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Z BIOSCI 107 > (02) Cell Structure and Function Intro > Flashcards

(02) Cell Structure and Function Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

Three principles of cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation
  3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have:

A

plasma membrane
cytosol
DNA
RNA
protein
ribosomes

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3
Q

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells have Membrane-bound organelles
prokaryote cells lack a membrane- bound nucleus

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4
Q

define cytoplasm

A

everything inside the plasma membrane including organelles but NOT including the nucleus

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5
Q

define cytosol and its composition

A

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm
water + dissolved ions, ATP, protein, lipids

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6
Q

name the organelles in the endomembrane system

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth + rough)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

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7
Q

name the six major organelles

A

nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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8
Q

define plasma membrane

A

a selectively permeable barrier controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell

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9
Q

what makes up the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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10
Q

parts of a phospholipid

A

hydrophilic polar heads (phosphate)
hydrophobic lipid tails (fatty acids)

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11
Q

define amphipathic

A

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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12
Q

what are integral proteins

A

proteins embedded (partially or fully) into membrane

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13
Q

define transmembrane proteins

A

integral membrane proteins that fully span membrane
contact both extracellular and cytoplasmic areas

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14
Q

name the six cell specific dynamic repertoire of plasma membrane proteins

A

transport
enzymatic activity
signal transduction
cell-cell recognition
intercellular joining
attachment (to cytoskeleton and ECM)

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15
Q

define transduction

A

the process of moving genetic material

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16
Q

how does cell-cell recognition work?

A

use of glycoproteins (carb + plasma membrane protein) as molecular signature on extracellular side

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17
Q

how do PM proteins help attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

A

eg. fibronectin mediates contact between cell surface integrals and ECM

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18
Q

define membrane

A

a mosaic of molecules in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
(the fluid mosaic model)

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19
Q

structure of the nucleus

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A

enclosed by double lipid bilayer = nuclear envelope
continuous with rough ER
nuclear pores - for entry / exit
Nucleolus in centre
network of chromatin

20
Q

what is chromatin

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A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

21
Q

functions of the nucleus

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A

house/protect DNA
make rRNA and assemble ribosomes
pores regulate movement of substances (protein, mRNA)
molecule segregation allows temporal and spatial control of cell function

22
Q

what are ribosomes

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A

made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
the site of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell
reads messenger RNA

23
Q

storing DNA in the nucleus - structure

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A

DNA wrapped 2x around a group of 8 histones
–> nucleosomes
many nucleosomes –> chromatin

most of the time, DNA is present as chromatin and chromatin fibres

24
Q

structure of chromosomes

Study These Flashcards
A

as cell prepares for cell division, chromatin –> chromatin fibres –> loops –> chromosomes

comprises many genes

25
what is a gene
a DNA segment contributing to phenotype / function
26
describe the structure and location of ribosomes
two subunits - large and small subunits assemble in nucleolus and leave through nuclear pores either: free in cytoplasm (making proteins for cytosol) OR attached to RER
27
what is endoplasmic reticulum
an extensive network of tubes and tubules stretching out from the nuclear membrane two types: rough / smooth
28
describe the structure / location of rough endoplasmic reticulum
continuous with nuclear envelope dotted with RIBOSOMES
29
function + processes of rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes --> production of secreted, membrane and organelle proteins proteins enter lumen within RER for folding RER membrane surrounds protein --> transport vesicles destined for the Golgi
30
structure and location of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
extends from the rough ER LACKS ribosomes I think it looks a bit like coral
31
functions of smooth ER
very cell/tissue type specific - hence functions vary greatly housing unit for (cell specific) proteins and enzymes synthesises lipids (incl steroids and phospholipids)
32
function of Golgi apparatus
modify, sort, package and transport proteins received from the rough ER using enzymes formation of secretory, membrane and transport vesicles
33
structure of Golgi apparatus
made up of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs = cisternae stacked on top of one another cis face = receiving side trans face = shipping side
34
what are lysosomes
vesicles formed from Golgi membrane contains powerful digestive enzymes - hence VERY ACIDIC
35
main functions of lysosomes
digests / destroys substances that enter a cell, cell components, entire cells
36
define autophagy
digestion of cell components (by lysosomes) (for removing damaged organelles or misfolded proteins)
37
define autolysis
cell self-destructs due to injury / dying tissue (esp in lysosomes)
38
describe the structure of mitochondria
outer membrane inner membrane, with folds called cristae matrix = fluid filled interior cavity
39
mitochondria carry a separate ......
a separate small (37 genes) genome encoding mitochondrial specific products
40
ATP hydrolysis equation
ATP --> ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + phosphate + Energy (released)
41
name the three types of filaments in the cytoskeleton and their diameters
microfilaments - 7nm intermediate filaments - 8-12nm microtubules - 25nm
42
describe the structure of protein in microfilaments
actin molecules assembled in two long chains, twisted around each other found in the periphery of interior cell assembled and disassembled as required = DYNAMIC
43
function of microfilaments
bears tension + weight anchors cytoskeleton to PM proteins
44
functions and features of intermediate filament
bears tension and weight throughout cell scaffolds cellular organelles keratin MOST PERMANENT - less dynamic
45
describe the structure of microtubules
tubular structure - 25nm, centre lumen 15nm made of coiled TUBULIN dimers (alpha and beta) branched from centrosome assembled and disassembled as required - DYNAMIC
46
functions of microtubules
supports cell shape / size guides movement of organelles (eg. vesicles from Golgi to membrane) chromosome organisation - cell division movement of cilia / flagella

Z BIOSCI 107 (22 decks)

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