serves as a horizontal tie of wall-bearing courses for structural members or itself as a flexural member.

Answer 40

A masonry course in which the units overlap more than one wythe of masonry.

Answer 41

Rubber or latex cushioning adhered to a carpet at the mill.

Answer 42

Process to improve paint adhesion on steel by dipping lightly galvanized (see galvanizing) objects in a hot phosphate solution to form a surface film of zinc phosphate.

Answer 43

Tying wythes of a masonry wall together by lapping units over one another or by connecting them with metal ties.

Answer 44

A welding process in which the filler metal is a nonferrous metal or alloy with a melting point higher than 800°F (426.67°C) but lower than that of the metals joined. A brazing alloy is an alloy used as filler metal for brazing. In aluminum the brazing alloy is usually in the 4000 Series of alloys. A brazing sheet is an unclad or specially clad sheet for brazing purposes, the surface of which has a lower melting point than the core. Brazing sheet of the clad type may be clad on either one or two surfaces.

Answer 45

Designation for the durability of a unit, expressed as SW for severe weathering, MW for moderate weathering, and NW for negligible weathering.

Answer 46

Designation for facing brick that controls tolerance, chippage, and distortion. Expressed as FBS, FBX, and FBA for solid brick and HBS, HBX, HBA, and HBB for hollow brick.

Answer 47

A measure of heat quantity equal to the amount of heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1°F (0.5556°C) at sea level.

Answer 48

Carpet woven on a broad loom in widths of 6 ft (1829 mm) or more.

Answer 49

The second plaster layer in three-coat work, which provides additional strength and a suitably true and plane surface for the application of the finish coat.

Answer 50

The lowest part of a building’s drainage system. It receives the discharge from soil, waste, and other drainage pipes inside the walls of a building and conveys it to a point 3 ft (914 mm) outside the building walls, where it joins with the building sewer.

Answer 51

The horizontal piping of a drainage system, which extends from the end of a building drain to a public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system, or other point of disposal. A building sewer begins at a point 3 ft (914 mm) outside the building wall, where the building drain ends. Also called a house sewer.

Answer 52

A type of building drain used for conveying rainwater, surface water, groundwater, subsurface water, and cooling condensate; or a combined building sewer, extending to a point not less than 3 ft (914 mm) outside the building wall, where it joins with a storm sewer or combined storm and sewage sewer.

Answer 53

Continuous strands of synthetic fiber made into yarn without spinning; often extruded in modified cross section such as multilocal, mushroom, or bean shape, or textured to increase bulk and covering power.

Answer 54

Removing surface defects such as knots, loose threads, and high spots to produce acceptable quality after weaving; also, filling in omissions in weaving.

Answer 55

An accelerator added to concrete to hasten setting (not to be considered an antifreeze).

Answer 56

A process for producing plastic film or sheeting by passing the material between revolving heated rolls.

Answer 57

A thin layer of tissue that lies between a tree’s bark and its wood. The cambium subdivides to form the new wood and bark cells of each year’s growth.

Answer 58

A log slabbed on one or more sides.

Answer 59

A triangular filler between a roof and a parapet wall.

Answer 60

The ability of masonry to store heat as a result of its mass, density, and specific heat.

Answer 61

(1) Thin-walled tubes or vessels found in wood. | (2) In concrete, channels that absorb water and are interrupted by entrained air bubbles.

Answer 62

Hardening of the outer skin of an iron-based alloy by promoting surface absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or cyanide, generally accomplished by heating the alloy in contact with materials containing these elements and rapid cooling.

Answer 63

High-carbon iron made by melting pig iron with other iron-bearing materials and casting in sand or loam molds; characterized by hardness, brittleness, and high compressive and low tensile strengths.

Answer 64

Semi drying or slowdrying plastic material used to seal joints or fill crevices such as those around windows and chimneys. Either elastomeric or acrylic joint sealants are generally used today where caulking compounds are called for. See also sealant, joint.

Answer 65

The ratio of the weight of water absorbed by a clay masonry unit during immersion in cold water to the weight absorbed during immersion in boiling water. An identification of the probable resistance of clay brick to the action of freezing and thawing.

Answer 66

A covered and lined underground pit used as a holding tank for domestic sewage and designed to retain the organic matter and solids, but to permit the liquids to seep through the bottom and sides. Cesspools are almost universally prohibited in this country and are not acceptable as a means of sewage disposal.

Answer 67

Formation of a loose powder on the surface of a coating or paint after exposure to the elements.

Answer 68

A groove or continuous recess built in a masonry or concrete wall to accommodate pipes, ducts, or conduits.

Answer 69

A lengthwise separation of wood, the greater part of which occurs across the annual growth rings. A check that passes entirely through a piece of wood is called a split.

Answer 70

Type of coating, paint, or transparent finish failure in which many small cracks appear in the surface.

Answer 71

A branch vent that serves two or more traps and extends from in front of the last fi xture connection of a horizontal branch to a vent stack. See also loop vent.

Answer 72

An exterior or interior passageway from one place to another for pedestrians, including, but not limited to, walks, hallways, courtyards, stairways, and stair landings.

Answer 73

Alloys having one or both surfaces of a metallurgically bonded coating, the composition of which may or may not be the same as that of the core, and which is applied for such purposes as corrosion protection, surface appearance, or brazing. See also alclad sheet and alloy.

Answer 74

Bonding thin sheets of a coating metal with desirable properties (such as corrosion resistance or chemical inertness) over a less expensive metallic core not possessing these properties. Copper cladding over steel may be applied by hot dipping; stainless steel and aluminum cladding by hot rolling.

Answer 75

A membrane such as saturated roofing felt, building paper, or 4 mil (0.1 mm) polyethylene film, installed between the backing and a mortar bed to permit independent movement of a tile finish.

Answer 76

mastic or liquid-applied surface finish, regardless of whether a protective film is formed or only decorative treatment results. There are two categories of coatings: coatings and special coatings. Materials called coatings in this book are those that are usually applied in the shop or factory on metal, glass, porcelain, wood, and other materials. They include such products as Kynar coatings on metal, anodizing on aluminum, and liquid-applied colored finishes on wood doors and cabinets. Some coatings are virtually identical to paint, the major differences being that they are applied in a shop or factory and are usually sprayed on rather than being brushed or rolled on. Special coatings are relatively thick, high-performance architectural coatings, such as highbuild glaze coatings; fire-retardant coatings; industrial coatings, such as those used in sewage disposal plants; and cementitious coatings. Special coatings are usually applied in the field. See also fi re-retardant coating or paint, paints, and transparent finishes.

Answer 77

Processed form of bituminous coal used as a fuel, a reducing agent, and a source of carbon in making pig iron

Answer 78

Permanent change in dimension due to stress over time without heat.

Answer 79

Forming thin sheets and strips to desired shapes at room temperature, generally with little change in the mechanical properties of the metal; includes roll, stretch, shear, and brake forming. See also cold working.

Answer 80

(1) In aluminum, forming a metal product at room temperature by means of rolling, drawing, forging, or other mechanical methods of forming or shaping. Cold rolling is the forming of sheet metal by rolling at room temperature metal that has been previously hot rolled to a thickness of about 0.125 in. (3.2 mm). (2) In steel, shaping by cold drawing, cold reduction, or cold rolling at room temperature; generally accompanied by an increase in strength and hardness. COLD DRAWING is shaping by pulling through a die to reduce the cross- sectional area and impart the desired shape; generally accompanied by an increase in strength, hardness, closer dimensional tolerances, and a smoother finish. COLD FINSIHING is cold working that results in finished mill products. COLD REDUCTION is cold rolling that drastically reduces sheet and strip thickness with each pass through the rolls; generally accompanied by an increase in hardness, stiffness, and strength and resulting in a smoother fi nish and improved flatness. COLD ROLLING is a gradual shaping between rolls to reduce the cross-sectional area or impart the desired shape; generally accompanied by an increase in strength and hardness. See also cold forming and hot working.

Answer 81

the last masonry unit laid in a course.

Answer 82

Interior longitudinal vertical joint between two whythes of masonry.

Answer 83

Concentrated color added to coatings and paints to make specific colors.

Answer 84

Fade resistant

Answer 85

Ability of a coating or paint to maintain a consistent color across its entire surface, particularly during weathering.

Answer 86

A vertical structural member acting primarily in compression, whose horizontal dimension measured at right angles to its thickness does not exceed three times its thickness.

Answer 87

A process used to retrieve additional alumina and soda from the red mud impurities of the Bayer process.

Answer 88

An alloy that does not increase in strength when heattreated (non-heat-treatable). Common alloys may be strengthened by strain hardening.

Answer 89

A wall that separates adjacent dwelling units within an apartment building or adjacent tenants in townhouses and other buildings; also called a party wall.

Answer 90

A multiple-wythe wall in which at least one of the wythes is dissimilar to the other wythe or wythes with respect to type or grade of masonry unit or mortar.

Answer 91

The thorough mixing of a polymer or polymers with other ingredients such as fi llers, plasticizers, catalysts, pigments, dyes, or curing agents.

Answer 92

Forming plastic in a mold by applying pressure and, usually, heat.

Answer 93

A composite material made of portland cement, water, and aggregates, and sometimes admixtures.

Answer 94

A masonry unit having portland cement as its primary cementitious material. DECORATIVE CMU is one of various available types of concrete masonry units with beveled face shell recesses or other articulation or texture. FACED CMU is one that has a special ceramic, glazed, plastic, polished, or ground face. SLUMP BLOCK is a CMU produced so that it will slump or sag before it hardens; for use in masonry wall construction. SPLIT-FACE BLOCK is a solid or hollow CMU that is machine fractured (split) lengthwise after hardening to produce a rough, varying surface texture.

Answer 95

The change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) to liquid water; the liquid water so collected.

Answer 96

A chemical reaction in which the molecules of two substances combine, giving off water or some other simple substance (see polymerization).

Answer 97

The relative ability of freshly mixed concrete to fl ow, as measured by a slump test.

Answer 98

The method by which a carpet is made (loom or machine) and other identifying characteristics, including the number of pile rows per inch, pitch, wire height, number of shots, yarn count and plies, total pile yarn weight, and pile yarn density.

Answer 99

A joint placed in concrete to permit practical placement of the work in section with predefined boundaries.

Answer 100

A process in which molten metal is used directly to produce semifinished products such as slabs or billets, bypassing ingot teaming, stripping, soaking, and rolling.

Answer 101

(1) A joint placed in concrete to form a plane of weakness to prevent random cracks from forming due to drying shrinkage and temperature changes. (2) A prefabricated metal accessory intended to relieve shrinkage, temperature, or structural stresses in plaster, thus minimizing cracking.

Answer 102

forming a finished cap on top of an exposed pier, wall, | pilaster, chimney, and the like, to protect the masonry below from penetration of water from above.

Answer 103

A polymer formed by the combination of two or more different monomers.

Answer 104

stain usually caused by the corrosion products of copper screens, gutters, or downspouts washing down on a finished surface. Can be prevented by painting the copper or applying a transparent finish to it.

Answer 105

A shelf or ledge formed by projecting successive courses of masonry out from the face of a wall.

Answer 106

The innermost portion of plywood, consisting of either hardwood or softwood sawed lumber, veneer, or composition board.

Answer 107

Cracks occurring in the apex of inside corners of gypsum board surfaces, such as between adjacent walls or at walls and ceilings.

Answer 108

Gypsum board installation procedure that eliminates some mechanical fasteners at interior corners and permits sufficient movement of boards to eliminate corner cracking.

Answer 109

East-west reference lines used in the rectangular survey system, located at 24-mile intervals to the north and south of a base line.

Answer 110

Physical deterioration, decomposition, or loss of the cross-section of a metal due to weathering, galvanic action, or direct chemical attack. Galvanic action is corrosion produced by electrolytic action between two dissimilar metals in the presence of an electrolyte. Direct chemical attack is corrosion caused by a chemical dissolving of the metal. Weathering is galvanic or chemical corrosion produced by atmospheric conditions.

Answer 111

unit of electrical charge equal to the number of electrons conducted past a point in 1 second.

Answer 112

A number identifying yarn size or weight per unit of length (or length per unit of weight), depending on the carpet spinning system used (such as denier, woolen, worsted, cotton, or jute system).

Answer 113

(1) Compass direction from one reference point to the next for each leg of a metes and bounds survey. An angular course is a compass direction in degrees, minutes, and seconds, stated as a deviation eastward or westward from due north or south; used in metes and bounds descriptions and surveys. (2) One of the continuous horizontal layers of masonry units, bonded with mortar. One course is equal to the thickness of the masonry unit plus the thickness of one mortar joint.

Answer 114

Area over which a given amount of coating, paint, or transparent finish will spread and hide the previous surface; usually expressed in sq ft/gal (m2/L).

Answer 115

(1) Numerous hairline cracks in the surface of newly hardened concrete. (2) Similar cracks in a paint or coating.

Answer 116

Method of texturing staple and continuous filament yarn to produce irregular alignment of fibers in carpet and increase their bulk and covering power; also facilitates interlocking of fibers, which is necessary for spinning staple fibers into yarn.

Answer 117

A layer of veneer in a plywood panel whose grain direction is at right angles to that of the face plies.

Answer 118

Furring members installed perpendicular to framing members.

Answer 119

A chemical reaction in which adjacent polymer molecules unite to form a strong three-dimensional network; usually occurs during the curing of thermosetting plastics.

Answer 120

The slope of a pedestrian way that is perpendicular to the direction of travel. See also running slope.

Answer 121

The maximum height to which joint compound is applied over a gypsum board joint.

Answer 122

Aluminum fluoride used with alumina in the final electrolytic reduction of aluminum. Found naturally in Greenland; generally produced synthetically from alum, soda, and hydrofluoric acid.

Answer 123

The assembling of concrete masonry units into cubes after curing for storage and delivery. A cube normally contains six layers of 15 to 18 blocks (8 × 8 × 16 in. [203 × 203 × 406 mm]) or an equivalent volume of other size units.

Answer 124

A device that alerts a user to an upcoming condition; includes audible, visual, and textural signals. See also detectable warning. AUDIBLE CUE is a sound or a verbal alert. TACTILE CUE is one that can be detected by touch. VISUAL CUE is one that can be seen.

Answer 125

A short ramp cutting through a curb or built into it.

Answer 126

To change the properties of a polymeric system into a final, more stable condition by the use of heat, radiation, or reaction with chemical additives. Sometimes referred to as set.

Answer 127

(1) The hardening of a concrete masonry unit (CMU). Atmospheric pressure steam curing is a method of curing CMUs, using steam at atmospheric pressure usually at temperatures of 120°F (48.89°C) to 180°F (82.2°C). Also called low-pressure steam curing. High- pressure steam curing is a method of curing CMUs, using saturated steam (365°F [185°C]) under pressure, usually 125 to 150 psi (87.88 to 105.46 Mg/m2). Also referred to as autoclave curing. Moist curing is a method of curing CMUs using moisture at atmospheric pressure and temperature of approximately 70°F (21.1°C). (2) The process of keeping concrete moist for an extended period after placement to ensure proper hydration and subsequent strength and quality. (3) Final conversion or drying of a coating, paint, or transparent finish material.

Answer 128

An exterior non-loadbearing wall. Such walls may be anchored to columns, spandrel beams, structural walls, or fl oors. See also panel wall.

Answer 129

Soft, resilient layer provided under carpet to increase underfoot comfort, to absorb pile-crushing forces, and to reduce impact sound transmission. Also called underlay or lining; see also padding.

Answer 130

A carpet face construction in which the pile is cut level so that it stands erect in a low, dense, plush, even surface.

Answer 131

Painting of an edge, such as wall color at the ceiling line or at the edge of woodwork.

Answer 132

A laboratory test for compressive stress of a fi eld sample of concrete (6 in. [152.4 mm] in diameter by 12 in. [305 mm] in length).

Answer 133

The numerical difference between 65°F (18.3°C) and the average of all recorded temperatures on a given day that are lower than 65°F (18.3°C).

Answer 134

A course or layer of impervious material that prevents capillary entrance of moisture from the ground or a lower course. Often called DAMP CHECK.

Answer 135

A tool used to level freshly placed concrete. Commonly long flat piece of metal or wood.

Answer 136

Smoothing the surface of freshly placed concrete with a darby to level any raised spots and fi ll depressions.

Answer 137

The weight of all permanent and stationary construction or equipment included in a building.

Answer 138

The decomposition of wood substances by certain fungi.

Answer 139

A logarithmic unit expressing the ratio between a sound being measured and a reference point.

Answer 140

A permanent change in the physical or chemical properties of a plastic evidenced by impairment of these properties.

Answer 141

A unit of angular measure equal to the angle contained within two radii of a circle that describe an arc equal to 1/360th of the circumference of the circle; also used to defi ne an arc equal to 1/360th of the circumference of a circle.

Answer 142

The sum of the daily degree days when the temperature dropped below 65°F (18.3°C).

Answer 143

Nylon on which the normally high sheen has been reduced by surface treatment.

Answer 144

System of yarn count used for synthetic carpet fibers: number of grams per 9,000 meters of yarn length; one denier equals 4,464,528 yards per pound or 279,033 yards per ounce.

Answer 145

A standardized surface texture applied to or built into walking surfaces or other elements to warn visually impaired people of hazards in the path of travel. See also cue.

Answer 146

The temperature above freezing at which air becomes saturated and condensation occurs. See also frost point.

Answer 147

The ability of a material to retain its dimensions in service.

Answer 148

Corrosion caused by a chemical dissolving a metal.

Answer 149

A limitation or loss of use of a physical, mental, or sensory body part or function.

Answer 150

A construction method used to separate a continuous path through which sound may be transmitted. Examples include the use of staggered studs, double walls, and the resilient mounting of surfaces.

Answer 151

The distribution of a finely divided solid in a liquid or a solid.

Answer 152

Open joint or perforated pipe intended to permit soil absorption of effluent. Distribution box helps ensure the even distribution of waste into the soil and ensure longevity of the septic system.

Answer 153

All-metal or plastic-top metal strips provided in a terrazzo fi nish to control cracking due to drying shrinkage, temperature variations, and minor structural movements; are also used for decorative purposes and convenience in placing a terrazzo topping.

Answer 154

A pipe that carries wastewater or waterborne wastes in a building drainage system.

Answer 155

That piping that conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid wastes up to a point of disposal, such as the mains of a public sewer system or a private septic disposal system. See also vent system and drain, waste, and vent (DWV) system.

Answer 156

The collection of pipes that facilitates the removal | of liquid and solid wastes and dissipates sewer gases.

Answer 157

The process of pulling material through a die to reduce the size, to change the cross-section or shape, or to harden the material.

Answer 158

Lumber that has been surfaced with a planing machine.

Answer 159

An ingredient included to speed the drying of coatings, paints, and transparent finishes.

Answer 160

A projection shaped to cause water to flow away from a lower surface, thus preventing it from running down the face of the lower surface.

Answer 161

The various stages of curing in a coating, paint, or transparent finish film. Dust-free is the stage of drying when particles of dust that settle on the surface do not stick to it. Tack-free is the stage of drying when the surface no longer feels sticky when lightly touched. Dry enough to handle is the stage of drying when the film has hardened sufficiently so that the object or surface may be used without marring. Dry enough to recoat is that stage of drying when the next coat can be applied. Dry enough to sand is the stage of drying when the film can be sanded without the sandpaper sticking or clogging.

Answer 162

A coating, paint, or transparent finish vehicle ingredient, such as linseed oil, which, when exposed to the air in a thin layer, oxidizes and hardens to a relatively tough elastic film.

Answer 163

Under Product Standard PS 20–70, lumber with a moisture content of 19% or less.

Answer 164

A term that is loosely applied to many types of decay, which in the advanced state permit wood to be easily crushed to a dry powder. This term is a misnomer since all fungi require moisture.

Answer 165

A covered and lined underground pit, similar to a seepage pit but intended to receive water free of organic matter, such as from roof drains, floor drains, or laundry tubs. Used as an auxiliary to a septic disposal system to avoid overloading the septic tank absorption system. (Also called leaching well or leaching pit.)

Answer 166

Capable of being drawn out or hammered; able to undergo cold plastic deformation without breaking.

Answer 167

The ability of a coating, paint, or transparent fi nish to retain its desirable properties for a long time under expected service conditions.

Answer 168

The appearance of a powdery material at the surface of a hardened concrete.

Answer 169

Colored material used to change the color of a coating or paint with little or no hiding of the underlying surface.

Answer 170

A unit of force, which when acting on a mass of 1 gram accelerates it 1 centimeter per second per second.

Answer 171

A reflected sound loud enough and received late enough to be heard as distinct from the source.

Answer 172

The finishing operation of rounding off the edge of a concrete slab to prevent chipping or damage.

Answer 173

Deposit of soluble salts, usually white in color, appearing on the exposed surface of masonry, concrete, or plaster.

Answer 174

Partially treated liquid sewage flowing from any part of a septic disposal system, septic tank, or absorption system.

Answer 175

Surface sheen midway between flat and semigloss.

Answer 176

Deformation caused by a stress small enough that when the stress is removed, the material returns to its original shape. See also plastic deformation.

Answer 177

The ability to recover the original size and shape after deformation.

Answer 178

The amount of stress that, if exceeded, will cause a given material to deform or set permanently.

Answer 179

(1) A material that at room temperature can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice its original length and that, upon release of the stress, will return instantly and with force to its approximate original length. (2) A rubberlike substance.

Answer 180

Electroplating with zinc to provide greater corrosion resistance.

Answer 181

Also called galvanic corrosion. An electrochemical decomposition that results when dissimilar metals are each contacted by the same electrolyte, such as water. The process is similar to that which takes place in an automobile battery. One metal acts as a cathode, the other as an anode. When the electrolyte causes an electrical current to flow from one metal to the other, the anodic metal dissolves and hydrogen ions accumulate on the cathodic metal. Electrolysis can also take place in a single metal when one portion of it is cathodic and another portion is anodic if an electrolyte makes a bridge between the two portions.

Answer 182

A nonmetallic substance in which electricity is conducted by the movement of ions.

Answer 183

Something that moves or tends to move electricity.

Answer 184

process that employs an electric current to coat a base metal (cathode) with another metal (anode) in an electrolytic solution.

Answer 185

Mixture of liquids (or a liquid and a solid) not soluble in each other, one liquid (or solid) being dispersed as minute particles in the other, base liquid, with the help of an emulsifying agent.

Answer 186

A coating or paint capable of forming a very smooth, hard film, sometimes using varnish as the vehicle; may be flat, gloss, or semigloss.

Answer 187

Property of producing a tight fi lm that prevents the penetration of subsequent enamel coats to underlying surfaces; prevents unequal absorption and uneven gloss.

Answer 188

The wall along the short dimension of a room.

Answer 189

Masonry in which the design is based on a rational, accepted structural engineering analysis.

Answer 190

The moisture content at which wood neither gains nor loses moisture when surrounded by air at a given relative humidity and temperature.

Answer 191

Wearing away of a coating, paint, or transparent finish film caused by exposure.

Answer 192

A surface preparation for a coating, paint, or transparent finish by chemical means to improve adhesion.

Answer 193

The change of water from a liquid to a gas.

Answer 194

A plastic suitable for expansion into cellular form by thermal, chemical, or mechanical means.

Answer 195

Double divider strips in a terrazzo finish separated by resilient material and provided generally for the same purpose as divider strips, but where a greater degree of structural movement is expected.

Answer 196

(1) In plastics, a low-cost material used to dilute or extend high-cost resins without appreciably lessening the properties of the original resin. (2) In coatings, paints, and transparent finishes, an inexpensive but compatible substance that can be added to a more valuable substance to increase the volume of material without substantially diminishing its desirable properties; in coatings and paints, extender pigments improve storage and application properties.

Answer 197

Any outside wall of a building other than a party wall.

Answer 198

A projecting angle formed by abutting walls or a vertical surface and soffit (not to be confused with exterior, meaning exposed to the weather).

Answer 199

To form lengths of shaped sections by forcing a plastic material through a shaped hole in a die.

Answer 200

(1) In aluminum, a product formed by extruding. (a) An extrusion billet is a solid, wrought, semifi nished product intended for further extrusion into rods, bars, or shapes. (b) An extrusion ingot is a solid or hollow cylindrical casting used for extrusion into bars, rods, shapes, or tubes. (2) In plastic, forcing plastic material through a shaped orifice to make rod, tubing, or sheeting.

Answer 201

A wall in which the facing and backing are of different materials and are bonded together to exert common action under load.

Answer 202

The side wall of a hollow masonry unit or clay tile.

Answer 203

A part of a wall that is used as a finished surface.

Answer 204

Loss of color due to exposure to light, heat, or weathering.

Answer 205

Method of concealing gypsum board fasteners by successive applications of compound until a smooth surface is achieved.

Answer 206

(feathering) Tapering gypsum board joint compound to a very thin edge to ensure inconspicuous blending with adjacent gypsum board surfaces.

Answer 207

Tapering the edge of a dried coating, paint, or transparent finish film with sandpaper.

Answer 208

Composite metals whose chief ingredient is iron (ferrum), metallurgically combined with one or more alloying elements.

Answer 209

The stage in drying (or wetting) of wood at which the cell walls are saturated with water but the cell cavities are free of water, being approximately 30% moisture content in most species.

Answer 210

A comparatively long (1/25 in. [1.016 mm] or less to 1/3 in. [8.47 mm]), narrow, tapering unit closed at both ends.

Answer 211

(1) In ceramic tile, the general area of the tile excluding trim. (2) In gypsum board, the surface of the board exclusive of the perimeter. (3) In masonry walls, the expanse of wall between openings, corners, and the like, principally composed of stretchers. (4) In resilient flooring, the area of a floor within the borders.

Answer 212

The pattern produced in a wood surface by annual growth rings, rays, knots, and deviations from the regular grain.

Answer 213

The sand, gravel, or compacted earth used to bring a subgrade up to a desired level.

Answer 214

(1) In plastics, a relatively inert material added to modify the strength, permanence, or working properties or to lower the cost of a resin. (2) In coatings, paints, and transparent finishes, a pigmented composition for filling the pores or irregularities in a surface in preparation for finishing.

Answer 215

Iron-based alloys used in steelmaking as a source of desired alloying elements.

Answer 216

(1) In plastics, plastic sheeting having a nominal thickness not greater than 0.010 in. (0.254 mm). (2) In coatings, paints, and transparent fi nishes, a thin application generally not thicker than 0.010 in. (0.254 mm).

Answer 217

A measure of the average size of an aggregate, calculated by passing the aggregate through a series of screens of decreasing size.

Answer 218

The final decorative plaster layer in either two-coat or three-coat work.

Answer 219

Steel shapes that can be used directly in construction. Bars are hot-rolled or cold-drawn round, square, hexagonal, or multifaceted long shapes, generally larger than wire in cross-section. Also hot- or cold-rolled rectangular flat shapes (flats) generally narrower than sheets and strip. Backplate is a cold-rolled, flat, carbon-steel product that is thinner than sheet and wider than strip, generally coated with zinc, tin, or terne metal. Foil is a cold-rolled flat product less than 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) thick. Plate is a hot-rolled flat product generally thicker than sheet and wider than strip. Sheet is a hot- or coldrolled flat product generally thinner than plate and wider than strip. Strip is a hot- or cold-rolled fl at product generally narrower than sheet and thinner than plate. Structurals are hot-rolled steel shapes of special design (such as H beams, I beams, channels, angles, and tees) used in construction. Terneplate is backplate or sheet metal that has been coated with terne metal. Tinplate is backplate that has been coated with tin. Tubular products are hollow products of round, oval, square, rectangular, or multifaceted cross-sections. In construction, round products are generally called pipe; square or rectangular products with thinner wall sections are called tube or tubing. Wire is a cold-finished product of round, square, or multifaceted cross section, generally smaller than bars; round wire is cold drawn, 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) to less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in diameter; flat wire is cold rolled, generally narrower than bar.

Answer 220

A wall that subdivides a building to resist the spread of fi re. It is not necessarily continuous through all stories to and above the roof. See also fi re wall.

Answer 221

A material or combination of materials built to protect structural members to increase their fi re resistance.

Answer 222

A coating or paint that will significantly (1) reduce the rate of flame spread, (2) resist ignition at high temperatures, and (3) insulate the underlying material to prolong the time required for the material to reach its ignition, melting, or structural weakening temperature.

Answer 223

A wall that subdivides a building to resist the spread of fire and that extends continuously from the foundation through the roof. See also fire division wall.

Answer 224

A mathematical factor used by engineers to estimate the probable demand on a drainage or water supply system (volume, duration of flow, and intervals between operations) by various plumbing fi xtures.

Answer 225

Form of coating, paint, or transparent finish failure characterized by the detachment of small pieces of the film from the surface or previous coat; usually preceded by cracking or blistering.

Answer 226

A wall or fl oor and ceiling assembly that permits sound to be transmitted along its surface. Also, an opening that permits the direct transmission of sound through the air.

Answer 227

(1) In masonry construction, a thin, relatively impervious sheet material placed in mortar joints and across air spaces in masonry walls to collect water that may penetrate the wall and to direct it to the exterior. (2) In masonry manufacture, the step during the burning process of clay masonry units that produces varying shades and colors in the units. (3) In resilient flooring, the bending up of resilient sheet material against a wall or a projection, either temporarily for the purpose of fitting or permanently to form a one-piece resilient base.

Answer 228

Temperature at which a coating, paint, transparent finish, or solvent will ignite; the lower the flash point, the greater the hazard.

Answer 229

Undesirable rapid setting of cement in concrete or mortar.

Answer 230

Dull, nonreflective; opposite of gloss.

Answer 231

Rectangular flat pad with an attached handle that is used to paint shingles, shakes, and other special surfaces.

Answer 232

Finish having no gloss or luster.

Answer 233

Term applied to flat coatings and paints.

Answer 234

Ingredient added to coatings and paint to reduce the gloss of the dried film.

Answer 235

(1) A portion of a log sawed on two or more sides and intended for manufacture into lumber or sliced or sawed veneer. (2) A complete bundle of veneers laid together in sequence as they were sliced or sawed.

Answer 236

(1) A concrete slab fi nishing operation that embeds aggregate, removes slight imperfections, humps, and voids to produce a level surface and consolidates mortar at the surface. (2) A condition in which a layer of water occurs between a mortar bed and a masonry unit, usually due to bleeding, causing the unit and the mortar to fail to bond with each other. In this condition, the unit is said to float. (3) Separation of pigment colors on the surface of applied paint.

Answer 237

Single-level velvety pile carpet composed of short fibers embedded on an adhesive-coated backing.

Answer 238

The ability of a coating, paint, or transparent finish to level out and spread into a smooth film; materials that have good flow usually level out uniformly and exhibit few brush or roller marks.

Answer 239

A mineral that, due to its affinity to the impurities in iron ores, is used in ironworking and steelmaking to separate impurities in the form of molten slag. Basic flux is a mineral, such as limestone or dolomite, used in basic furnaces to make basic (low-phosphorus) steel. Neutral flux is a mineral

Answer 240

The base of a foundation, column, or wall used to distribute the load over the subgrade.

Answer 241

The working (shaping) of metal parts by forcing between shaped dies. Press forging is shaping by applying pressure in a press. Hammer forging is shaping by application of repeated blows, as in a forging hammer. See also hot working.

Answer 242

A temporary structure erected to contain concrete during placing and initial hardening.

Answer 243

A load-bearing wall below the floor nearest to exterior grade serving as a support for a wall, pier, column, floor, or other structural part of a building.

Answer 244

Racks at the back of a jacquard loom, each holding pile yarn of a different color. In Wilton carpets, two to six frames may be used. The number is a measure of quality as well as an indication of the number of colors in the pattern, unless some of the yarns are buried in the backing.

Answer 245

A day in which the air temperature passes either above or below 32°F (0°C). The average number of freezing cycle days in a year equals the difference between the mean number of days when the minimum temperature was 32°F (0°C) or below and when the maximum temperature was 32°F (0°C) or below.

Answer 246

The number of complete cycles of a vibration occurring in each second, measured in cycles per second (cps) and expressed in hertz (Hz).

Answer 247

That temperature below freezing at which condensation occurs. See also dew point.

Answer 248

Agent that helps prevent mold or mildew growth on paint.

Answer 249

Tall, cylindrical masonry structure lined with refractory materials, used to smelt iron ores in combination with fluxes, coke, and air into pig iron.

Answer 250

Masonry or steel structure lined with refractory materials, used to melt pig iron, scrap metal, and sometimes agglomerated ores, ferroalloys, and fluxes into steel. A basic oxygen furnace is a suspended, tilting vessel that uses highpurity oxygen to oxidize impurities in hot pig iron and other iron-bearing materials to produce low-phosphorus (basic) steel. An electric arc suspended furnace is a kettle that melts scrap metal, ore, and sometimes ferroalloys with the heat of an electric arc to produce steels of controlled chemical composition. An electric induction furnace is a steel-encased, insulated magnesia pot in which metal, scrap, and ferroalloys are melted with the heat of an electric current induced by windings of electric tubing; used chiefly to produce small quantities of high-grade steels such as alloy, stainless, and heat-resisting steels. An open hearth furnace is a masonry structure with a hearth exposed to the sweep of flames in which hot pig iron, scrap metal, and fluxes are melted and oxidized by a mixture of fuel and air to produce basic or acid steel.

Answer 251

A method of finishing the interior face of a concrete or masonry wall to provide space for insulation, to prevent moisture penetration, or to provide a level, plumb, and straight surface for finishing. Furring consists of metal channels or studs or of wood strips or studs.

Answer 252

Carpet made by fusing carpet yarn and a backing, then cutting the substrates in two, making two pieces of carpet.

Answer 253

Temporary condition on new carpet consisting of an irregular appearance caused by slack yarn twist, “snagging” of fibers, or breaking of yarn. Can be remedied by spot shearing.

Answer 254

Zinc coating by electroplating or hot dipping, which produces a characteristic bright, spangled finish and protects the base metal from atmospheric corrosion.

Answer 255

Plywood panels produced by passing them under a machine with grooving knives set at certain intervals.

Answer 256

The distance between tufts across the width of knitted and tufted carpets, expressed in fractions of an inch.

Answer 257

Used to describe several types of finishing materials. Glazing putty is a compound of creamy consistency applied to fill surface imperfections. A glazing stain is very thin, semitransparent, and usually pigmented with Vandyke brown or burnt sienna, applied over a previously stained, filled, or painted surface to soften or blend the original color without obscuring it. A glaze coat is a clear finish applied over previously coated surfaces to create a gloss finish.

Answer 258

Dough-like material, consisting of vehicle and pigment, that retains its plasticity over a wide range of temperatures and for an extended period of time. Either elastomeric or acrylic joint sealants are generally used today where glazing compounds are called for. See also sealant, joint.

Answer 259

Shiny, reflective surface quality; term sometimes used broadly to include coatings, paints, and transparent finishes with these surface properties.

Answer 260

The line of glue visible on the edge of a plywood panel. Also applies to the layer of glue itself.

Answer 261

The designation of the quality of wood, steel, and other materials and products made from them, such as plywood.

Answer 262

An aggregate containing particles of uniformly graduated size from the fi nest fi ne aggregate size to the maximum size of coarse aggregate.

Answer 263

A sand containing particles of uniformly graduated size from very fi ne up to ¼ in. (6.4 mm).

Answer 264

The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of the fi bers in wood. Cross-grained wood is sawed with the fi bers not parallel with the longitudinal axis of the piece. This grain may be diagonal, in a spiral pattern, or a combination of both. Diagonal-grained wood is sawn at an angle with the bark of the tree such that the annual growth rings are at an angle with the axis of the piece. Edge-grained wood is sawn parallel with the pith of a log and at nearly right angles to the annual growth rings, making an angle of 45 to 90 degrees with the wide surface of the piece. Also called quartersawn wood and vertical-grained wood. Flat-grained wood is sawn parallel with the pith of the log and nearly tangent to the annual growth rings, making an angle of less than 45 degrees with the surface of the piece. Also called plain-sawn wood. Open-grained wood is a common designation for wood with large pores, such as oak, ash, chestnut, and walnut.

Answer 265

Simulating the grain of wood by means of specially prepared colors or stains and the use of graining tools or special brushing techniques.

Answer 266

Swelling and standing up of wood grain caused by absorbed water or solvents.

Answer 267

The microscopic internal crystalline structure (size and distribution of particles) of a metal that affects its properties, known as austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. Austenitic steels are tough, strong, and nonmagnetic. Austenitic stainless steels have a chromium content of up to 25% and a nickel content of up to 22% and can be hardened by cold working. Ferritic steels are soft, ductile, and strongly magnetic. Ferritic stainless steels usually have a chromium content of 12 to 27% and are not hardenable by heat treatment. Martensitic steels can be made very hard and tough by heat treatment and rapid cooling. Martensitic stainless steels have a chromium content of 4 to 12%.

Answer 268

A line described on a sphere by a plane bisecting the sphere into equal parts. The equator is a great circle, as are pairs of opposing meridians.

Answer 269

Freshly placed concrete.

Answer 270

Under Product Standard PS 20-70, lumber with a moisture content of more than 19%. Unseasoned lumber that has not been exposed to air or kiln drying.

Answer 271

Condition in which the backing shows through sparsely spaced pile tufts. A carpet may be grinned (bent back) deliberately to reveal its construction.

Answer 272

In masonry, the total area of a section perpendicular | to the direction of the load, including areas within cores, cellular spaces, and other openings in the material.

Answer 273

Base coat in an antiquing system; applied before graining colors, glazing, or other finish coat.

Answer 274

Nailing strips placed in concrete and masonry walls as a means of attaching trim, furring, cabinetry, or equipment.

Answer 275

(1) Mortar of a consistency that will flow or pour easily without segregation of the ingredients. (2) A liquid mixture of cement, water, and sand of pouring consistency.

Answer 276

A formulation used to fill the joints between tiles; maybe cementitious, resinous, or a combination of both.

Answer 277

Wood or metal plate used as a means of joining coplanar structural members in trusses. Gusset plates lap the butt joints between members.

Answer 278

``` A panel consisting of a noncombustible core of calcined gypsum, surfaced on both sides with a covering material specifically designed for various uses with respect to performance, application, location, and appearance. Wallboard is a class of gypsum board used primarily as an interior finished surface. Lath is a class of gypsum board used as a base for gypsum plaster. Backing boards are gypsum boards that serve as a base to which gypsum wallboard or tile is applied. Sheathing is a class of gypsum board used as a base for exterior finishes. Edges are gypsum board extremities that are paperbound and run the long dimension of the board as manufactured. Ends are gypsum board extremities that are mill- or job-cut, exposing the gypsum core, and run the short dimension of the board as manufactured. ```

Answer 279

A dense panelboard manufactured of wood fi bers with the natural lignin in the wood reactivated to serve as a binder for the wood fibers.

Answer 280

Clay products that have been fired at high temperatures. They have relatively low absorptions and high compressive strengths.

Answer 281

Cohesion of particles on the surface of a coating, paint, or transparent finish as determined by the ability to resist scratching or indentation.

Answer 282

The botanical group of trees that are broad-leaved and deciduous. The term does not refer to the actual hardness of the wood.

Answer 283

A masonry unit that overlaps two or more adjacent wythes of masonry to provide structural bond. Also called bonder.

Answer 284

A continuous bonding course of header brick.

Answer 285

The vertical mortar joint between ends of masonry units.

Answer 286

The wood that extends from the pith to the sapwood, the cells of which no longer participate in the growth process of the tree. Heartwood may be impregnated with gums, resins, and other materials, which usually make it darker and more decay resistant than sapwood.

Answer 287

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 cu ft of a material 1°F (0.5556°C).

Answer 288

Nylon fi ber that has been heat treated to retain a desired shape.

Answer 289

A material or system that collects and stores heat.

Answer 290

Aluminum alloys capable of gaining strength by being heat treated. The alloying elements show increasingly solid solubility in aluminum with increasing temperature, resulting in pronounced strengthening.

Answer 291

(1) Of aluminum (see solution heat treatment): Annealing is a heat treatment process in which an alloy is heated to a temperature between 600°F (315.56°C) and 800°F (426.67°C) and then slowly cooled to relieve internal stresses and return the alloy to its softest and most ductile condition. (2) Of steel: Controlled heating and cooling of steels in the solid state for the purpose of obtaining certain desirable mechanical or physical properties. Annealing is heating metal to high temperatures (1350°F [732.2°C] to 1600°F [871.1°C] for steel), followed by controlled cooling, to make the metal softer or change its ductility and toughness. Quenching is rapid cooling by immersion in oil, water, or another cooling medium to increase hardness. Tempering is reheating (in steel to less than 1350°F [732.2°C]) after hardening (as by quenching) and slow cooling to restore ductility.

Answer 292

The unit of frequency of a periodic process equal to one cycle per second.

Answer 293

Ability of a coating or paint to obscure the surface to which it is applied, generally expressed as the number of square feet that can be covered by 1 gal of material or the number of gallons required to cover 1000 sq ft. Also called covering power.

Answer 294

Cement used to produce a concrete that develops strength more rapidly than normal.

Answer 295

A polymer of high molecular weight.

Answer 296

A wall built of masonry units arranged to provide an air space within the wall between the facing and backing wythes.

Answer 297

Applying gypsum board with the edges perpendicular to supporting members such as studs, joists, channels, or furring strips. See also vertical application.

Answer 298

Coating a metal with another metal by immersing it in a bath of the molten coating metal. The coating metals most commonly used on steel are zinc, terne metal, and aluminum.

Answer 299

Forming metal at elevated temperatures at which metals can be more easily worked. (1) For aluminum alloys: (a) Hot working temperatures are usually in the 300°F (148.9°C) to 400°F (204.4°C) range. (b) Hot rolling is the shaping of aluminum plate by rolling heated slabs of metal. Hot rolling is usually used for work down to about 0.125 in. (3.175 mm) thick. (2) For steel: Shaping hot plastic metal by hot rolling, extruding, or forging. (a) Hot working temperatures are above 1500°F (815.6°C). Hot working is generally accompanied by increases in strength, hardness, and toughness. (b) Hot forming is the forming of a hot plastic metal into desired shapes, with little change in the mechanical properties of the metal. (c) Extruding is shaping lengths of hot metal by forcing them through a die of the desired profi le. (d) Forging is shaping hot metal between dies with compression force or impact. (e) Hot rolling is gradual shaping by squeezing hot metal between rolls.

Answer 300

The chemical reaction of water and cement that produces a hardened concrete.

Answer 301

A single number rating developed by the Federal | Housing Administration to estimate the impact of sound isolation performance of floor and ceiling assemblies.

Answer 302

A singlenumber rating used to compare and evaluate the ability of floor and ceiling assemblies to isolate impact sound transmission (see sound isolation).

Answer 303

The sound level in decibels measured in the receiving room resulting from the transmission of sound produced by a standard tapping machine through an adjacent floor and ceiling assembly.

Answer 304

A tight, cohesive soil, such as clay, that does not allow the ready passage of water.

Answer 305

A sound striking a surface, as contrasted with a sound reflected from the surface. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Answer 306

A combination of a sewage treatment plant (package plant or septic tank) and method of effluent disposal (soil absorption system or stream discharge) serving a single dwelling.

Answer 307

Having inactive chemical properties.

Answer 308

(1) A mass of aluminum cast into a convenient shape for storage or transportation, to be later remelted for casting or fi nishing by rolling, forging, or another process. (2) A cast pig iron or steel shape made by pouring hot metal into a mold.

Answer 309

A substance that prevents or retards a chemical reaction; inhibitors are often added to plastic resins to prolong their storage life.

Answer 310

Forming plastic by fusing it in a chamber with heat and pressure and then forcing part of the mass into a cooler chamber, where it solidifies.

Answer 311

The solar radiation that strikes a surface.

Answer 312

Adhesion between two coats of paint.

Answer 313

An enclosed angle of less than 180 degrees formed by abutting walls or the juncture of walls and the ceiling (not to be confused with interior, meaning protected from the weather).

Answer 314

A joint placed to separate a concrete slab into individual panels or from adjacent surfaces.

Answer 315

(1) In tile floors, see cleavage (isolation) membrane. (2) In a terrazzo finish, a membrane such as asphalt-saturated roofing felt, building paper, or polyethylene film installed between the subfloor and the terrazzo underbed to prevent bonding and permit independent movement of each.

Answer 316

Mechanism for a Wilton loom that uses punched cards to produce the desired color design.

Answer 317

A material used for finishing joints in gypsum board.

Answer 318

Steel wire, bar, or fabricated reinforcement that is placed in horizontal mortar joints.

Answer 319

See control joint, construction joint, and isolation joint.

Answer 320

Paper or paper-faced cotton tape used over joints between wallboard to conceal the joints and provide a smooth surface for painting.

Answer 321

Method of reinforcing and concealing gypsum board joints with tape and successive layers of joint compound.

Answer 322

One of a series of parallel beams used to support floor, ceiling, and roof loads. Joists are supported in turn by bigger beams, girders, or bearing walls.

Answer 323

Strong, durable yarn spun from fibers of the jute plant, native to India and the Far East; used in the backings of many carpets.

Answer 324

Carpet made on a knitting machine by looping together backing, stitching, and pile yarns with three sets of needles, as in hand knitting.

Answer 325

The portion of a branch or limb that has been surrounded by subsequent growth of wood.

Answer 326

Tightly twisted yarn made from wood pulp fi ber, used as an alternative for cotton or jute in carpet backing.

Answer 327

Coating that dries quickly by evaporation of its volatile solvent and forms a film from its nonvolatile constituent, usually nitrocellulose; may be pigmented or clear.

Answer 328

A soft, weak layer of mortar appearing on a horizontal surface of concrete due to segregation or bleeding.

Answer 329

A product made by bonding together two or more layers of materials.

Answer 330

A piece of wood built up of laminations that have been joined with glue, mechanical fastenings, or both.

Answer 331

The measure of isolation; equal to 1 calorie per square centimeter or 3.69 Btus per square foot.

Answer 332

To lay or place one coat so that its edge extends over and covers the edge of a previous coat.

Answer 333

A branch of an absorption field, consisting of either (1) the length of the distribution line between overflow pipes or (2) the length of the distribution line between the tee or cross fitting and the farthest point in a closed-loop field.

Answer 334

Means whereby walls are braced either horizontally by columns, pilasters, or cross walls or vertically by floor and roof construction.

Answer 335

A water suspension of fine particles of rubber or rubber-like plastics.

Answer 336

A paint containing latex and thinned with water.

Answer 337

The position of a point on the earth’s surface north or south of the equator, stated as an angular measure (degrees, minutes, and seconds) of the meridian arc contained between that point and the equator.

Answer 338

The section of a masonry wall built up and racked back on successive courses. A line is attached to leads as a guide for building a wall between them.

Answer 339

A written, legally recorded identification of the location and boundaries of a parcel of land. A legal description may be based on a metes and bounds survey or the rectangular survey system, or it may make reference to a recorded plat or survey.

Answer 340

Ability of a film to flow out free from ripples, pockmarks, and brush marks after application.

Answer 341

A woven or tufted carpet style in which the tufts are in loop form and of the same height.

Answer 342

Randomly patterned cut and loop pile carpet.

Answer 343

Softening and penetration of a previous film by solvents in the paint being applied over it, resulting in raising and wrinkling.

Answer 344

The second most abundant constituent of wood, making up 12 to 28% in most species. It encrusts the cell walls and cements the cells together.

Answer 345

A polymer that is arranged in a long, continuous chain with a minimum number of side chains or branches.

Answer 346

A mineral fiber or asphalt felt specifically manufactured for use under resilient flooring.

Answer 347

A structural member used to carry the load over an opening in a wall.

Answer 348

When related to barrier-free design, an abrupt vertical change in level.

Answer 349

The total of all moving and variable loads that may be placed on or in a building. See also dead load.

Answer 350

The position of a point on the earth’s surface east or west of the Greenwich meridian, stated as an angular measure (degrees, minutes, and seconds) of the arc on the equator contained between a meridian passing through that point and the Greenwich meridian.

Answer 351

Varnish or paint vehicle with more than 55% of the resin consisting of oil or fatty acid.

Answer 352

Machine on which carpet is woven, as distinguished from other machines on which carpets may be tufted, flocked, or punched.

Answer 353

A woven or tufted carpet style in which the pile surface consists of uncut loops; also called round wire.

Answer 354

A branch vent that serves two or more traps and extends from in front of the last fixture connection of a horizontal branch to the stack vent. See also circuit vent.

Answer 355

A subjective response to sound, indicating the magnitude of the hearing sensation, depending on the listener’s ear.

Answer 356

The wood product of a saw and planing mill not further manufactured than by sawing, resawing, and passing lengthwise through a standard planing machine, cross-cut to length, and worked. BEAMS and STRINGERS are large pieces of lumber measuring 5 in. (127 mm) or more in thickness and 8 in. (203.2 mm) or more in width. These are graded with respect to their strength in bending when loaded on the narrow face. BOARDS are lumber up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) thick and 2 in. (50.8 mm) or more in width. DIMENSION LUMBER is lumber 2 to 4 in. (50.8 to 101.6 mm) thick and 2 in. (50.8 mm) or more in width. Factory and shop lumber is intended to be cut again for use in further manufacture. JOISTS and PLANKS are pieces of lumber 2 to 4 in. (50.8 to 101.6 mm) in nominal thickness and 4 in. (101.6 mm) or more in width. These are graded with respect to strength in bending when loaded either on the narrow face, as a joist, or on the wide face, as a plank. LIGHT FRAMING is lumber 2 to 4 in. (50.8 to 101.6 mm) thick and 2 to 4 in. (50.8 to 101.6 mm) wide. MATCHED LUMBER is lumber that has been edge dressed and shaped to make a close tongue-and-groove joint at the edges or ends when laid edge to edge or end to end. PATTERNED LUMBER, is lumber that is shaped to a pattern or to a molded form in addition to being dressed, matched, shiplapped, or any combination of these. Posts and timbers are lumber that is approximately square, 5 in. (127 mm) and thicker, and having a width not more than 2 in. (50.8 mm) greater than its thickness. Stress grade lumber is the same as structural lumber. Structural lumber is lumber that has been machine rated or visually graded into grades with assigned working stresses. Includes most yard lumber grades except boards. Yard lumber is intended for general building purposes; includes boards, dimension lumber, and timbers.

Answer 357

The ability to be milled, sawed, tapped, drilled, and reamed without excessive tool wear, with ease of chip metal removal and surface finishing.

Answer 358

The principal artery of a drainage or water supply system to which branches may be connected. It is usually the lowest horizontal piping. In a drainage system the main is the building drain; in a water system it is the distributing main, whether located in the basement or on the top floor.

Answer 359

A process that seeks to integrate physically handicapped persons into society by (1) equipping them with the personal devices and adaptive skills needed to function effectively in the built environment and (2) removing physical barriers that prevent them from functioning like able-bodied individuals.

Answer 360

The principal artery of a vent system to which vent branches may be connected. It may be either a vertical pipe that collects one or more branch vents or a horizontal pipe to which a number of vent stacks are connected before they go through the roof.

Answer 361

The ability to be shaped without fracture by either hot or cold working.

Answer 362

Varnish specially designed for immersion in water and exposure to a marine atmosphere.

Answer 363

A soil or rock containing calcium carbonate (limestone).

Answer 364

(1) The effect produced by ambient sound that seems to diminish the loudness of transmitted noise. (2) Temporary covering of areas not to be painted.

Answer 365

A strip of paper or cloth tape, easily removable and used temporarily to cover areas that are not to be painted.

Answer 366

A hollow wall in which the facing and backup are bonded together with solid masonry units.

Answer 367

A packaged premixture of portland cement, lime, and other ingredients to which sand and water are added in the fi eld to make masonry cement mortar.

Answer 368

A manufactured building unit of burned clay, shale, concrete, stone, glass, gypsum, or other material. A hollow masonry unit is one whose net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing surface is less than 75% of the gross cross-sectional area. A modular masonry unit is one whose nominal dimensions are based on a 4 in. (101.6 mm) module. A solid masonry unit is one whose net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the bearing surface is 75% or more of the gross cross-sectional area.

Answer 369

Heavy-bodied paste-like coating of high build often applied with a trowel.

Answer 370

Topping mortar consisting of binders, and sometimes pigments and inert fillers, that fills the spaces between chips and binds them into a homogeneous mass.

Answer 371

Imaginary north-south line on the earth’s surface described by a great circle arc from the North Pole to the South Pole. All points on a meridian are of the same longitude. See also great circle. The Greenwich meridian, also called the prime meridian, is the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. It is designated as the starting line (zero degrees) for measuring east and west longitude. A principal meridian is a meridian of specified longitude, used in the rectangular survey system, serving as the main north-south reference line for a particular state or area. Guide meridians are north-to-south reference lines located at 24-mile intervals east and west of a principal meridian.

Answer 372

Class of paints that include metal fl akes.

Answer 373

A system of land survey and description based on starting from a known reference point and tracing the boundary lines around an area.

Answer 374

Ability of a coating, paint, or transparent finish to resist the growth of molds and mildew; mildew is particularly prevalent in moist, humid, and warm climates.

Answer 375

Lumber that is shaped to a pattern or to a molded form in addition to being dressed, matched, shiplapped, or any combination of these. Millwork includes most finished wood products such as doors, windows, interior trim, and stairways, but not flooring or siding products.

Answer 376

Common solvent for coatings, paints, and transparent finishes; derived from the distillation of petroleum.

Answer 377

A unit of angular measure equal to 1/60 th of a degree.

Answer 378

An ingredient added to a plastic to improve or modify its properties.

Answer 379

The ratio of stresses lower than the elastic limit to their respective strains.

Answer 380

The amount of water contained in a unit, expressed as a percentage of the total absorption (e.g., a concrete masonry unit at 40% moisture content contains 40% of the water it can absorb).

Answer 381

The amount of water contained in wood at the time it | is tested, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the wood when oven-dry.

Answer 382

Concrete placed in one continuous pour without construction joints.

Answer 383

A relatively simple compound that can react to form a polymer.

Answer 384

A permanent reference point for land surveying whose location is recorded; either a man-made marker or a natural landmark.

Answer 385

Multicolored yarn made by twisting together two or more strands of different shades or colors.

Answer 386

Substance used to join masonry units, tile, stone, and other materials.

Answer 387

A ¾-in. (19.1-mm)- to 1¼-in. (31.8-mm)-thick bed of portland cement and sand mortar onto which a layer of neat portland cement (watercement paste) is applied to receive tile. Also called thickbed.

Answer 388

The joint between masonry units. A tooled joint is one that is compressed and shaped with a special concave or V-shaped tool. A troweled joint is one finished with a trowel to form a struck joint or a weathered joint. In a raked joint the mortar is raked out to a specified depth while the mortar is still green.

Answer 389

A plastic mixture of one or more cementitious materials, sand, and water.

Answer 390

A mixture of portland cement and other ingredients used to install tile. A leveling- or setting-type mortar is a mixture of portland cement, sand, and sometimes lime, used as a bed in which tile is installed (setting bed), or as a coat to produce a plumb and level surface (leveling coat) so that subsequent coats can be applied in a uniform thickness. A bonding-type mortar is any one of a variety of formulations used to bond tile to a backing or mortar bed. Formulations may be mainly cementitious, such as commercial cement mortar; resinous, such as epoxy mortar; or a combination of both, as in latex—portland cement mortar. Also see adhesive, tile.

Answer 391

A carpet style in which the yarns are looped at several levels; also called high-low loop and cut and loop.

Answer 392

A nail suitable for gypsum board application. Such nails are typically bright, coated, or chemically treated low-carbon steel nails with fl at, thin, slightly fi lleted and countersunk heads approximately ¼ in. (6.4 mm) in diameter and medium or long diamond points. Annularly threaded nails (GWB-54) and smooth or deformed shank nails should conform to ASTM C514.

Answer 393

A method of gluing wood in which the nails hold the wood members until the glue sets.

Answer 394

Surface defect in gypsum board resulting in a conspicuous protrusion of joint compound directly over a nail head.

Answer 395

Length of fi bers on a paint roller cover.

Answer 396

Unbleached and undyed yarn spun from a blend of black, brown, or gray wools.

Answer 397

A mixture of cement and water (no aggregates).

Answer 398

Unsanded mixture of portland cement and water used | as a bond coat in conventional thickbed installation of tile.

Answer 399

Carpet made by punching loose, unspun fibers through a woven sheet, which results in a pileless carpet similar to a heavy felt; usually consists entirely of synthetic fibers.

Answer 400

The gross crosssectional area of a section minus the area of cores, cellular spaces, and other voids it contains.

Answer 401

Reducing the level of unwanted sound by means of acoustical treatment.

Answer 402

A single- number index of the noise-reducing efficiency of acoustical materials. Found by averaging a material’s sound absorption coefficients at 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 cycles per second.

Answer 403

A dimension greater than the actual dimension that is used to identify the size of a material. In masonry, the nominal dimension is greater than the actual dimension by the amount of the thickness of a mortar joint, but not more than ½ in. (12.7 mm). In wood, the nominal dimension (also called nominal size) is greater than the actual dimension by an amount roughly equivalent to the size lost due to wood shrinkage during drying, plus the amount planed off to square and smooth the piece. See also size.

Answer 404

A material that will neither ignite nor actively support | combustion when exposed to fire in air at a temperature of 1200°F (648.9°C).

Answer 405

Oil that does not readily oxidize and harden when exposed to air.

Answer 406

An alloy that is not capable of gaining strength by heat treatment and that depends on the initial strength of the alloy or cold working for additional strength. Also called a common alloy.

Answer 407

A wall that supports no vertical load other than its own weight. See also bearing wall.

Answer 408

Liquid portion of coatings, paints, and transparent finishes except for their volatile thinners and water.

Answer 409

The interval between two sounds with a frequency ratio of 2:1.

Answer 410

A measure of electrical resistance equal to that of a circuit that permits 1 volt to cause 1 amp to fl ow through it.

Answer 411

Single pigment dispersion in linseed oil used for tinting coatings and paints.

Answer 412

May be penetrating or nonpenetrating. Penetrating oil stains contain dyes and resins that penetrate a surface; nonpenetrating oil stains contain larger amounts of pigments and are usually opaque or translucent.

Answer 413

Long-chain synthetic polymers composed of at least 85% by weight of ethylene, propylene, or other olefi n units.

Answer 414

(one-part) formulation Coating or paint formulated to contain all the necessary ingredients in one package and generally not requiring any field additions except pigment and thinner.

Answer 415

Degree of obstruction to the passage of visible light.

Answer 416

A coating that hides the previous surface or coating.

Answer 417

Wood that has been dried in an oven to a consistent moisture content and, for all practical purposes, no longer holds any water.

Answer 418

The chemical combination of a substance with oxygen.

Answer 419

Placing spun and wound yarn on large, perforated forms and forcing the dye through the perforations.

Answer 420

Cellular rubber, felted animal hair, jute fi bers, or plastic foams in sheet form, used as cushioning under carpet. See also cushioning.

Answer 421

A liquid, pigmented material applied in the field and producing an opaque film. Primers may, however, be applied by hand or machine in a factory or shop, but are part of the paint system and are therefore also called paint. In addition, all parts of a paint system are called paint, collectively and individually. Such parts include primers, emulsions, enamels, opaque stains, sealers, fillers, and other applied materials used as prime, intermediate, or finish coats. See also coating and transparent finish. An emulsion is a paint with a vehicle consisting of an oil, oleoresinous varnish, or resin binder dispersed in water (see also emulsion). A latex paint is a paint with latex resin as the chief binder. An oil paint is a paint with drying oil or oil varnish as the basic vehicle ingredient. A paste is a paint with sufficiently concentrated pigment to permit substantial thinning before use. Water-based paint is paint with a vehicle that is a water emulsion or water dispersion, or that has ingredients that react chemically with water.

Answer 422

Compound that softens old paint and transparent fi nishes and permits scraping off the loosened material.

Answer 423

Collectively, the several coats that are necessary to produce a complete paint coating. Materials that are used in the various coats are called paint.

Answer 424

An exterior non-load- bearing wall in skeleton frame construction, wholly supported at each story. See also curtain wall.

Answer 425

An imaginary east-west line on the earth’s surface, consisting of a circle on which all points are equidistant from one of the poles. All points on a parallel are at the same latitude.

Answer 426

That part of a wall entirely above the roof line.

Answer 427

(1) The application of mortar to the back of the facing material or the face of the backing material within a masonry wall; the mortar so applied. Also called back-plastering, backparging, or pargeting. (2) The application of portland cement mortar or plaster to the exterior face of masonry, often below or near the ground; the material so applied.

Answer 428

A composition board consisting of distinct particles of wood bonded together with a synthetic resin or other binder.

Answer 429

An interior wall, one story or less in height.

Answer 430

A wall used for joint service by adjoining buildings. See also common wall.

Answer 431

Patterns formed by exposed faces of masonry units and their joints.

Answer 432

Detachment of a dried coating, paint, or transparent finish fi lm in relatively large pieces, usually caused by moisture or grease under the finish.

Answer 433

A single number rating of aircraft noise in decibels used to describe the acceptability or noisiness of aircraft sound. PNdB is calculated from measured interior and exterior noise levels and correlates well with subjective responses to various kinds of aircraft noise.

Answer 434

A wall that contains a considerable number of relatively small openings. Often called a pierced wall or screen wall.

Answer 435

In gypsum board work, the surface (as opposed to the edges) of a gypsum board panel near the edges and ends.

Answer 436

Usually a granular soil, such as sand or gravel, that allows water to pass readily through it.

Answer 437

An individual who has a physical impairment, including impaired sensory, manual, or speaking abilities, that results in a functional limitation in gaining access to and using a building or facility.

Answer 438

Removing the oxide scale formed on hot metal as it air cools by dipping it in a solution of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid.

Answer 439

Immersing an entire carpet in a dye bath to produce single-color or multicolor pattern effects. See also resist printing.

Answer 440

An isolated column of masonry.

Answer 441

High-carbon crude iron from a blast furnace used as the main raw material for ironworking and steelmaking. Basic pig iron is a high-phosphorus iron used in basic steelmaking furnaces.

Answer 442

Fine, solid particles suspended in the vehicle of a coating or paint that provide color (hiding power) as well as other properties.

Answer 443

A thickened wall section or column built as an integral part of a wall.

Answer 444

RAISED YARN TUFTS of woven, tufted, and knitted carpets that provide the wearing surface and desired color, design, or texture. In flocked carpets, the upstanding, nonwoven fibers. CUT LOOP PILE is a pile surface in which tufts have been cut to reveal the fiber ends. FRIEZE CARPET is a rough, nubby-textured carpet using tightly twisted yarns; same as twist carpet. JASPE is a carpet surface characterized by irregular stripes produced by varying textures or shades of the same color. MULTILEVEL CARPET has a texture or design created by different heights of tufts of either cut or uncut loop. PLUSH CARPET has a cut pile surface that does not show any yarn texture. SCULPTURED (carved) carpet has surface designs created by combinations of cut and loop pile and variations in pile height. SHAG CARPET has a surface consisting of long, twisted loops. STRIA (striped) carpet has a striped surface effect obtained by loosely twisting two strands of one shade of yarn with one strand of a lighter or darker shade. UNCUT LOOP is pile in which the yarns are continuous from tuft to tuft, forming visible loops.

Answer 445

Bending of pile due to foot traffi c or the pressure of furniture.

Answer 446

The height of pile measured from the top surface of the backing to the top surface of the pile. Also called pile wire height.

Answer 447

Brushing after shampooing to restore damp pile to its original height.

Answer 448

The weight of pile yarn per unit of volume in carpet, usually stated in ounces per cubic yard (grams per cubic meter).

Answer 449

Appearance defect associated with some staple fibers in which balls of tangled fibers are formed on the carpet surface, which are not removed readily by vacuuming or foot traffic; pills can be removed by periodic clipping.

Answer 450

The number of tufts or pile warp yarns in a 27 in. (685.8 mm) width of woven carpet.

Answer 451

An opening extending parallel to the annual growth rings of a tree. These contain or have contained either solid or liquid pitch.

Answer 452

The small, soft core occurring in the center of the growth rings of a tree, branch, twig, or log.

Answer 453

The act of putting concrete in position (sometimes incorrectly called pouring).

Answer 454

Masonry without reinforcement, or reinforced only to resist shrinkage or temperature changes.

Answer 455

All elements of a gypsum or portland cement plaster membrane, such as the several coats of plaster, metal reinforcement, accessories, and backing paper, when required.

Answer 456

Mortar consisting of properly proportioned quantities of cementitious materials, aggregate, water, and sometimes pigments, plasticizers, and other admixtures.

Answer 457

A material that contains as an essential ingredient an organic substance of large molecular weight, or a synthetic or processed substance. A plastic is solid in its finished state but at some stage in its manufacture can be shaped by flow (see polymer).

Answer 458

Deformation caused by a stress exceeding the elastic limit of a material so that it does not return to its original shape when the stress is removed. See also elastic deformation.

Answer 459

(1) In plastics, a material added to increase the workability and flexibility of a resin. (2) In coatings, paints, and transparent finishes, a substance added in the liquid state to impart flexibility to a hardened film.

Answer 460

A map of surveyed land showing the location and the boundaries and dimensions of a parcel. A recorded plat is a plat that is recorded at an appropriate government office, usually the county recorder’s office. In addition to location notes and a boundary line layout, a recorded plat may contain information such as restrictions, easements, approvals by zoning boards and planning commission, and lot and block numbers for a subdivision.

Answer 461

Devices or appliances that are supplied with water and receive or discharge liquids or wastes.

Answer 462

When preceded by a number, the number of single strands used in a finished yarn.

Answer 463

A crossbanded assembly made of layers of veneer or of veneer in combination with a core of lumber, particleboard, or another composition core, all joined with an adhesive. Standard plywood is hardwood plywood produced to meet governing industry standards. Also, unsanded interior softwood plywood for sheathing and flooring. High-density overlaid plywood is overlaid plywood in which the overlay sheet contains 40% resin by weight. Medium-density overlaid plywood is overlaid plywood in which the overlay sheet contains 20% resin by weight. In overlaid plywood the face veneer is bonded on one or both sides with paper, resinimpregnated paper, or metal. Specialty plywood is hardwood plywood that is not necessarily manufactured to meet industry standards.

Answer 464

The starting point of a metes and bounds description or survey.

Answer 465

Troweling mortar into a joint after a masonry unit has been laid.

Answer 466

A chemical compound formed by the reaction of simple molecules to form more complex molecules of higher molecular weight.

Answer 467

A chemical reaction in which the molecules of a monomer are linked together to form large molecules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the original substance.

Answer 468

A curing method used on flat concrete surfaces whereby a small earth dam or other water-retaining material is placed around the perimeter of the surface and the enclosed area is flooded with water.

Answer 469

Cement made by grinding not more than 65% of | granulated blast furnace slag with at least 35% of portland cement.

Answer 470

A hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates and usually containing one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as an interground addition. Types I and IA portland cement are used in general construction when the special properties of other types are not required. Types II and IIA portland cement are used in general construction where moderate heat of hydration is required. Types III and IIIA portland cement are used when a high early strength is required. Type IV portland cement is used when low heat of hydration is required. Type V portland cement is used when high sulfate resistance is required.

Answer 471

Cement made by blending not more than 50% pozzolan (a material consisting of siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material) with at least 50% of portland cement.

Answer 472

The forming of laminates that have been cured into simple shapes by heat and pressure.

Answer 473

Water of sufficient quality, either through treatment or natural phenomena, to be drinkable.

Answer 474

The voltage difference between two points.

Answer 475

Time period after mixing reactive components, in a two-component coating, paint, or transparent fi nish system, during which material can be satisfactorily used.

Answer 476

Carbon-lined vessels used in the reduction processing of aluminum. Molten aluminum is collected and siphoned off from the bottom of pots.

Answer 477

Concrete components that are cast and cured off-site or on-site in a location other than where they will be finally placed.

Answer 478

Masonry panels fabricated other than in their final | location in the structure. Also known as preassembled, panelized, and sectionalized brick masonry.

Answer 479

Panels fabricated with precut lumber and plywood.

Answer 480

A substance that will prevent, for a fi nite time that varies with quantity, the action of wood-destroying fungi, insects of various kinds, and other destructive life in wood that has been properly impregnated with that substance.

Answer 481

A method of gluing that places the wood members under high pressure until the glue sets.

Answer 482

Concrete that has been subjected to compressive stresses before external loads have been applied by the prestretching (or stressing) of high-strength steel reinforcement within the concrete. This prestressing may be done by pretensioning (stretching the steel before the concrete is placed around it) or by post-tensioning (stretching the steel after the concrete has been cured).

Answer 483

First of several coats, intended to prepare a surface for the succeeding coat(s); sometimes a special product, but maybe the same as the finish coat.

Answer 484

A brushable solvent-based asphaltic preparation recommended as a first coat over porous or dusty concrete floors and panel underlayments; intended to seal the pores and improve the bond with asphaltic adhesives used for the installation of asphalt and vinyl composition tile.

Answer 485

Product formulated to possess properties of both a primer and a sealer.

Answer 486

Screen printing a pattern on carpet by successive applications of premetalized dyes, which are driven into the pile construction by an electromagnetic charge.

Answer 487

The compacting or consolidating of concrete with a rod or other tool.

Answer 488

Dough-like material consisting of pigment and vehicle; used for sealing glass in sash or frames and for filling imperfections in wood and metal surfaces; does not retain its plasticity for extended periods, as does a glazing compound or joint sealant. Both elastomeric and acrylic joint sealants are superior to putty and are generally used today where putty is called for. See also sealant, joint.

Answer 489

A right-angled masonry corner that is usually projected when of the same material as the surrounding material, but may be flush with the surrounding masonry when of a different material. A typical example of a quoin consists of squared stones set into a rubble stone or brick wall. Quoins are often larger than the surrounding masonry units.

Answer 490

When related to accessibility for handicapped persons, a walking surface in an accessible space that has a running slope greater than 1:20. The maximum slope is limited by the applicable code or law.

Answer 491

A carpet style created by shearing only the higher loops of either level loop or multilevel loop carpet.

Answer 492

North-south reference lines used in the rectangular survey system, located at 6-mile intervals between guide meridians.

Answer 493

Strips of cellulose extending radially within a tree. These store food and transport it horizontally in the tree.

Answer 494

Concrete mixed at a plant or in trucks en route to the job and delivered ready for placing.

Answer 495

A land survey system based on geographical coordinates of longitude and latitude; originally established by acts of Congress to survey the lands of public domain and now used in most states. Also called Government Survey System.

Answer 496

Solid impurities collected by either fi ltering or gravity settling during the Bayer process of aluminum refining. The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina and was developed by Carl Josef Bayer - Bauxite is the most important ore of aluminum

Answer 497

(1) An electrolytic process used to separate aluminum from aluminum oxide. (2) Separation of iron from its oxide by smelting ores in a blast furnace.

Answer 498

Melting pig iron and other iron-bearing materials in steel furnaces to achieve desired contents of residual and alloying elements.

Answer 499

The return from surfaces of sound not absorbed on contact with the surfaces or transmitted through the material contacted.

Answer 500

When related to steel production, nonmetallic materials with superior heat and impact resistance used for lining furnaces, flues, and vessels for ironworking and steelmaking.

Answer 501

Masonry containing embedded steel so that the two materials act together to resist applied forces.

Answer 502

A plastic material whose strength and, to a lesser degree, stiffness have been upgraded by the addition of high-strength fillers such as glass fiber.

Answer 503

Steel placed in concrete or masonry to take tensile, compressive, and shear stresses.

Answer 504

The amount of water vapor in air stated as a percentage. The ratio of the amount of water in air at a given temperature and atmospheric pressure to the amount that same air can contain when it is saturated.

Answer 505

A vent whose primary function is to provide circulation of air between drainage and vent systems.

Answer 506

The distance along the length of a carpet from one point in a figure or pattern to the same point at which it again occurs.

Answer 507

Nonferrous elements (such as carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, manganese, and silicon) that occur naturally in raw materials and are controlled in steelmaking.

Answer 508

(1) In plastics, the essential ingredients of a plastic mix before final processing and fabrication of the plastic object. (2) In coatings, paints, and transparent finishes, a mixture of organic or synthetic compounds with no sharply defined melting point, no tendency to crystallize, soluble in certain organic solvents but not in water. It is the main ingredient of most coatings, paints, and transparent finishes, binds the other ingredients together, and aids adhesion to the surface. Includes acrylic, alkyd, epoxy, nitrocellulose, polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, silicone, styrene-butadiene, and vinyl. A natural resin may be a fossil of ancient origin, such as amber, or an extract of certain pine trees, such as rosin, copal, and damar. A synthetic resin is a man-made substance exhibiting properties similar to those of natural resins; typical synthetic resins used in coatings, paints, and transparent finishes include alkyd, acrylic, latex, phenolic, urea, and others.

Answer 509

Placing a dye-resist agent on carpet before piece dyeing so that the pile will absorb color according to a predetermined design.

Answer 510

The sympathetic vibration, resounding, or ringing of such things as enclosures, room surfaces, and panels when they are excited at their natural frequencies.

Answer 511

A wall that is subjected to lateral pressure other than wind pressure, such as a wall built to support a bank of earth.

Answer 512

An admixture added to concrete to retard its set.

Answer 513

Restoring workability to mortar that has stiffened due to evaporation by adding water and remixing.

Answer 514

The continuing travel of sound waves between reflective surfaces after the original source has stopped transmitting.

Answer 515

(T) The time in seconds required for a sound to diminish 60 decibels (dB) after the source has stopped transmitting.

Answer 516

A surface defect in a gypsum board surface resulting in conspicuous wrinkling of the joint tape at treated joints.

Answer 517

In plumbing systems, a water-supply pipe that extends vertically one full story or more to convey water to branches or fixtures.

Answer 518

Paint applicator having a revolving cylinder covered with lambswool, fabric, foamed plastic, or other material.

Answer 519

Shaping plate and sheet metal, blooms, and billets by passing them through steel rollers. See also cold working and hot working.

Answer 520

A branch of architectural acoustics dealing with both acoustical correction and noise reduction.

Answer 521

Natural resin obtained from various pine trees; an ingredient of varnishes and some man-made resins.

Answer 522

The installation of those parts of a plumbing system can be completed before the plumbing fixtures are installed. This includes drainage, watersupply, and vent piping and the necessary fixture supports. Also, the plumbing system parts so installed.

Answer 523

A pile wire that does not cut the pile loop; or woven carpet with an uncut loop pile.

Answer 524

A brick unit laid on its face edge. Usually laid in a wall with its long dimension perpendicular to the wall face.

Answer 525

The slope of a pedestrian way that is parallel to the direction of travel. See also cross slope.

Answer 526

First coat of paint applied directly to iron or steel structures to slow down or prevent rusting.

Answer 527

The measure of sound absorption of a surface, equivalent to 1 sq ft (0.093 m2) of a perfectly absorptive surface.

Answer 528

Excessive flow, causing runs or sagging in a coating, paint, or transparent finish film during application; usually caused by applying too heavy a coat or thinning too much.

Answer 529

A portable stove used to heat the surrounding air.

Answer 530

Heavily pigmented finishing material used for building a surface to a smooth condition; it is sanded after drying.

Answer 531

A composite structural panel made of two thin, strong, hard facings bonded fi rmly to a core of relatively lightweight, weaker material with insulating properties.

Answer 532

The living wood of pale color near the outside of a tree.

Answer 533

Air that contains 100% of the amount of water vapor it can contain. See also relative humidity.

Answer 534

A molecule that will not unite readily with another element or compound.

Answer 535

The breaking away of a hardened concrete surface (to a depth of about 1/16 in. [1.6 mm] to 3/16 in. [4.76 mm]), usually occurring at an early age of the concrete.

Answer 536

A joint in which the ends of plywood panels are beveled and glued together.

Answer 537

Partial cutting of concrete flat work for the control of shrinkage cracking. Also used to denote the roughening of a slab to develop a mechanical bond.

Answer 538

Source of iron for ironworking and steelmaking, consisting of rolled product croppings, rejects, and obsolete equipment from steel mills and foundries and waste ferrous material from industrial and consumer products.

Answer 539

The first plaster layer in three-coat work, which embeds the reinforcement and provides a suitably rigid and roughened (scratched) surface for the following coat.

Answer 540

A wood or metal template to which a concrete surface is leveled.

Answer 541

Striking off excess concrete in the finishing operation of concrete slab work.

Answer 542

Screws developed for gypsum board application, usually with self-tapping, self-threading points, special- contour flat heads, and deep Phillips recesses for use with a power screwdriver. Type S drywall screws are used for sheet metal studs and furring. Type W drywall screws are used for wood framing and furring. Type G drywall screws are used for attaching gypsum board to gypsum board.

Answer 543

A method of transferring the profile of an obstruction, projection, or material edge to a piece of material, such as resilient flooring or wood trim, so that it can be accurately cut and fitted.

Answer 544

Rough, loosely woven fabric often used as a secondary backing on tufted carpets.

Answer 545

Ability of a coating, paint, or transparent finish film to withstand scrubbing and cleaning with water, soap, and other household cleaning agents.

Answer 546

A mass of sewage matter that floats on the surface of the sewage in a septic tank.

Answer 547

In a septic tank, the distance between the bottom of the scum mat and the bottom of the outlet device (tee, ell, or baffle).

Answer 548

Any one of a number of plastic materials, including rubber, formulated to fill and seal stationary and moving joints. See also caulking compound, glazing compound, and putty, which are types of joint sealants.

Answer 549

(1) In paint and coatings, a formulation intended to prevent excessive absorption of a fi nish coat of coating, paint, or transparent finish into a porous surface or to prevent bleeding through the finish coat. (2) In resilient flooring, a solution of equal parts of wax-free shellac and denatured alcohol; recommended as a first coat over existing wood strip floors from which the finish has been removed; intended to seal wood pores, prevent excessive moisture absorption, and provide a dimensionally stable base for direct application of lining felt or resilient flooring.

Answer 550

Removal of moisture from green wood. Air drying is seasoning by exposure to air, usually in a yard. Kiln drying is seasoning in a kiln (oven) under controlled conditions of heat, humidity, and air circulation.

Answer 551

A unit of angular measure equal to 1/60 th of a minute.

Answer 552

An area of land used in the rectangular survey system, approximately 1 mile square, bounded by section lines. The rectangular survey system provides for the further subdivision of sections into halves, quarters, and quarter-quarters. A fractional section is an adjusted section of land generally containing less (sometimes more) than 1 sq mi. The deficiency (or excess) may be the result of the convergence of meridians, the presence of bodies of water, or uncertainties in surveying.

Answer 553

North-south reference lines used in the rectangular survey system, parallel to the nearest range line to the east, and east-west lines parallel to the nearest township line to the south; these lines divide townships into 36 approximately equal squares called sections.

Answer 554

Small, undesirable particles or granules other than dust found in a coating, paint, or transparent finish.

Answer 555

A covered underground pit with a concrete or masonry lining designed to permit partially treated sewage to seep into the surrounding soil. Also called dry well in some parts of the country.

Answer 556

Separation of the heavier coarse aggregate from the mortar, or of water from the other ingredients of a concrete mix, during handling or placing.

Answer 557

Controlled chalking of a paint film so that dirt does not adhere to the surface.

Answer 558

The fi nished long edge of woven carpet that will not unravel and will not require binding or serging.

Answer 559

Degree of surface refl ectance midway between gloss and eggshell; also coatings and paints displaying these properties.

Answer 560

Degree of hiding greater than transparent but less than opaque.

Answer 561

A system for the treatment and disposal of sewage by means of a septic tank and a soil absorption system.

Answer 562

A watertight, covered receptacle that receives the discharge of sewage from a building sewer and is designed and constructed to separate solids from liquids, to digest organic matter during a period of retention, to store digested solids through a period of retention, and to allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal or additional treatment.

Answer 563

method of fi nishing a cut long edge of carpet to prevent unraveling; distinguished from fi nishing a cut end, which may require binding.

Answer 564

A combination of several absorption trenches, seepage pits, or absorption beds arranged in sequence so that each is forced to utilize the total effective absorption area before liquid flows into the succeeding component.

Answer 565

The maximum temperature at which a material can be continuously employed without noticeable reduction in strength or other properties.

Answer 566

paint, or transparent finish material separation in which pigments and other solids accumulate at the bottom of the container.

Answer 567

The liquid and solid waste matter carried off by sewers. It contains organic (animal or vegetable) matter in suspension or solution, as well as liquids containing chemicals in solution.

Answer 568

An underground conduit for carrying off sewage and rainwater.

Answer 569

system of sewers; the removal and disposal of liquid and solid wastes by sewers.

Answer 570

Bending or crushing a pile surface so that the fibers reflect light unevenly. This is not a defect but rather an inherent characteristic of some pile fabrics.

Answer 571

(1) A separation along the grain in a tree, the greater part of which occurs between the annual growth rings. (2) A wood shingle-like roofing material.

Answer 572

Laminated clay or silt compressed by earth overburden. Unlike slate, shale splits along its bedding planes.

Answer 573

A carpet finishing operation that removes stray fibers and fuzz from loop pile and produces a smooth, level surface on cut loop pile.

Answer 574

A wall that resists horizontal forces applied in the plane of the wall.

Answer 575

A normal temporary condition of dislodged, loose short fibers in new carpet after initial exposure to traffic and sweeping.

Answer 576

Degree of luster of a dried coating, paint, or transparent finish film.

Answer 577

Even distribution of luster over the entire surface of an applied finish.

Answer 578

A form of plastic in which the thickness is very small in proportion to the length and width; usually refers to a product with a thickness greater than 0.010 in. (0.254 mm) (see also film).

Answer 579

In multi-ply gypsum board construction, method of applying adhesive to the entire surface to be bonded. See also strip lamination.

Answer 580

A transparent fi nish material made from resins dissolved in alcohol.

Answer 581

Related to sound control, a bypassing connection or transmission path that tends to nullify or reduce the sound-isolating performance of a construction assembly.

Answer 582

Decrease in initial volume due to removal of moisture from fresh concrete or green lumber. May also refer to a decrease in volume due to subsequent decreases in temperature or moisture content in concrete.

Answer 583

The wall along the long dimension of a room.

Answer 584

Verbal, symbolic, and pictorial information.

Answer 585

Silicon dioxide (SiO2), occurring as quartz, a major constituent of sand, sandstone, and quartzite.

Answer 586

Any of a number of polymeric organic silicon compounds used in paint, sealants, roof membranes, and water repellents. See also resin.

Answer 587

(1) Water-based formulation, with glue or starch binders, intended as a sealer over existing wall paint or plaster; now seldom used. (2) The size of lumber. The actual size of lumber is its measured size after seasoning and dressing. The dressed size of lumber is its size after surfacing. The face size of lumber is the exposed width of a piece of lumber when installed. The nominal size of a piece of lumber is its approximate rough-sawn commercial size by which lumber is known and sold.

Answer 588

Immersing batches of yarn (skeins) in vats of hot dye.

Answer 589

Tough covering that forms on liquid coating, paint, and transparent finish materials when left exposed to air.

Answer 590

(1) In concrete, a flat, thin (as compared with its other dimensions) structure. A structural slab is a suspended, self- supporting, reinforced concrete floor or roof slab. A slab on grade is a nonsuspended, ground-supported concrete slab, usually but not always having some temperature reinforcement. An edge-supported slab on grade rests atop the perimeter foundation wall. A floating slab on grade terminates at the inside face of the perimeter foundation wall and is said to “float” independently of the foundation wall. A monolithic slab on grade is a combination slab and foundation wall formed into one integral mass of concrete. Also called a thickened-edge slab. (2) In wood, the outside piece cut from a log in squaring it.

Answer 591

To have removed an outer slab from a log.

Answer 592

A glass-like waste product, generally from an ironworking or steelmaking furnace. Molten mass composed of fluxes in combination with unwanted elements, which floats to the surface of the hot metal in the furnace and thus can be removed.

Answer 593

Attempting to fi ll vertical joints after units are laid by throwing mortar into the joint with a trowel from above.

Answer 594

The accumulated solids that settle out of sewage, forming a semi-liquid mass on the bottom of a septic tank.

Answer 595

In a septic tank, the distance between the top of the sludge and the bottom of the outlet device.

Answer 596

A measure of the consistency of a concrete mix (in inches).

Answer 597

A method of measuring slump by filling a conical mold, removing it, and measuring the sag or slump of the sample.

Answer 598

Melting of iron-bearing materials in a blast furnace to separate iron from impurities with which it is chemically combined or mechanically mixed.

Answer 599

A brick or tile of normal face dimensions having a nominal 2 in. (50.8 mm) thickness.

Answer 600

Clay products that have been fired at low temperature ranges. They have relatively high absorptions and low compressive strengths.

Answer 601

The range of temperature in which a plastic changes from a rigid to a soft state. Sometimes referred to as softening point.

Answer 602

Film property displaying low resistance to scratching or indentation; opposite of hardness.

Answer 603

The state of maximum workability of aluminum obtained by annealing.

Answer 604

The botanical group of trees that have needle- or scale-like leaves and are evergreen for the most part. Some exceptions are cypress, larch, and tamarack. This term does not relate to the actual hardness of the wood.

Answer 605

Any system that utilizes the soil for subsurface absorption of treated sewage, such as an absorption trench, absorption bed, or seepage pit.

Answer 606

A pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals, or fixtures having functions similar to those of a building drain or building sewer (with or without the discharge from other fixtures).

Answer 607

A perforated masonry wall used as a sunshade.

Answer 608

Masonry unit set vertically on end with face showing on the masonry surface.

Answer 609

A wall built of solid or hollow masonry units laid continuously, with joints between units completely filled with mortar.

Answer 610

Adding dye or colored pigments to synthetic material while in liquid solution before extrusion into fi ber.

Answer 611

The first temperature- raising step in the thermal treating of a heat-treatable aluminum alloy. Also called heat treatment.

Answer 612

The volatile portion of the vehicle of a coating, paint, or transparent finish, such as turpentine or mineral spirits, which evaporates during the drying process.

Answer 613

Adhesives and primers consisting of cementitious binders and fillers dissolved in a volatile hydrocarbon carrier such as alcohol or cutback.

Answer 614

Formulation of a coating, paint, or transparent finish in which the binder is dissolved in the thinner (as in oil paint), rather than emulsified (as in latex paint).

Answer 615

A vibration in an elastic medium in a frequency range capable of producing the sensation of hearing.

Answer 616

Materials or methods of construction designed to resist the transmission of airborne and structure-borne sound through walls, floors, and ceilings; the effect of such materials or methods.

Answer 617

The instantaneous pressure at a point as a result of the sound vibration minus the static pressure at that point; the change in pressure resulting from sound vibration. It is measured in dynes per square centimeter (cm2). A sound pressure of 1 dyne/cm2 is about that of conversational speech at close range and is approximately equal to 1 millionth of atmospheric pressure.

Answer 618

Sound pressure measured on the decibel scale; the ratio in decibels between a measured pressure and a reference pressure.

Answer 619

The passage of sound through a material or assembly. Airborne sound transmission is the transmission of sound through the air as a medium rather than through a solid, such as the structure of a building. Airborne sound is produced when a surface is caused to vibrate, thus producing alternating air pressures adjacent to the surface. The alternating pressures then radiate through the air in waves of higher and lower pressures. Structure-borne sound transmission is the transmission of sound through a solid or assembly of solids, such as a wall or the structure of a building. It occurs when the vibrations from equipment, or the impact of footsteps or dropped objects come in contact with a solid.

Answer 620

A single-number rating for evaluating the efficiency of assemblies in isolating airborne sound transmission (see sound isolation). The higher the STC rating, the more efficient the assembly.

Answer 621

Alternating bands of color applied to yarn by rollers at predetermined intervals before tufting.

Answer 622

Material used as a crack filler for preparing surfaces before painting.

Answer 623

A small fragment removed from the face of concrete or of a masonry unit by a blow or by action of the elements.

Answer 624

That part of a panel curtain wall above the head of a window; in a multistory building, includes the panel below the sill of the window in the story above.

Answer 625

Very durable varnish designed for service on exterior surfaces.

Answer 626

Small particles or drips of liquid coating, paint, or transparent finish materials thrown or expelled when applying these materials.

Answer 627

Method for protecting localized spots. The only areas primed are those that require additional protection due to rusting or peeling of the former coat of paint or transparent finish.

Answer 628

Measure of the area that can be covered by a unit volume of coating, paint, or transparent fi nish material, generally expressed as square feet per gallon (m2/L).

Answer 629

The portion of the annual growth ring of a tree that is formed during the early part of the season’s growth. This is usually less dense and weaker mechanically than summerwood.

Answer 630

Temporary condition on new carpets in which strands of yarn work loose and project above the pile. Can be remedied by careful clipping or spot shearing.

Answer 631

A material added to prevent or retard degradation of a plastic when exposed to sunlight or other environmental conditions.

Answer 632

(1) A structure or part thereof that contains a flue or fl ues for the discharge of gases. (2) The vertical main of a system of soil, waste, or vent piping.

Answer 633

The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. It is sometimes called a waste vent or soil vent.

Answer 634

(1) A discoloration of wood that may be caused by such diverse agencies as microorganisms, metals, or chemicals. (2) A penetrating formulation intended primarily for wood surfaces. An opaque stain is classified as paint; a transparent stain is a transparent finish material. An opaque stain is a stain that hides the substrate and previous surface finish materials. A transparent stain changes the color of a wood without obscuring the grain; depending on the amount of pigment, transparent stains may be more or less transparent and may leave little or no surface film.

Answer 635

Relatively short natural (wool) or synthetic fi bers ranging from about 1½ in. (38.1 mm) to 7 in. (177.8 mm) long, which are spun into yarn.

Answer 636

Iron-based alloy containing manganese, carbon residual, and often other alloying elements, characterized by its strength and toughness; distinguished from gray cast iron by its ability to be shaped by hot working or cold working as initially cast. Alloy steel is steel in which residual elements exceed the limits prescribed for carbon steel or to which alloying elements are added within specified ranges. Carbon steel is steel in which the residual elements are controlled but to which alloying elements are not usually added. Heat-resisting steel is a low-chromium steel with at least 4% chromium which retains its essential mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. High-strength low-alloy steel is steel with less than 1% of an alloying element, manufactured to high standards for strength, ductility, and partial chemical specifications. Mild steel is carbon steel with a carbon content between 0.15 and 0.25%. Stainless steel is steel that contains at least 10% chromium. It has excellent corrosion resistance, strength, and chemical inertness at high and low temperatures.

Answer 637

Dyeing raw fibers before they are carded (combed) or spun.

Answer 638

A sewer used for conveying rainwater, surface water, condensate, cooling water, or similar liquid wastes, exclusive of sewage and industrial waste.

Answer 639

That portion of a building included between the upper surface of a floor and the upper surface of the floor directly above, except that the topmost story is that portion of a building included between the upper surface of the topmost floor and the ceiling or roof above. Where a finished floor level directly above a basement or cellar is more than 6 ft (1800 mm) above grade, such a basement or cellar is considered a story.

Answer 640

Marked pole for measuring vertical masonry courses during construction.

Answer 641

The change in cross-sectional area of a body produced by stress. Measured in inches per inch (millimeter per millimeter) of length.

Answer 642

A method of strengthening non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys by either cold rolling or other physical or mechanical working.

Answer 643

A machine that continuously casts steel slabs and billets.

Answer 644

Irregular occurrence of lines or streaks of various lengths and colors in an applied film; usually caused by some form of contamination.

Answer 645

A term used to describe all the properties of wood that enable it to resist forces or loads.

Answer 646

The intensity of a mechanical force acting on a body; either tensile, compressive, shear, or the combination of compressive and tension forces known as bending, or the twisting force, torsion. Tensile, compressive, and shear forces are measured by dividing the total force by the area over which the force acts (force per unit of area), such as pound per square inch (kilogram per square meter), for example. In wood, the allowable unit, or working, stress is the stress used in designing wood members. It is appropriate to the species and grade of the wood. Values for each type of stress are obtained by multiplying the basic stress for that species by the strength ratio assigned to each grade. Most codes include the allowable working stress for each grade. In wood, the basic stress is the design stress for a clear wood specimen free from strength-reducing features such as knots, checks, and cross grain. Such a specimen is assumed to have all the factors appropriate to the nature of structural lumber and the conditions under which it is used, except those that are accounted for in the strength ratio.

Answer 647

unit laid with its length horizontal and parallel with the | face of the masonry and with its smallest dimension vertical.

Answer 648

The stretching of metal for the purpose of flattening it or for forming it to a predetermined shape.

Answer 649

In multi-ply gypsum board construction, a method of applying adhesive in parallel strips spaced 16 in. (406.4 mm) to 24 in. (609.6 mm) apart. See also sheet lamination.

Answer 650

In single-ply gypsum board construction, an installation procedure in which strips of gypsum board are applied to the framing members to reinforce gypsum board joints and provide a base for adhesive application.

Answer 651

Hollow masonry units composed of burned clay, shale, fi re clay, or mixtures of these. End-construction tile is designed to be laid with the axis of its cells vertical. Facing tile is made for exterior and interior use with its face exposed. Side-construction tile is intended for placement with the axis of its cells horizontal.

Answer 652

Portland cement, water, sand, and possibly a small quantity of lime (portland cement plaster), along with, perhaps, other aggregates; used on exterior surfaces.

Answer 653

factory-prepared mix of stucco for application as finish coats.

Answer 654

The structural material or surface that supports a finish floor and floor loads and serves as a working platform during construction.

Answer 655

An earth surface on which another material, such as concrete, is placed.

Answer 656

The transition of ice directly into water vapor.

Answer 657

Surface to be covered with a coating, paint, or transparent finish.

Answer 658

The initial rate of water absorption by a clay masonry unit. See absorption rate.

Answer 659

The portion of the annual growth ring of a tree that is formed after springwood formation has ceased. It is usually denser and stronger mechanically than springwood.

Answer 660

A tank or pit that receives sewage or other liquid waste, located below the normal grade of a building’s gravity sewer system, and that must be emptied by mechanical means.

Answer 661

A mechanical device used for pumping out sewage, liquid, or industrial wastes from locations below a building’s gravity drain.

Answer 662

Pigmented formulation for filling minor irregularities before a finish coat of paint is applied; usually applied over a primer and sanded for smoothness.

Answer 663

The measure and marking of land, accompanied by maps and field notes that describe the measures and marks made in the field.

Answer 664

A low, flat depression in the exterior grade, used to drain away stormwater.

Answer 665

Piece of loosely woven cloth that has been dipped into a varnish oil and wrung out. When it becomes tacky or sticky, it is used to wipe a surface to remove small particles of dust.

Answer 666

Describes an object that can be perceived with the sense of touch.

Answer 667

In gypsum board construction, applying joint tape over embedding compound in the process of joint treatment.

Answer 668

Designation (following an alloy designation number) that denotes the temper of an aluminum alloy.

Answer 669

A lead-tin alloy usually consisting of 4 parts lead and 1 part tin. A thin steel sheet coated with an alloy of lead and tin. terne historically used to coat sheel steel to inhibit corrosion

Answer 670

A floor topping made of marble or other stone chips set in cement mortar, ground smooth and polished.

Answer 671

All elements installed by a terrazzo contractor from subfl oor to finished surface, such as a sand bed, isolation membrane, underbed, and topping.

Answer 672

In wood, a term often used interchangeably with grain. It refers to the structure of wood.

Answer 673

A paint that may be manipulated by brush, roller, trowel, or another tool to produce various effects.

Answer 674

The heat storage capacity of a material.

Answer 675

A plastic that can be repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling.

Answer 676

A plastic that, after curing, forms a permanently hardened product that cannot be softened again by reheating.

Answer 677

Solvents used to thin coating, paint, or transparent finish materials.

Answer 678

(1) In terrazzo, a method of installing relatively thin toppings (¼ in. [6.4 mm] to ½ in. [12.7 mm] thick) directly over a suitable subfloor; generally possible with resinous binders only. (2) In tile, a method of bonding tile with a thin layer (1/16 in. [1.6 mm] to ¼ in. [6.4 mm] thick) of special mortar or adhesive to a suitable backing or to a properly cured mortar bed.

Answer 679

Property of a material that causes it to change from a thick, pasty consistency to a fluid consistency upon agitation, brushing, or rolling.

Answer 680

Application of plaster in three separate layers (scratch, brown, and finish coats), totaling at least 7/8 in. (22.2 mm) in thickness.

Answer 681

Basic paint in a custom color system to which colorants are added to make a wide range of colors.

Answer 682

Carpet pattern made by using two or more shades of the same hue.

Answer 683

Projecting brick or concrete masonry unit in alternate courses to provide for bond with adjoining masonry that will be laid later.

Answer 684

In terrazzo finishes, a decorative wear layer consisting of marble chips embedded in a suitable matrix and requiring grinding, polishing, or washing to form finished terrazzo.

Answer 685

(1) Ability of a coating, paint, or transparent finish film to be spot repaired (usually within a few months of the initial application) without showing color or gloss differences. (2) The repair of a coating, paint, or transparent finish film by selectively adding finishing material to damaged or missed areas after the earlier coats have dried.

Answer 686

Maximum ability of a material to absorb energy without breaking, as from a sudden shock or impact.

Answer 687

An area of land used in the rectangular survey system, approximately 6 miles square, bounded by range lines and township lines.

Answer 688

East-west reference lines used in the rectangular survey system, located at 6-mile intervals between correction lines.

Answer 689

Forming plastic by fusing it in one chamber with heat and then forcing it into another chamber, where it solidifies; commonly used with thermosetting plastics.

Answer 690

The decrease in or attenuation of sound energy, expressed in decibels, of airborne sound as it passes through building construction.

Answer 691

A system of materials that are applied as liquids or by hand in the field or in a factory or shop to form a finish through which the substrate or previous finish is visible. Lacquer is a transparent finish material that is employed mostly as a shop or factory finish on furniture and casework. It is not usable over existing finish films. In fact, it is an effective paint remover. POLYURETHANE is a hard, highly abrasion- and chemical-resistant transparent finish often used as a floor finish and as a bar-top finish. Some manufacturers call their polyurethanes varnishes; others call them lacquers. In fact, although they have some characteristics of each, they are neither. POLYURETHANES are available in both oil-modified and moist-curing formulations. See also resin. SHELLAC is a fast-drying, transparent finish material consisting of lac resins, produced by the lac insect, dissolved in alcohol. Shellac has a relatively short shelf life. SPAR VARNISH is an exterior, weather-resistant, transparent finish material based generally on long-oil phenolic resin; the term originated from the use of this material on spars of ships. VARNISH is a finish material that dries to a transparent or translucent film when exposed to air. Varnish is a mixture of resin, drying oil, drier, and a solvent.

Answer 692

The several coats and materials necessary to produce a transparent finish. The various materials may include dyes, bleaches, or stains to change the color of substrates such as wood, and undercoats and finish coats of one of the materials listed under transparent finish or another transparent finish material, such as oil.

Answer 693

A fitting or device designed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal that will prevent the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.

Answer 694

A concrete slab finishing operation that produces a smooth, hard surface.

Answer 695

Refilling defective mortar joints that have been cut out in existing masonry.

Answer 696

Carpet made by inserting the pile yarns through a prewoven fabric backing on a machine with hundreds of needles (similar to a huge sewing machine).

Answer 697

Surface loops of pile fabric.

Answer 698

Colorless liquid used as thinner for oil paints and varnishes, distilled from products of the pine tree.

Answer 699

Application of plaster in two layers (base coat and finish coat), totaling at least 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) in thickness.

Answer 700

Coating, paint, or transparent finish material formulated in two separate packages and requiring that the two ingredients be mixed before characteristic properties can be obtained and the material can be applied.

Answer 701

Layer of nonstructural portland cement mortar sometimes used over a subfloor to provide a suitable base for portland cement terrazzo and to minimize cracking.

Answer 702

Primer or intermediate coat in a multicoat system.

Answer 703

A mastic or panelboard material installed over a subfloor to provide a suitable base for resilient flooring when the subfloor does not possess the necessary properties for direct application of the flooring.

Answer 704

In coating, paint, or transparent finish: not varying in gloss, sheen, color, hiding, or other property.

Answer 705

A molecule that is capable of uniting with certain other elements or compounds without creating any side products.

Answer 706

Shaping a heated plastic sheet by causing it to fl ow in the direction of reduced air pressure.

Answer 707

Liquid portion of a coating, paint, or transparent finish, including ingredient dissolved in it.

Answer 708

(1) A single-facing withe of masonry units or similar materials attached to a wall for the purpose of providing ornamentation, protection, or insulation, but not bonded or attached to intentionally exert common action under load. (2) A thin sheet of wood. Rotary-cut veneer is veneer cut in a continuous strip by rotating a log against the edge of a knife in a lathe. Sawed veneer is veneer produced by sawing. Sliced veneer is veneer that is sliced by moving a log or flitch against a large knife.

Answer 709

A wall having a face of masonry units or other weather-resisting materials attached to the backing, but not so bonded as to intentionally exert common action under load.

Answer 710

A vertical vent pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing circulation of air to and from a part of a drainage system.

Answer 711

A collection of pipes installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system, or to provide circulation of air within such a system to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure.

Answer 712

Gypsum boards applied with the edges parallel to supporting members and borders. See also horizontal application.

Answer 713

A mechanical method of compacting concrete.

Answer 714

A mechanical device that vibrates at a speed of 3,000 to 10,000 revolutions per minute and is inserted into wet concrete or applied to its forms to compact concrete.

Answer 715

A polymer derived from ethylene; used in paint, coatings, and fabric. See also resin.

Answer 716

Carpet cushioning made from a combination of foamed synthetic materials.

Answer 717

Air spaces between pieces of aggregate within a cement paste.

Answer 718

The potential difference between two points in a wire carrying a current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated is 1 watt; equivalent to the potential difference across 1 ohm of resistance when 1 ampere is flowing through it.

Answer 719

Electrical pressure, measured in volts and comparable to pounds per square inch (psi) in a fluid medium. Reference to 120 and 240 nominal voltages includes typical operating ranges of 115 to 125 and 230 to 250, respectively. Same as potential difference.

Answer 720

A header (bonder) or metal anchor that connects wythes of masonry to each other or to other materials. A cavity wall tie is a rigid, corrosion-resistant metal tie that bonds two wythes of a cavity wall. It is usually steel, 3/16 in. (4.76 mm) in diameter, and formed in a Z shape or a rectangle. A veneer wall tie is a strip or piece of bent metal used to tie a facing veneer to the backing; sometimes in two pieces to permit movement.

Answer 721

Bark or lack of wood, from any cause, on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber.

Answer 722

(1) In wood: variation from a true or plane surface. Bow is distortion of a board in which the face is convex or concave longitudinally. Crook is distortion of a board in which the edge is convex or concave. Cup is distortion of a board in which the face is convex or concave transversely. Twist is distortion caused by the turning of the edges of a board so that the four corners of any face are no longer in the same plane. (2) In carpet: backing yarns running lengthwise in the carpet. In chain warp, zigzag warp yarn works over and under the shot yarns of the carpet, binding the backing yarns together. Pile warp is lengthwise pile yarns in Wilton woven carpets that form part of the backing. Stuffer warp is yarn that runs lengthwise in a carpet but does not intertwine with any filling (weft shot) yarn; serves to give weight, thickness, and stability to the fabric.

Answer 723

Ability of a coating, paint, or transparent finish to be easily cleaned without wearing away during cleaning.

Answer 724

The ratio, by weight, of water to cement, or the amount of water, in gallons, used per 94-lb sack of cement to make concrete. It is an index of strength, durability, water tightness, and consistency.

Answer 725

Pounding noises and vibrations that sometimes develop in a piping system when its air chambers become filled with water or have been omitted entirely; the problem may also be due to worn washers in faucets.

Answer 726

Prevention of moisture flow through concrete or masonry due to water pressure; an impervious liquid or sheet material used to waterproof.

Answer 727

A property of mortar that prevents the loss of water to masonry units having high suction. It also prevents bleeding or water gain when mortar is in contact with units having low suction. Also called water retentivity.

Answer 728

Coating, paint, or transparent finish appearance defect caused by water droplets.

Answer 729

In a building, consists of the water service pipe, water | distributing pipes, branches to plumbing fixtures and appliances, and necessary fittings and control valves.

Answer 730

(1) In acoustics, a unit of sound power equal to 1 × 107 dynes per centimeter per second, which is the basic expression of the flow of sound energy. (2) In electricity, a unit of electrical power equal to the work done by a current of 1 ampere under the pressure of 1 volt.

Answer 731

The amount of electrical power measured in watts; a single unit combining the effect of both voltage (pressure) and rate of flow (amperage) by multiplying these quantities (volts times amperes equals watts).

Answer 732

Unit of energy consumed, consisting of watts multiplied by time in hours; the result is often expressed in thousands of watt-hours, called kilowatthours.

Answer 733

(1) Corrosion (galvanic or chemical) produced by atmospheric conditions. (2) Effect of exposure to weather on a coating, paint, or transparent finish film, raw wood, and other materials.

Answer 734

The product of the average annual number of freezing cycle days and the average annual winter rainfall.

Answer 735

Process of forming carpet on a loom by interlacing the warp and weft yarns.

Answer 736

Openings placed in mortar joints of facing materials at the level of a flashing to divert to the exterior any moisture collected on the flashing.

Answer 737

Backing yarns that run across the width of a carpet. In woven carpets, the weft shot (filling) yarns and the warp chain (binder) yarns interlock and bind the pile tufts to the backing. In tufted carpets, pile yarns that run across the carpet are also considered weft yarns.

Answer 738

Creating a metallurgical bond between metals with heat and sometimes with the use of pressure and filler metal. Arc welding employs an electric arc as the source of heat. Gas welding employs a fuel gas (acetylene, hydrogen) and oxygen as the sources of heat. Shielded welding is a process in which gases or fusible granular materials are used to shield the weld area from the damaging effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the air. Shielded metalarc welding is arc welding in which a flux-coated metal electrode is consumed to form a pool of filler metal and a gas shield around the weld area. Also known as manual metal-arc welding and stick electrode welding. Inert-gas-shielded arc welding is arc welding in which shielding is provided by an inert gas envelope (such as argon, helium, a combination of argon and helium, or carbon dioxide) from an external supply. Filler metal is supplied either by a consumable metal electrode, as in inert-gas-shielded metal arc welding (MIG), or by a separate filler rod used with a nonconsumable tungsten electrode, as in inert-gas-shielded tungsten arc welding (TIG). Submerged arc welding is arc welding in which the weld area is shielded by a fusible granular material that melts to protect the weld area. Filler metal is obtained from either a consumable electrode or a separate filler rod.

Answer 739

Oldest white pigment, chemically known as lead sulfate or lead carbonate.

Answer 740

The sum in inches of the mean monthly corrected precipitation occurring between the first killing frost in the fall and the last killing frost in the spring.

Answer 741

(pile wire, gauge wire, standing wire) Metal strips over which the pile tufts are formed in woven carpets. See also round wire.

Answer 742

Soft, bulky yarn spun from both long and short wool fibers that are not combed straight but lie in all directions so that they will interlock to produce a felt-like texture.

Answer 743

Relative ease or difficulty with which concrete can be placed and worked into its final position within forms and around reinforcing bars. However, workability is contingent on the absence of segregation of the concrete. If the aggregate segregates, workability is considered to diminish (or terminate), regardless of how easily the concrete flows into place.

Answer 744

Strong, dense yarn made from long staple fibers that are combed to align the fibers and remove extremely short fibers.

Answer 745

Carpet made by simultaneously interweaving backing and pile yarns on one of several types of looms from which the carpets derive their names. Axminster carpet is carpet made on an Axminster loom, which is capable of intricate color designs, usually with a level cut-pile surface. Loomed carpet is carpet made on a modified upholstery loom with a characteristic dense, low-level loop pile, generally bonded to cellular rubber cushioning. Velvet carpet is carpet made on a simple loom, usually of a solid color or moresque, with cut or loop pile of either soft or hard-twisted yarns. Wilton carpet is carpet made on a loom employing a jacquard mechanism, which selects two or more colored yarns to create the pile pattern.

Answer 746

Development of ridges and furrows in a coating, paint, or transparent finish film when it dries.

Answer 747

Products formed by rolling, drawing, extruding, or forging. A bar is a solid section that is long in relation to its cross-sectional dimensions and has a completely symmetrical cross section that is square or rectangular (excluding flattened wire) with sharp or rounded corners or edges, or is a regular hexagon or octagon. An aluminum bar has a width or greatest distance between parallel faces of 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) or more. An extruded section is a rod, bar, tube, or any other shape produced by the extrusion process. Foil is a solid sheet section rolled to a thickness of less than 0.006 in. (0.1524 mm). Forging stock is a rod, bar, or other section suitable for subsequent change in cross section by forging. A pipe is a tube having certain standardized combinations of outside diameters and wall thicknesses. A plate is a solid section rolled to a thickness of 0.250 in. (6.4 mm) or more in rectangular form and with either sheared or sawed edges. A rod is a solid, round aluminum section 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) or greater in diameter, whose length is greater than its diameter. A sheet is a solid section rolled to a thickness ranging from 0.006 in. (0.1524 mm) to 0.249 in. (6.3246 mm) inclusive, supplied with sheared, slit, or sawed edges. Structural shapes are solid shapes used as load-bearing members. They include angles, channels, W shapes, tees, zees, and others. A tube is a hollow product whose cross section is completely symmetrical and is round, square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, or elliptical, with sharp or rounded corners, and whose wall is of uniform thickness except as affected by corner radii. A wire is a solid section that is long in relation to its crosssectional diameter, having a completely symmetrical cross section that is square or rectangular (excluding flattened wire) with sharp or rounded corners or edges, or is round or a rectangular hexagon or octagon, and whose diameter, width, or greatest distance between parallel faces is less than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm).

Answer 748

Relatively pure iron, mechanically mixed with a small amount of iron-silicate slag; characterized by good corrosion resistance, weldability, toughness, and high ductility.

Answer 749

Products formed by rolling, drawing, extruding, or forging. See also finished mill products.

Answer 750

A continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness. Also called withe and tier.

Answer 751

Development of a yellow color or cast in white, pastel, colored, or clear finishes.