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Z BIOSCI 107 > (01) Muscle and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

(01) Muscle and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

uses energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to generate force
contract –> movements / maintain posture / generate heat

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2
Q

general structure of muscle tissue

A

consists of elongated cells - muscle cells / fibres or myocytes

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3
Q

what is a myocyte

A

the smallest subunit of all muscle tissue (cardiac and skeletal)

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4
Q

name the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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5
Q

describe the appearance of skeletal muscle

A

striated (under microscope)
cylindrically shaped fibres
long cells
multinucleated (nuclei pushed to sides of cylindrical muscle fibres)

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6
Q

describe the functions and locations of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary / consciously controlled contractions

attached to bones by tendons

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7
Q

name the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body

A

Stapedius- 1.25mm

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8
Q

where is the stapedius located and what does it do?

A

in the ear
stabilises the stapes (smallest bone in the ear), keeps sound in comfortable range (prevents hyperacusis - loudness perception disorder)

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9
Q

name the longest skeletal muscle in the human body

A

sartorius - up to 60cm

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10
Q

where is the sartorius located

A

checking for gum - hip flexor, abductor, lateral rotator

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11
Q

meaning of prefix myo-

A

denotes muscle

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12
Q

meaning of prefix sarco-

A

denotes flesh

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13
Q

name the three main parts of a skeletal muscle fibre

A

sarcolemma = outside plasma membrane of muscle fibre
Sarcoplasm = inside part = cytoplasm
myofibrils = filaments

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14
Q

why are skeletal muscle fibres striated?

A

due to highly organised myofibrils within cells

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15
Q

name the two types of filaments in myofibrils

A

Myofilaments:
- THIN = actin
- THICK = myosin

8nm diam vs 16

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16
Q

what are sarcomeres

A

the basic functional unit of a myofibril

myofilaments are arranged in compartments called sarcomeres

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17
Q

name the bands producing striations

A

A band
I band
H zone
M line
Z disc

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18
Q

describe the A band

A

dark middle part of the sarcomere
contains ALL thick filaments

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19
Q

describe the I band

A

thin filaments, no thick filaments
the remaining part of the sarcomere not including A band

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20
Q

describe the H zone

A

thick filaments ONLY, no thin
within the A band

(think literally an H shape)

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21
Q

describe the M line

A

the middle of the sarcomere
Holds thick filaments together

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22
Q

describe the Z disc and what it’s made up of

A

between sarcomeres
links filaments to adjacent sarcomeres
passes through the centre of the I band

made up of ACTININS

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23
Q

describe contracted muscle in terms of bands / zones

A

relaxed muscle has both A / I band, and H zone
during contraction, H zone and I band shrink as thin and thick filaments overlap more
maximally contracted muscle has only A band

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24
Q

describe cardiac muscle (location, structure, appearance, function)

A

heart, involuntary

striated, branched
single central nucleus
intercalated discs - fibres joined end to end

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25
what do intercalated discs contain?
desmosomes gap junctions
26
what do desmosomes in intercalated discs do
heart must deal with FORCE: they bind intermediate filaments provide adhesion in contraction
27
what do gap junctions in intercalated discs do
heart must be COORDINATED: important for communication rapid conduction
28
describe the appearance / structure of smooth muscle
not striated, but still has bundles of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments short, small, spindle-shaped single central nucleus diamond layout of "dense bodies"
29
function and location of smooth muscle
involuntary in the walls of hollow internal structures eg. blood vessels, intestines, skin
30
what are dense bodies made up of and what do they do
functionally similar to Z discs major protein is also actinin connected to thin filaments and intermediate filaments, so during contraction tension is transmitted to intermediate filaments (don't contract) and the cell twists
31
roles of the nervous system
maintain homeostasis (with endocrine system) initiates voluntary movements perception, behaviour, memory
32
three major functions of the nervous system
1. sensory (detect external stimuli --> CNS) 2. Integrative (analysis / store info) 3. Motor (stimulation of effectors through PNS)
33
two types of cells in nervous tissue
neurons (longest cells in the body!) neuroglia
34
name the main parts of a neutron
cell body (soma) dendrites axon
35
describe dendrites
short, branched, attached to cell body the receiving / input part
36
describe the axon
longer, single axon attached to cell body output - carries the nerve impulse away from the neuron
37
for our purposes, neurons...
do not divide have high metabolic rate (die rapidly without O2)
38
name four types of neurons
multipolar bipolar unipolar anaxonic
39
name the most common type of neurons in the CNS
multipolar neurons
40
structural features of multipolar neurons
hace 2+ dendrites a single axon some of the longest (spinal cord to toe)
41
what are motor neurons
they control skeletal muscles all multipolar neurons
42
structural features of bipolar neurons
two distinct processes: 1 dendritic process (can branch at tip but not at cell body) and 1 axon cell body is between axon and dendrite small and rare
43
function of bipolar neurons
special sense organs (sight / smell / hearing) relay info from receptor to neurons
44
structure of unipolar neurons
CONTINUOUS dendrites and axon cell body off to one side very long
45
function of unipolar neurons
most sensory nerves
46
structure of anaxonic neurons
cannot distinguish dendrites from axons (looks kinda like a starfish)
47
function of anaxonic neurons
rare, function poorly understood found in brain and special sense organs
48
where are neuroglia found
both the CNS and PNS makes up about 50% volume of CNS
49
neuroglia vs neurons relative size
neuroglia are smaller than neurons but more numerous
50
neuroglia vs neurons action potentials
neuroglia do NOT propagate action potentials, but they can communicate (chemically)
51
neuroglia vs neurons cell division
unlike neurons, neuroglia continually divide throughout an individual's lifetime, even within a mature nervous system
52
functions of neuroglia
"-glia" = glue physical structure of nervous tissue repair framework of NT undertake phagocytosis nutrient supply to neurons regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue
53
name four types of neuroglia in the CNS
Astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia ependymal cells
54
describe the structure of astrocytes
star-shaped largest and most numerous of the neuroglia - wrapped around capillaries has microfilaments
55
key functions of astrocytes
maintain (chemical) environment around neuron - blood-brain barrier via endothelium support and repair communicate with neurons via gliotransmitters (eg. glutamate)
56
structure of oligodendrocytes
they resemble astrocytes (star shaped) but are smaller and contain fewer processes
57
function of oligodendrocytes
forms insulating multilayered myelin sheath around CNS axons to accelerate action potential (increases speed of nerve impulse conduction) can mylenate more than one neuron cell's axon
58
what is the myelin sheath around CNS axons made of
a protein lipid layer
59
describe the appearance of microglia
smaller cells with slender processes that give off numerous spine-like projections
60
function of microglia
phagocytic -- remove cellular debris phagocytise microbes and damaged nervous tissue
61
structure of ependymal cells
single layer of cuboidal (sometimes columnar) cells with both cilia and microvilli
62
location of ependymal cells
lines ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord (and other locations where CSF is found)
63
role of ependymal cells
produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CSF mechanical buffer - moves nutrients and waste
64
Name the two types of neuroglia in the PNS
Schwann cells Satellite cells
65
what is the function of Schwann cells
the PNS equivalent of CNS oligodendrocytes - forms insulating myelin sheath around axons (1 per axon) OR supports several non-myelinated axons (multiple per axon)
66
location and function of satellite cells
PNS equivalent of CNS astrocytes - surrounds neuron cell bodies + regulate environment support + fluid exchange
67
myelinating Schwann structure
forms sheath around peripheral axons outer surface of Schwann cell = neurilemma single Schwann cell myelinated one INTERNODE of one axon
68
non-myelinating Schwann cell structure and function
neurilemma (outer surface) wraps around multiple axons forms internode of many unmyelinated axons so that axons are arranged around the Schwann cell nucleus stabilises positions of axons + isolates them from chemicals in interstitial fluid

Z BIOSCI 107 (22 decks)

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